Abstract
The surface structure and morphology of several high strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fibres was studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the micrometre scale and the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) down to the atomic scale. In addition, active surface area measurements were made to determine the number of bonding sites/unit area. Prior to the observations, the surfaces of some of the samples were subjected to either the commercial surface treatment or to oxidation in air or ozone in our laboratory. The roughness and number of bonding sites on each fibre surface was determined. These values will be correlated with the mechanical properties of composites made with these fibres and thermoplastic polymers in Part III of this study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. F. Turbak andT. L. Vigo in “High-tech fibrous materials”, edited by A. F. Turbak, T. L. Vigo, ACS Symposium Series (American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1991) 1.
E. Fitzer,Carbon 27 (1989) 621.
K. J. Huttinger in “Haftung in Verbundstoffen und Verbundwerkstoffen”, edited by W. Brockmann (DGM-Informationsgesellschaft, 1990) p. 221.
Idem., High temp.-high pressure 22 (1990) 317.
Idem., in “Carbon fibres, filaments and composites”, edited by J. L. Figueiredoet al., (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1990) p. 245.
E. Fitzer andM. Heym,Chem. Indust. 1 (1976) 663.
H. D. Boder, D. Golden, P. Rose andM. Wurmseher,Z. Werkstofftech. 11 (1980) 275.
J. D. H. Hughes,J. Phys. D 20 (1987) 276.
M. Guigon, A. Oberlin andG. Desarmot,Fibre Sci. Tech. 20 (1984) 565.
M. Endo,J. Mater. Sci. 23 (1988) 598.
W. Frohs, E. Fitzer andF. Rozploch,High Temp.-High Pressure ETPC Proc. 10 19 (1987) 311.
A. Oberlin,Carbon 17 (1979) 7.
S. C. Bennett andD. J. Johnson,ibid. 17 (1979) 25.
D. J. Johnson,Chem. Indust. 22 (1982) 692.
C. T. Herakowitch,Carbon 27 (1989) 663.
J. B. Donnet andA. Voet, “Carbon Black,” (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976) p. 106.
K. J. Huttinger,Chemiker-Zeitung 112 (1988) 335.
W. P. Hoffman, W. C. Hurley, P. M. Liu andT. W. Owens,J. Mater. Res. 6 (1991) 1685.
W. P. Hoffman, V. B. Elings andJ. A. Gurley,Carbon 26 (1988) 754.
W. P. Hoffman, W. C. Hurley, T. W. Owens andH. T. Phan,J. Mater. Sci. 26 (1991) 4545.
H. P. Boehm andG. Bewer, Extended Abstracts of the Fourth London International Carbon and Graphite Conference (1974) 344.
H. P. Boehm, E. Diehl, W. Heck andR. Sappock,Angew. Chem. 76 (1964) 742.
H. P. Boehm,Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 227 (1968) 17.
Idem., Adv. Catalysis 16 (1966) 179.
H. P. Boehm andM. Vol,Carbon 8 (1970) 227;Idem., ibid. 8 (1970) 741;Idem., ibid. 9 (1971) 473; andIdem., ibid. 9 (1971) 481.
J. B. Donnet andR. C. Bansal, “Carbon fibres”, (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984).
P. Ehrburger in “Carbon fibres, filaments and composites”, J. L. Figueiredoet al. (Eds.), (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1990) 147.
D. W. McKee andV. J. Mimeault inChem Phys Carbon 8 (1973) 151.
B. R. Puri inibid. 6 (1971) 191.
G. Brewer, PhD dissertation, University of Munich, Munich, (1975).
J. H. Block, A. M. Bradshaw, P. C. Gravelle, J. Haber, R. S. Hansen, M. W. Roberts, N. Sheppard andK. Tamaru,Pure & Appl. Chem. 62 (1990) 2297.
P. Denison, F. R. Jones andJ. F. Watts,J. Phys. D 20 (1987) 306.
Y. Nakayama, F. Soeda andA. Ishitani,Carbon 28 (1990) 21.
A. Proctor andP. M. A. Sherwood,J. Electron Spectrosc. Related Phenom. 27 (1982) 39.
Idem., Carbon 21 (1983) 53.
A. Proctor andP. M. A. Sherwood,Surface Interface Analysis 4 (1982) 212.
C. Kozlowski, andP. M. A. Sherwood,J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I 80 (1984) 2099, andIdem., ibid. 81 (1985) 2745.
Idem., Carbon 25 (1987) 751.
F. Hopfgarten, Extended Abstracts of the thirteenth Biennial Conference on Carbon, edited by C. A. Irvine (1977) 288.
J. Zawadzki in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbon”, edited by P. A. Thrower, Volume 21 (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989) 147.
C. Sellitti, J. L. Koenig andH. Ishida,Carbon 28 (1990) 221.
V. A. Garten andD. E. Weiss,Rev. Pure & Appl. Chem. 7 (1957) 69.
Idem., Aust. J. Chem. 10 (1959) 309.
