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Unsaturated Polyester Resins: Chemistry and Technology

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Crosslinking in Materials Science

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 184))

Abstract

Results of investigations on novel formulations, structure-property relationships, curing, and compositions with fillers and reinforcing fibers (1997--2004) are reviewed with about 200 references to articles and several references to patents. The following topics are considered in particular: novel dibasic acids, glycols, crosslinking monomers, and curing systems, “vinyl ester” resins, fire retardant materials, IPNs and other systems comprising built-in thermoplastic polymers and oligomers with terminal functional groups. Information on unsaturated polyesters manufactured using PET scrap is given. Analytical (mainly spectrometric) methods for studying the chemical structure of crosslinked unsaturated polyester resins are presented. Approaches to the decrease in styrene emission on processing of unsaturated polyester resins are also discussed.

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Abbreviations

ΔH r :

heat released

ρv :

depolarization ratio

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

APP:

ammonium polyphosphate

ATH:

aluminum trihydroxide Al(OH)3

BHET:

bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate

Bis-GMA:

2,2-bis[4-(3-methacryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]

BMC:

bulk molding compounds

BMI:

bismaleimide

CDRE:

convulsion difference resolution enhancement

CMDB:

composite modified double-base

CoHx :

cobalt hexanoate

CoNp :

cobalt naphthenate

CP/ MAS:

magic angle spinning

CPD:

cyclopentadiene

CTBN:

carboxyl terminated poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile)

DAD:

diode array detection

DCPD:

dicyclopentadiene

DD:

dipolar decoupling

DEF:

diethyl fumarate

DEPT:

distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer

DGEBA:

diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A

DKGA:

diketogulonic acid

DLS:

dynamic light scattering

DMA:

dynamic mechanical analysis

DMB:

2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)hexane

DMC:

dough molding compounds

DSC:

differential scanning calorimetry

DTA:

differential thermal analysis

E′ :

storage modulus

E′′ :

loss modulus

E a :

activation energy

EMTHPA:

endomethylene tetrahydrophthalic anhydride

ESR:

electron spin resonance spectroscopy

FID:

free induction decay

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

FUPR:

fluorine-modified unsaturated polyester resin

GC/ FT-IR:

gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GC/ MS:

gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

G IC :

fracture energy

GPC:

gel permeation chromatography

GPC-MALLS:

multiangle laser light scattering detector

HDT:

heat deflection temperature

HPLC:

high-performance liquid chromatography

HPN:

hybrid polymer network

IPN:

interpenetrating polymer network

iTBN:

maleimide terminated liquid butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber

k 0 :

frequency factor

LLCT:

lyotropic liquid-crystalline thermoset

LOI:

limiting oxygen index

LOM:

laminated object manufacturing

LPA:

low profile additives

LRP-NMR:

low-resolution pulse 1H -NMR

LSA:

low shrink additives

LSE:

low styrene emission

\(\overline{M_{\rm n}}\) :

number-average molecular weight

\(\overline{M_{\rm w}}\) :

weight-average molecular weight

MDI:

methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

MEKP:

methylethylketone peroxide

MI:

maleimides

MMT:

montmorillonite

MPD:

2-methyl-1,3-propane diol

MTDSC:

modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry

MTGA:

modulated thermogravimetric analysis

NBR:

acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber

NPI:

Novolac-type polyisocyanate

PB:

pentabromoethylbenzene

PCL:

poly(ε -caprolactone)

PD:

1,2-propanediol

PDO:

tert-butylperoxy-2 -ethyl hexanoate

PET:

poly(ethylene terephthalate)

PFPE:

perfluoropolyether

phr:

weight parts of additive per 100 parts by weight of resin

PPF:

poly(propylene fumarate)s

PTSA:

p -toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate

PU:

polyurethane

PVAc:

poly(vinyl acetate)

Py-GC:

pyrolysis-gas chromatography

RDA:

rheometric dynamic analyzer

RO:

rapeseed oil

RTM:

resin transfer molding

S:

antimony trioxide, Sb2O3

SBR:

styrene-butadiene rubber

SCRIMP:

Seemann composites resin infusion molding process

SIN:

semi-interpenetrating polymer network

SLS:

static light scattering

SMC:

sheet molding compounds

TTT:

time-temperature-transformation

SPE:

solid-phase extraction

T 1 H :

proton spin-lattice relaxation time

T 1ρ H :

spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame

T 2 :

spin-spin relaxation time

T g :

glass transition temperature

tan δ :

loss tangent

TCTFE:

1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

TDI:

toluene diisocyanate

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

TFA:

trifluoroacetic acid

TGA:

thermogravimetric analysis

TMS:

tetramethylsilane

TSR:

thermal scanning rheometry

TX/ PCL:

fluorinated macromers/ poly(ε -caprolactone)

TXCL:

poly(ε -caprolactone)-perfluoropolyether-poly(ε -caprolactone) block copolymer

UP:

unsaturated polyesters

UPR:

unsaturated polyester resin

VARTM:

vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding

VE:

vinyl ether

VEUH:

vinyl-ester-urethane hybrid

VER:

vinyl ester resin

VTBN:

vinyl terminated poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile)

x :

order of reaction

ZSA:

zero shrink additive

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, ul. Rydygiera 8, 01-793, Warsaw, Poland

    Piotr Penczek

  2. Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155, Cracow, Poland

    Piotr Czub & Jan Pielichowski

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  1. Piotr Penczek
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Penczek, P., Czub, P., Pielichowski, J. (2005 ). Unsaturated Polyester Resins: Chemistry and Technology. In: Crosslinking in Materials Science. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 184. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136243

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