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Treatment of Chronic CAD – Do the Guidelines (ESC, AHA) Reflect Daily Practice?

Therapie der chronischen KHK – Geben die Leitlinien (ESC, AHA) den Alltag wieder?

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Abstract

In Western countries, chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) has a prevalence of 3–4%. The aims of treatment of chronic CAD are

(1) improvement of quality of life by preventing anginal pain, by maintaining exercise capability, and by reducing anxiety;

(2) decrease of cardiovascular morbidity, especially by avoiding myocardial infarction and development of heart failure;

(3) reduction of mortality.

These goals can be achieved by

(a) cardiovascular risk reduction, especially management of risk factors,

(b) optimal medical therapy,

(c) coronary revascularization,

(d) periods of rehabilitation, and

(e) outpatient long-term observation and treatment.

The patient has a good chance to improve the natural course of his disease by changing his lifestyle. In this regard, physical exercise, weight reduction and smoking cessation have to be mentioned first. Furthermore, the cardiovascular risk may significantly be diminished by adequate treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia: lowering of plasma LDL cholesterol levels in patients with chronic CAD is associated with a retarded progression of atherosclerosis as well as a decrease of cardiovascular events by 30–40% and lower mortality (by up to 34%). In patients with CAD and/or type 2 diabetes, statin therapy leads to a significant improvement of prognosis independent of the basal value of LDL cholesterol. Improved diet and adequate medical therapy may also result in diminished cardiovascular risk. By means of physical activity, mortality and morbidity of CAD can also be significantly reduced.

The antianginal medication in patients with chronic CAD consists of nitrates, β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. In order to prevent myocardial infarction and death (secondary prevention), antiplatelet agents, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, as well as cholesterol-lowering drugs are applied. In this paper, the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, the European Society of Cardiology and the NVL-KHK (German) guidelines regarding prevention, medical therapy and coronary artery revascularization procedures are summarized.

Do the guidelines reflect daily practice? To answer this question, the following topics are discussed:

(1) Management of risk factors with respect to available guidelines,

(2) missing evidence from randomized controlled trials for medical therapy options widely used in clinical practice,

(3) guideline-compliant use or underuse of diagnostic assessment, medical therapy and revascularization procedures,

(4) gender bias in indications for percutaneous coronary interventions and in the use of investigations/evidence-based medical therapy, and

(5) nonadherence to existing guidelines.

Zusammenfassung

Die chronische koronare Herzkrankheit (KHK, stabile Angina pectoris) hat in den westlichen Industrienationen eine Prävalenz von 3–4%. Die Ziele der Behandlung der chronischen KHK sind

1. Steigerung der krankheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität, u.a. durch Vermeidung von Angina-pectoris-Beschwerden, Erhalt der Belastungsfähigkeit und Verminderung von psychischen Erkrankungen (Depression, Angststörungen), die mit der KHK assoziiert sind;

2. Reduktion der kardiovaskulären Morbidität, insbesondere durch Vermeidung von Myokardinfarkten und der Entwicklung einer Herzinsuffizienz;

3. Reduktion der Sterblichkeit.

Diese Ziele können durch

a) Risikofaktorenmanagement (Hyperlipoproteinämien, arterielle Hypertonie, Diabetes mellitus und Übergewicht) und Prävention,

b) optimale medikamentöse Therapie und

c) Revaskularisationstherapie (perkutane Koronarintervention oder aortokoronare Bypassoperation),

d) Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen und

e) hausärztliche Langzeitbetreuung erreicht werden.

Der Patient hat durch Umstellung seines Lebensstils die Möglichkeit, den weiteren Verlauf seiner Erkrankung selbst positiv zu beeinflussen. Die nichtmedikapamentösen Therapiemöglichkeiten bilden die Grundlage des Risikofaktorenmanagements: Hierzu gehören in erster Linie körperliches Training, Gewichts reduktion und Nikotinabstinenz. Des Weiteren kann durch adäquate Behandlung einer Hyperlipoproteinämie, in erster Linie einer Hypercholesterinämie mit deutlich erhöhtem LDL- und niedrigem HDL-Cholesterin, ferner eines Diabetes mellitus und einer arteriellen Hypertonie das kardiovaskuläre Risiko gesenkt werden. Eine deutliche Senkung des LDL-Cholesterins bei Koronarkranken ist mit einer Verlangsamung der Progression der Atherosklerose sowie mit einer Abnahme der Anzahl kardiovaskulärer Ereignisse um 30–40% sowie mit einer um bis zu 34% niedrigeren Mortalität vergesellschaftet. Bei Koronarkranken und bei Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 lässt sich durch Statine eine signifikante Verbesserung der Prognose unabhängig vom LDL-Cholesterin-Ausgangswert erreichen. Eine an ungesättigten Fettsäuren reiche Kost und eine adäquate medikamentöse Therapie können ebenso das kardiovaskuläre Risiko vermindern. Auch durch körperliches Training (15–60 min, 5–7 Tage/Woche) können Mortalität und Morbidität der KHK signifikant reduziert werden.

Die durch Leitlinien gestützte antianginöse Therapie bei Patienten mit chronischer, stabiler KHK besteht aus Nitraten, β-Rezeptoren-Blockern und Calciumantagonisten. Zur Sekundärprävention werden Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer (Acetylsalicylsäure, Clopidogrel), Inhibitoren des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-Systems (ACE-Hemmer, Angiotensin-II-Rezeptoren-Blocker und Aldosteronrezeptorantagonisten) sowie cholesterinsenkende Substanzen (in erster Linie Statine) verwendet. In dieser Arbeit sind die ACC/AHA-(American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association) und ESC-Leitlinen (European Society of Cardiology) sowie die nationalen Versorgungsleitlinien der chronischen KHK (NVL-KHK) hinsichtlich Sekundärprävention, medikamentöser Therapie und Revaskularisationsmaßnahmen (perkutane Koronarintervention bzw. aortokoronare Bypassoperation) zusammengefasst.

Geben diese Leitlinien den Alltag wieder? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage werden fünf Gesichtspunkte diskutiert:

1. Management der Risikofaktoren, Sekundärprävention vor dem Hintergrund der verfügbaren Leitlinien,

2. fehlende Evidenz aus randomisierten, kontrollierten Studien für medikamentöse Therapieoptionen, die in der klinischen Praxis weitverbreitet sind,

3. mit den Leitlinien konforme oder zu geringe Anwendung diagnostischer Verfahren, medikamentöser Therapie und perkutaner interventioneller bzw. chirurgischer Revaskularisationsmaßnahmen (EUROASPIRE- und Euro-Heart-Survey-Programme),

4. Benachteiligung der Frauen bei der KHK-Diagnostik, bei der Indikationsstellung perkutaner koronarer Interventionen sowie bei evidenzbasierter medikamentöser Therapie und

5. Nichtbefolgung der existierenden Leitlinien der großen internationalen Fachgesellschaften.

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Tillmanns, H., Erdogan, A. & Sedding, D. Treatment of Chronic CAD – Do the Guidelines (ESC, AHA) Reflect Daily Practice?. Herz 34, 39–54 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-009-3209-6

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