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Epigenetic identification of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 as a functional tumor suppressor inhibiting β-catenin and AKT signaling but frequently methylated in common carcinomas

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Abstract

Through subtraction of tumor-specific CpG methylation, we identified receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) as a candidate tumor suppressor gene (TSG). ROR2 is a specific receptor or co-receptor for WNT5A, involved in canonical and non-canonical WNT signaling, with its role in tumorigenesis controversial. We characterized its functions and related cell signaling in common carcinomas. ROR2 was frequently silenced by promoter CpG methylation in multiple carcinomas including nasopharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, hepatocellular, lung, and breast cancers, while no direct correlation of ROR2 and WNT5A expression was observed. Ectopic expression of ROR2 resulted in tumor suppression independent of WNT5A status, through inhibiting tumor cell growth and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. ROR2 further suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor cell stemness through repressing β-catenin and AKT signaling, leading to further inhibition of tumor cell migration/invasion and increased chemo-sensitivity. Thus ROR2, as an epigenetically inactivated TSG, antagonizes both β-catenin and AKT signaling in multiple tumorigenesis. Its epigenetic silencing could be a potential tumor biomarker and therapeutic target for carcinomas.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Drs. George Tsao, Sun Young Rha, Bert Vogelstein, and Michael Obster for some cell lines, DSMZ (German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures) for the KYSE cell lines (Shimada et al., Cancer 69: 277-284, 1992). This study was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation (No. 81372898 and 81172582), Hong Kong RGC (GRF # 474710), and Group Research Schemes of The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shatin, Hong Kong

    Lili Li, Jianming Ying, Lan Zhong, Xianwei Su, Xingsheng Shu, Rong Rong, Lei Xiong, Hongyu Li, Anthony T. C. Chan & Qian Tao

  2. PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China

    Xin Tong & Yajun Guo

  3. Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

    Xin Tong & Yajun Guo

  4. The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

    Tingxiu Xiang

  5. Johns Hopkins Singapore and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA

    Richard F. Ambinder & Qian Tao

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  1. Lili Li
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Correspondence to Yajun Guo or Qian Tao.

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Li, L., Ying, J., Tong, X. et al. Epigenetic identification of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 as a functional tumor suppressor inhibiting β-catenin and AKT signaling but frequently methylated in common carcinomas. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 71, 2179–2192 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1485-z

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