Abstract
The disposal of worn tyres and their economic recycling mean a great challenge nowadays. Material recycling is the preferred way supported by legislative actions and economical/ecological arguments. This paper surveys the recent developments devoted to the reclamation, surface treatments, and to the use of ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosetting resins, and rubber formulations. This review discloses also the principle underlying compatibilization to improve the adhesion of GTR to the corresponding matrix. It was concluded that value-added application of GTR can especially be expected in thermoplastic elastomers, and rubber combinations.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- K c :
-
Critical stress intensity factor (MPa m1/2)
- M100:
-
Modulus at 100 % elongation (MPa)
- M200:
-
Modulus at 200 % elongation (MPa)
- M300:
-
Modulus at 300 % elongation (MPa)
- p :
-
Pressure (MPa)
- T :
-
Temperature (°C)
- t :
-
Time (min)
- T g :
-
Glass transition temperature (°C)
- TM:
-
Tensile modulus (MPa)
- TS:
-
Tensile strength (MPa)
- UE:
-
Elongation at break (%)
- ABS:
-
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer
- Al:
-
Aluminum
- AN:
-
Acrylonitrile
- ANN:
-
Artificial neural network
- ATBN:
-
Amine-terminated liquid NBR
- BR:
-
Butadiene rubber
- CB:
-
Carbon black
- CNT:
-
Carbon nanotube
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- CPE:
-
Chlorinated polyethylene
- CR:
-
Chloroprene rubber
- CTBN:
-
Carboxyl-terminated liquid nitrile rubber
- DOE:
-
Design of experiment
- EAA:
-
Ethylene acrylic acid
- EB:
-
Electron beam
- EBA:
-
Ethylene butyl acrylatecopolymer
- EGMA:
-
Ethylene glycidyl methacrylate
- ENR:
-
Epoxidized natural rubber
- EP:
-
Epoxy resin
- EPDM:
-
Ethylene–propylene–diene rubber
- EPR:
-
Ethylene–propylene rubber
- EVA:
-
Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer
- GF:
-
Glass fiber
- GMA:
-
Glycidyl methacrylate
- GTR:
-
Ground tyre rubber
- GTR-g-MA:
-
Ground tyre rubber grafted by maleic anhydride
- H:
-
Hydrogen
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- H2SO4 :
-
Sulfuric acid
- HClO4 :
-
Perchloric acid
- HDPE:
-
High density polyethylene
- HDPE-g-MA:
-
High density polyethylene grafted by maleic anhydride
- HDT:
-
Heat distortion temperature
- HEBM:
-
High energy ball milling
- HNO3 :
-
Nitric acid
- HPHTS:
-
High-pressure high-temperature sintering
- IIR:
-
Isobutylene isoprene rubber
- IPN:
-
Interpenetrating network
- IR:
-
Isoprene rubber
- KMnO4 :
-
Potassium permanganate
- LDPE:
-
Low density polyethylene
- LLDPE:
-
Linear low density polyethylene
- MA:
-
Maleic anhydride
- MAA:
-
Methacrylic acid
- MFI:
-
Melt flow index
- MSBR:
-
Butadiene methylstyrene rubber
- MW:
-
Molecular weight
- N:
-
Nitrogen
- NBR:
-
Nitrile butadiene rubber
- NR:
-
Natural rubber
- PA6:
-
Polyamide 6
- PBT:
-
Polybutylene terephthalate
- PE:
-
Polyethylene
- PE-g-MA:
-
Polyethylene grafted by maleic anhydride
- POE:
-
Polyoctane ethylene
- PP:
-
Polypropylene
- PP–GF:
-
Glass fiber reinforced polypropylene
- PP-g-MA:
-
Polypropylene grafted by maleic anhydride
- PP-g-GMA:
-
Polypropylene grafted by glycidyl methacrylate
- PS:
-
Polystyrene