K. Konishita, “Electro-chemical and physico-chemical properties of carbon” (Wiley, New York, 1988).
H. P. Boehm,Angew. Chemie 78 (1966) 717.
E. Papirer, J. Dentzer, S. Li andJ. B. Donnet,Carbon 29 (1991) 69.
S. S. Barton andB. H. Harrison,ibid. 13 (1975) 283.
B. R. Puri andR. C. Bansal,ibid. 1 (1964) 451, andIdem., ibid. 1 (1964) 457.
G. Tremblay, F. J. Vastola andP. L. Walker Jr,ibid. 16 (1978) 35.
D. Rivin,Rubber Chem. Tech. 36 (1963) 729, andIdem., ibid. 44 (1971) 307.
F. M. Fowkes in “Physico-chemical aspects of polymer surfaces”, Vol. 2 (Plenum Press, New York, 1983) 583.
Idem., J. Adhesion Sci. Tech. 1 (1987) 7.
W. A. Zisman in “Contact angle, wettability, and adhesion” edited by R. F. Could, ACS Advanced Chemistry Series 43 (American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1964) p. 1.
S. Ross andJ. D. Morrison, “Colloid systems and interfaces” (Wiley, New York, 1988) 99.
A. W. Neumann andR. J. Good in “Surface and colloid science”, edited by R. J. Good and R. R. Stromberg, (Plenum Press, New York, 1979) 31.
W. C. Bigelow, D. L. Pickett andW. A. Zisman,J. Coll. Sci. 1 (1946) 513.
Y. Tamai, K. Makuuchi andM. Suzuki,J. Phys. Chem. 71 (1967) 4176.
J. Schultz, K. Tsutsumi andJ. B. Donnet,J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 59 (1977) 272.
W. C. Hamilton,ibid. 40 (1971) 219.
Idem., ibid. 47 (1974) 672.
S. Hohmann-Wien, PhD dissertation, University of Karlsruhe (1991).
K. J. Huttinger, S. Hohmann-Wien andM. Seiferling,Carbon 29 (1991) 449.
K. J. Huttinger, S. Hohmann-Wien andG. Krekel,ibid.,29 (1991) 1281.
Idem. J. Adhesion Sci. Tech. 6 (1992) 317.
C. S. Brooks andD. A. Scola,J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 32 (1970) 561.
J. R. Conder andC. L. Young, “Physico-chemical applications of gas chromatography”, (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1979).
J. Schultz, C. Lavielle andC. Martin,J. Adhesion 23 (1987) 45.
G. M. Doris andD. G. Gray,J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 71 (1979) 93.
E. Papirer, H. Balard andA. Vidal,Eur. Polym. J. 24 (1980) 783.
J. B. Donnet andP. Ehrburger,Carbon 15 (1977) 143.
L. T. Drzal, J. M. Rich andP. F. Lloyd,J. Adhesion 16 (1982) 1.
L. T. Drzal, J. M. Rich, F. M. Koenig andP. F. Lloyd,ibid. 17 (1983) 133.
K. H. Geigl, PhD dissertation, University of Karlsruhe (1980).
E. Fitzer, K. H. Geigl, W. Huttner andR. Weiss,Carbon 18 (1980) 389.
R. Weiss, PhD dissertation, University of Karlsruhe (1984).
E. Fitzer andR. Weiss,Carbon 25 (1987) 455.
H. Jager, PhD dissertation, University of Karlsruhe (1986).
H. P. Rensch, PhD dissertation, University of Karlsruhe (1990).
E. Fitzer, N. Popovska, H. P. Rensch,J. Adhesion 36 (1991) 139.
P. Ehrburger, J. J. Herque, J. B. Donnet,London, Soc. Chem. Ind. 1 (1978) 398.
R. Weiss, Proceeding Verbundwerk, Wiesbaden, Demat (1988).
H. Keller, Proc. of the second Symposium Materialforschung, Dresden, BMFT, 1 (1991) p. 48.
F. Orth, G. W. Ehrenstein, Proceedings of the second Symposium Materialforschung, Dresden, BMFT, 2 (1991) 1307.
N. R. Laine, F. J. Vastola, andP. L. Walker Jr,J. Phys. Chem. 67 (1963) 2030.
W. P. Hoffman andJ. A. Lowry, in Extended Abstracts 16th Biennial Conference on Carbon, San Diego, June 1983, p. 357.
S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett andE. J. Teller,Amer. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938) 309.
J. Soler, A. M. Baro, N. Garcia, H. Rohrer,Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 (1986) 444.
W. P. Hoffman,Carbon 30 (1992) 315.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Krekel, G., Hüttinger, K.J., Hoffman, W.P. et al. The relevance of the surface structure and surface chemistry of carbon fibres in their adhesion to high-temperature thermoplastics. J Mater Sci 29, 2968–2980 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01117609
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01117609