Abstract
Steroid hormones are now recognized to act through both nuclear and membrane-associated receptors. In this review we focus on receptors for estrogen and the vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. While the nuclear receptors are part of a ‘superfamily’ with common structural elements, membrane receptors are more diverse, ranging from variants of the nuclear forms to unrelated proteins. We conclude that both rapid (membrane-initiated) actions, as well as regulation of gene transcription, are necessary to explain the complex actions of steroid hormones on target cells.
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Received 11 February 2004; received after revision 7 April 2004; accepted 26 April 2004
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Walters, M.R., Nemere, I. Receptors for steroid hormones: membrane-associated and nuclear forms. CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61, 2309–2321 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-004-4065-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-004-4065-4