- PU:
-
Polyurethane
- PVC:
-
Polyvinyl chloride
- rHDPE:
-
Recycled high density polyethylene
- rLDPE:
-
Recycled low density polyethylene
- RT:
-
Room temperature
- SBR:
-
Styrene/butadiene rubber
- SBS-g-MA:
-
Styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer grafted by maleic anhydride
- SEBS:
-
Styrene–ethylene–butadiene–styrene
- SEBS-g-MA:
-
Styrene–ethylene–butadiene–styrene grafted by maleic anhydride
- SGF:
-
Short glass fiber
- SSSE:
-
Solid-state shear extrusion
- SSSM:
-
Solid-state shear milling
- TDV:
-
Thermoplastic dynamic vulcanizate
- TPE:
-
Thermoplastic elastomer
- TPU:
-
Thermoplastic polyurethane
- UP:
-
Unsaturated polyester resin
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet irradiation
- XLDPE:
-
Crosslinked low density polyethylene
- ZnO:
-
Zinc oxide
References
Bhadra S, De PP, Mondal N, Mukhapadhyaya R, Das Gupta S (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 89(2):465. doi:10.1002/app.12019
Mangaraj D (2005) Rubber Chem Technol 78(3):536
Holst O, Stenberg B, Christiansson M (1998) Biodegradation 9(3–4):301
www.rubberstudy.com. Accessed 7 Nov 2011
www.etra-eu.org. Accessed 7 Nov 2011
Lievana E (2005) Recycling of ground tyre rubber and polyolefin wastes by producing thermoplastic elastomers. PhD Thesis, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
ETRA (2003) Introduction to tyre recycling: 2004. European Tyre Recycling Association, Paris
Scheirs J (1998) In: Polymer recycling. Wiley Series in Polymer Science. Wiley, New York, pp 410–416
Former C, Osen E (2003) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 56(3):81
Schulman VL (2002) In: DIK Workshop, Hannover, 6–7 June, 2002
Manuel HJ (2001) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 54(3):101
Brown KM, Cummings R, Mrozek JR, Terrebonne P (2001) Nat Resour J 41(1):9
Liu HS, Mead JL, Stacer RG (2000) Rubber Chem Technol 73(3):551
Myhre M, MacKillop DA (2002) Rubber Chem Technol 75(3):429
Adhikari B, De D, Maiti S (2000) Prog Polym Sci 25(7):909
Fang Y, Zhan MS, Wang Y (2001) Mater Des 22(2):123
Makarov VM, Drozdovskiĭ VF (eds) (1991) Reprocessing of tyres and rubber wastes: recycling from the rubber products industry. Ellis Horwood, Chichester
De SK, Isayev AI, Khait K (eds) (2005) Rubber recycling. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Moldován G (2005) Műanyag és Gumi 42(7):257
Herczeg I, Dietrich O (2005) Műanyag és Gumi 42(7):267
Burford RP, Pittolo M (1982) Rubber Chem Technol 55(5):1233. doi:10.5254/1.3535928
Rajalingam P, Sharpe J, Baker WE (1993) Rubber Chem Technol 66(4):664
Röthemeyer F (1993) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 46(5):356
Spittel A (1996) Chemische modifizierung and Pfropreaktionen an Gummimehl aus Altreifengranulat. Dissertation, University of Hannover
CORDIS (1997) Cost efficient recycling of elastomeric materials with noise and vibration damping applications. www.cordis.europa.eu. Accessed 22 May 2012
Diao B, Isayev AI, Levin VY (1999) Rubber Chem Technol 72(1):152. doi:10.5254/1.3538784
Maridass B, Gupta BR (2003) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 56(5):232
Manuel HJ, Dierkes W, Hendriks A (2000) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 53(12):730
