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Taste receptors in innate immunity

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Abstract

Taste receptors were first identified on the tongue, where they initiate a signaling pathway that communicates information to the brain about the nutrient content or potential toxicity of ingested foods. However, recent research has shown that taste receptors are also expressed in a myriad of other tissues, from the airway and gastrointestinal epithelia to the pancreas and brain. The functions of many of these extraoral taste receptors remain unknown, but emerging evidence suggests that bitter and sweet taste receptors in the airway are important sentinels of innate immunity. This review discusses taste receptor signaling, focusing on the G-protein–coupled receptors that detect bitter, sweet, and savory tastes, followed by an overview of extraoral taste receptors and in-depth discussion of studies demonstrating the roles of taste receptors in airway innate immunity. Future research on extraoral taste receptors has significant potential for identification of novel immune mechanisms and insights into host-pathogen interactions.

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Abbreviations

ACh:

Acetylcholine

AHL:

Acyl-homoserine lactone

AMP:

Antimicrobial peptide

ASL:

Airway surface liquid

ATP:

Adenosine trisphophate

C4HSL:

N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone

C12HSL:

N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone

CALHM1:

Calcium homeostasis modulator isoform 1

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CGRP:

Calcitonin gene-related peptide

COPD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CRS:

Chronic rhinosinusitis

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

ENaC:

Epithelial sodium channel

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

GPCR:

G-protein–coupled receptor

IP3 :

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

IP3R3:

Inositol trisphosphate receptor isoform 3

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

PDE:

Phosphodiesterase

PKA:

cAMP-dependent protein kinase A

PKG:

cGMP-dependent protein kinase G

PLCβ2:

Phospholipase C isoform β2

PROP:

Propylthiouracil

PTC:

Phenylthiocarbamide, also known as phenylthiourea

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCC:

Solitary chemosensory cell

T1R:

Taste receptor family 1 protein isoform

T2R:

Taste receptor family 2 protein isoform

TAS1R :

Taste receptor family 1 gene

TAS2R :

Taste receptor family 2 gene

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TRPM5:

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M isoform

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Acknowledgments

Some of the research described in this review was supported by a grant from the Flight Attendants Medical Research Institute (082478) and a philanthropic contribution from the RLG Foundation Inc., both to N.A.C.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Ravdin Building, 5th floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Robert J. Lee & Noam A. Cohen

  2. Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center Surgical Services, 3900 Woodland Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Noam A. Cohen

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Lee, R.J., Cohen, N.A. Taste receptors in innate immunity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72, 217–236 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1736-7

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