Maridass B, Gupta BR (2008) Polym Compos 29(12):1350. doi:10.1002/pc.20379
Jana GK, Mahaling RN, Das CK (2006) J Appl Polym Sci 99(5):2831
Nicholas PP (1982) Rubber Chem Technol 55(5):1499
Akiba M, Hashim AS (1997) Prog Polym Sci 22(3):475
Cao WD (2007) Constr Build Mater 21(5):1011. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.02.004
Leite LFM, Soares BG (1999) Pet Sci Technol 17(9–10):1071
Frantzis P (2003) J Mater Sci 38(7):1397. doi:10.1023/A:1022991608114
Navarro FJ, Partal P, Martinez-Boza FJ, Gallegos C (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 104(3):1683. doi:10.1002/app.25800
De D, Maiti S, Adhikari B (2000) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 53(6):346
Michael H, Scholz H, Mennig G (1999) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 52(7–8):510
Grigoryeva O, Fainleib A, Starostenko O, Danilenko I, Kozak N, Dudarenko G (2004) Rubber Chem Technol 77(1):131
Ishiaku US, Chong CS, Ismail H (1999) Polym Test 18(8):621
Maridass B, Gupta BR (2004) Polym Test 23(4):377. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2003.10.005
Maridass B, Gupta BR (2007) Polimery 52(6):456
Yehia AA, Ismail MN, Hefny YA, Abdel-Bary EM, Mull MA (2004) J Elastomer Plast 36(2):109. doi:10.1177/0095244304039896
Cavalieri F, Padella F, Cataldo F (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 90(6):1631
Fukumori K, Matsushita M, Mouri M, Okamoto H, Sato N, Takeuchi K, Suzuki Y (2006) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 59(7–8):405
Thompson LH, Doraiswamy LK (1999) Ind Eng Chem Res 38(4):1215. doi:10.1021/ie9804172
Warner WC (1994) Rubber Chem Technol 67(3):559. doi:10.5254/1.3538692
Hong CK, Isayev AI (2002) J Mater Sci 37(2):385. doi:10.1023/A:1013625018121
Yun J, Isayev AI, Kim SH, Tapale M (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 88(2):434. doi:10.1002/app.11741
Isayev AI, Chen J, Tukachinsky A (1995) Rubber Chem Technol 68(2):267
Tukachinsky A, Schworm D, Isayev AI (1996) Rubber Chem Technol 69(1):92
Yun J, Oh JS, Isayev AI (2001) Rubber Chem Technol 74(2):317
Diao B, Isayev AI, Levin VY, Kim SH (1998) J Appl Polym Sci 69(13):2691. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980926)69:13<2691::AID-APP19>3.0.CO;2-X
Pistor V, Scuracchio CH, Oliveira PJ, Fiorio R, Zatteral AJ (2011) Polym Eng Sci 51(4):697. doi:10.1002/pen.21875
Novotny DS, Marsh RI, Masters FC, Tally DN (1978) United States Patent No. 4.104.205
Zanchet A, Carli LN, Giovanela M, Brandalise RN, Crespo JS (2012) Mater Des 39:437
Schnecko H (1994) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 47(12):885
Jose J, Satapathy S, Nag A, Nando GB (2007) Process Saf Environ Protect 85(B4):318
Kim JK, Park JW (1999) J Appl Polym Sci 72(12):1543. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990620)72:12<1543::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-3
Romine RA, Romine MF (1998) Polym Degrad Stab 59(1–3):353
Flory PJ, Rehner J (1943) J Chem Phys 11(11):521. doi:10.1063/1.1723792
Smith FG, Daniels EJ, Teotia APS (1995) Resour Conserv Recycl 15(2):133. doi:10.1016/0921-3449(95)00036-i
Burillo G, Clough RL, Czvikovszky T, Guven O, Le Moel A, Liu WW, Singh A, Yang JT, Zaharescu T (2002) Radiat Phys Chem 64(1):41
Naskar AK, Bhowmick AK, De SK (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 84(3):622
Naskar AK, De SK, Bhowmick AK (2001) Rubber Chem Technol 74(4):645
Yehia AA, Mull MA, Ismail MN, Hefny YA, Abdel-Bary EM (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 93(1):30. doi:10.1002/app.20349
Colom X, Carrillo F, Canavate J (2007) Composites A 38(1):44. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.022
Colom X, Canavate J, Carrillo F, Velasco JI, Pages P, Mujal R, Nogues F (2006) Eur Polym J 42(10):2369. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.06.005
Sadaka F, Campistron I, Laguerre A, Pilard JF (2012) Polym Degrad Stab 97(5):816
Cataldo F, Ursini O, Angelini G (2010) Polym Degrad Stab 95(5):803. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.02.003
Naskar AK, De SK, Bhowmick AK (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 84(2):370
Coiai S, Passaglia E, Ciardelli F, Tirelli D, Peruzzotti F, Resmini E (2006) Macromol Symp 234:193. doi:10.1002/masy.200650225
Zhang JL, Chen HX, Ke CM, Zhou Y, Lu HZ, Wang DL (2012) Polym Bull 68(3):789. doi:10.1007/s00289-011-0586-9
Tolstov A, Grigoryeva O, Fainleib A, Danilenko I, Spanoudaki A, Pissis P, Grenet J (2007) Macromol Symp 254(1):226. doi:10.1002/masy.200750834
Fuhrmann I, Karger-Kocsis J (1999) Plast, Rubber Compos 28(10):500
Fuhrmann I, Karger-Kocsis J (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 89(6):1622
Lee SH, Shanmugharaj AM, Sridhar V, Zhang ZX, Kim JK (2009) Polym Adv Technol 20(7):620. doi:10.1002/pat.1307
Shanmugharaj AM, Kim JK, Ryu SH (2005) Polym Test 24(6):739. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.04.006
Shanmugharaj AM, Kim JK, Ryu SH (2006) Appl Surf Sci 252(16):5714. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.07.069
Du ML, Guo BC, Jia DM (2005) J Polym Res 12(6):473
Abdel-Bary EM, Dessouki AM, El-Nesr EM, Hassan MM (1997) Polym Plast Technol Eng 36(2):241
Hassan MM, Mahmoud GA, El-Nahas HH, Hegazy ESA (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 104(4):2569. doi:10.1002/app.25297
Yamazaki H, Nagasawa T, Choi W, Endo T (2006) J Appl Polym Sci 101(6):4003
Fan P, Lu CH (2011) J Appl Polym Sci 122(4):2262. doi:10.1002/app.34329
Shahidi N, Teymour F, Arastoopour H (2004) Polymer 45(15):5183
Shahidi N, Teymour F, Arastoopour H (2004) Macromol Symp 206:471
Amash A, Giese U, Schuster RH (2002) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 55(5):218
Deanin RD, Hashemiolya SM (1987) Polym Mater Sci Eng 57:212
Fuhrmann I, Karger-Kocsis J (1999) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 52(12):836
Sonnier R, Leroy E, Clerc L, Bergeret A, Lopez-Cuesta JM (2007) Polym Test 26(2):274
Mészáros L, Tábi T, Kovács JG, Bárány T (2008) Polym Eng Sci 48(5):868
Mészáros L, Fejős M, Bárány T (2012) J Appl Polym Sci 125(1):512. doi:10.1002/app.35675
Mészáros L, Bárány T, Czvikovszky T (2012) Radiat Phys Chem. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.11.058
Zhu J, Zhang XX, Liang M, Lu CH (2011) J Polym Res 18(4):533. doi:10.1007/s10965-010-9446-9
Rajalingam P, Baker WE (1992) Rubber Chem Technol 65(5):908
Oliphant K, Baker WE (1993) Polym Eng Sci 33(3):166
da Costa HM, Ramos VD (2008) Polym Test 27(1):27
Qin J, Ding H, Wang X, Xie MJ, Yu ZL (2008) Polym Plast Technol Eng 47(2):199. doi:10.1080/03602550701816217
Scaffaro R, Dintcheva NT, Nocilla MA, La Mantia FP (2005) Polym Degrad Stab 90(2):281
Hong CK, Isayev AI (2001) J Elastomer Plast 33(1):47
Punnarak P, Tantayanon S, Tangpasuthadol V (2006) Polym Degrad Stab 91(12):3456. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.01.012
Sonnier R, Leroy E, Clerc L, Bergeret A, Lopez-Cuesta JM (2006) Polym Degrad Stab 91(10):2375
Shojaei A, Yousefian H, Saharkhiz S (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 104(1):1
Sonnier R, Leroy E, Clerc L, Bergeret A, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Bretelle AS, Ienny P (2008) Polym Test 27(7):901. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.07.003
Colom X, Canavate J, Carrillo F, Sunol JJ (2009) J Appl Polym Sci 112(4):1882. doi:10.1002/app.29611
Hassan MM, Aly RO, Hasanen JA, El Sayed EF (2010) J Appl Polym Sci 117(4):2428. doi:10.1002/app.32120
Canavate J, Carrillo F, Casas P, Colom X, Sunol JJ (2010) J Compos Mater 44(10):1233. doi:10.1177/0021998309351602
Matkó S, Répási I, Szabó A, Bodzay B, Anna P, Marosi G (2008) Express Polym Lett 2(2):126. doi:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.17
Bianchi O, Fiorio R, Martins JN, Zattera AJ, Scuracchio CH, Canto LB (2009) J Elastomer Plast 41(2):175. doi:10.1177/0095244308095015
Ismail H, Suryadiansyah (2002) Polym Plast Technol Eng 41(5):833
Ismail H, Suryadiansyah R (2004) Polym Plast Technol Eng 43(2):319
Phinyocheep P, Axtell FH, Laosee T (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 86(1):148
Tantayanon S, Juikham S (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 91(1):510
Oh JS, Isayev AI (2002) Rubber Chem Technol 75(4):617
Ismail H, Suryadiansyah R (2004) J Reinf Plast Compos 23(6):639
Trofimova GM, Kompaniets LV, Novikov DD, Prut EV (2005) Polym Sci Ser B 47(5–6):159
da Costa HM, Ramos VD, Rocha MCG (2006) Polym Test 25(4):498
Ismail H, Suryadiansyah R (2002) Polym Test 21(4):389
Lee SH, Balasubramanian M, Kim JK (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 106(5):3209
Kim JK, Lee SH, Paglicawan MA, Balasubramanian M (2007) Polym Plast Technol Eng 46(1):19. doi:10.1080/03602550600916233
Shanmugharaj AM, Kim JK, Ryu SH (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 104(4):2237. doi:10.1002/app.25521
Zhang ZX, Zhang SL, Xin ZX, Kim JK (2007) e-Polymers 132
Liu H, Mead JL, Stacer RG (2002) Rubber Chem Technol 75(1):49
Balasubramanian M, Paglicawan MA, Zhang ZX, Lee SH, Xin ZX, Kim JK (2008) J Thermoplast Compos Mater 21(1):51. doi:10.1177/0892705707084543
Xin ZX, Zhang ZX, Pal K, Kang DJ, Lee SH, Kim JK (2009) J Vinyl Addit Technol 15(4):275. doi:10.1002/vnl.20198
Xin ZX, Zhang ZX, Pal K, Lu BX, Deng X, Lee SH, Kim JK (2009) J Vinyl Addit Technol 15(4):266. doi:10.1002/vnl.20191
Xin ZX, Zhang ZX, Zhang BS, Pal K, Deng X, Lee SH, Kim JK (2009) J Compos Mater 43(24):3003. doi:10.1177/0021998309345346
Xin ZX, Zhang ZX, Pal K, Kim KJ, Kang DJ, Kim JK, Bang DS (2009) J Cell Plast 45(6):499. doi:10.1177/0021955x09342937
Lee SH, Zhang ZX, Xu D, Chung D, Oh GJ, Kim JK (2009) Polym Eng Sci 49(1):168. doi:10.1002/pen.21236
Xin ZX, Zhang ZX, Pal K, Byeon JU, Lee SH, Kim JK (2010) Mater Des 31(1):589. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.07.002
Zhang SL, Zhang ZX, Xin ZX, Pal K, Kim JK (2010) Mater Des 31(4):1900. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.10.057
Zhang SL, Zhang ZX, Pal K, Xin ZX, Suh J, Kim JK (2010) Mater Des 31(8):3624. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.02.039
Zainal Z, Ismail H (2011) Polym Plast Technol Eng 50(3):297. doi:10.1080/03602559.2010.531868
Zhu S-H, Tzoganakis C (2010) J Appl Polym Sci 118(2):1051
Kuznetsova OP, Zhorina LA, Prut EV (2004) Polym Sci A 46(2):151
Luo T, Isayev AI (1998) J Elastomer Plast 30(2):133
Pittolo M, Burford RP (1985) Rubber Chem Technol 58(1):97
Scuracchio CH, Bretas RES, Isayev AI (2004) J Elastomer Plast 36(1):45
Naskar AK, Khastgir D, Bhowmick AK, De SK (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 84(5):993
Tipanna M, Kale DD (1997) Rubber Chem Technol 70(5):815
Orrit-Prat J, Mujal-Rosas R, Rahhali A, Marin-Genesca M, Colom-Fajula X, Belana-Punseti J (2011) J Compos Mater 45(11):1233. doi:10.1177/0021998310380289
Ghaisas SS, Kale DD, Kim JG, Jo BW (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 91(3):1552
Utracki LA (2002) In: Utracki LA (ed) Polymer blends handbook, vol 1. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 1
Wu DY, Bateman S, Partlett M (2007) Compos Sci Technol 67(9):1909. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.10.012
Ding XJ, Xu RW, Yu DS, Chen H, Fan R (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 90(13):3503. doi:10.1002/app.12961
Fuhrmann I, Karger-Kocsis J (2003) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 56(1–2):42
Hassan MM, Badway NA, Gamal AM, Elnaggar MY, Hegazy ESA (2010) Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 268(9):1427. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.01.021
Hassan MM, Badway NA, Gamal AM, Elnaggar MY, Hegazy ESA (2010) Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 268(16):2527. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.05.049
Zribi K, Elleuch K, Feller JF, Bourmaud A, Elleuch B (2007) Polym Eng Sci 47(11):1768
De SK, Bhowmick AK (1990) Thermoplastic elastomer from rubber-plastic blends. Ellis Horwood, London
Karger-Kocsis J (1995) Copolymers and blends, vol 2. Chapman & Hall, London
Karger-Kocsis J (1999) In: Shonaike GO, Simon GP (eds) Polymer blends and alloys. Marcel Decker, New York, p 125
Karger-Kocsis J (1999) In: Karger-Kocsis J (ed) Polypropylene: an A–Z reference. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 853
Legge NR, Holden G, Schroeder HE (eds) (1987) Thermoplastic elastomers. Hanser Publishers, New York
Mülhaupt R (1999) In: Karger-Kocsis J (ed) Polypropylene: an A–Z reference. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 454
Oderkerk J, de Schaetzen G, Goderis B, Hellemans L, Groeninckx G (2002) Macromolecules 35(17):6623. doi:10.1021/ma0113475
Al-Malaika S, Amir EJ (1989) Polym Degrad Stab 26(1):31. doi:10.1016/0141-3910(89)90026-8
Kumar CR, Fuhrmann I, Karger-Kocsis J (2002) Polym Degrad Stab 76(1):137
Radheshkumar C, Karger-Kocsis J (2002) Plast, Rubber Compos 31(3):99
Grigoryeva O, Fainleib A, Grenet J, Saiter JM (2008) Rubber Chem Technol 81(5):737
Lievana E, Karger-Kocsis J (2004) Progr Rubber Plast Recycl Technol 20(1):1
Hrdlicka Z, Kuta A, Hajek J (2010) Polimery 55(11–12):832
Zhang XX, Lu CH, Liang M (2011) J Appl Polym Sci 122(3):2110. doi:10.1002/app.34293
Guo BC, Cao Y, Jia DM, Qiu QH (2004) Macromol Mater Eng 289(4):360
Abadchi MR, Arani AJ, Nazockdast H (2010) J Appl Polym Sci 115(4):2416. doi:10.1002/app.31356
Zhang ZX, Zhang SL, Kim JK (2008) e-Polymers 61
Razmjooei F, Naderi G, Bakhshandeh G (2012) J Appl Polym Sci 124(6):4864. doi:10.1002/app.35558
Naskar AK, Bhowmick AK, De SK (2001) Polym Eng Sci 41(6):1087
Rajeev RS, De SK (2004) Rubber Chem Technol 77(3):569
Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YX (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 88(8):2020
Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YX (2003) Polym Test 22(8):859
Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YX (2004) Polym Test 23(1):83
Grigoryeva OP, Fainleib AM, Tolstov AL, Starostenko OM, Lievana E, Karger-Kocsis J (2005) J Appl Polym Sci 95(3):659
Abou Zeid MM, Rabie ST, Nada AA, Khalil AM, Hilal RH (2008) Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 266(1):111
Abou Zeid MM, Rabie ST, Nada AA, Khalil AM, Hilal RH (2008) Polym Plast Technol Eng 47(6):567
Canavate J, Casas P, Colom X, Nogues F (2011) J Compos Mater 45(11):1189. doi:10.1177/0021998310369596
Jacob C, De PP, Bhowmick AK, De SK (2001) J Appl Polym Sci 82(13):3304
Scholz H, Potschke P, Michael H, Mennig G (2002) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 55(11):584
Wiessner S, Michael H, Mennig G (2003) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 56(10):514
Tanaka Y, Okita T, Watanabe T (2003) Toyoda Gosei Tech Rev 45(2):53
Wagenknecht U, Wiessner S, Heinrich G, Michael H, Zichner M (2006) Plast, Rubber Compos 35(9):393
Dementienko OV, Kuznetsova OP, Tikhonov AP, Prut EV (2007) Polym Sci A 49(11):1218
Lee SH, Balasubramanian M, Kim JK (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 106(5):3193
Zhang SL, Zhang ZX, Kang DJ, Bang DS, Kim JK (2008) e-Polymers 160
Zhang SL, Xin ZXA, Zhang ZX, Kim JK (2009) Waste Manage 29(5):1480. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.10.004
Magioli M, Sirqueira AS, Soares BG (2010) Polym Test 29(7):840. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2010.07.008
da Costa HM, Ramos VD, da Silva WS, Sirqueira AS (2010) Polym Test 29(5):572. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2010.04.003
Ausias G, Thuillier S, Omnes B, Wiessner S, Pilvin P (2007) Polymer 48(11):3367. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2007.03.049
Karger-Kocsis J (2009) In: Karger-Kocsis J, Fakirov S (eds) Nano- and micro-mechanics of polymer blends and composites. Hanser, Munich, p 425
Kim JK (1997) Korea Polym J 5(4):241
Sulkowski WW, Danch A, Moczynski M, Radon A, Sulkowska A, Borek J (2004) J Therm Anal Calorim 78(3):905. doi:10.1007/s10973-005-0457-0
Sulkowski WW, Mistarz S, Borecki T, Moczyhski M, Danch A, Borek J, Maciqzek M, Sulkowska A (2006) J Therm Anal Calorim 84(1):91. doi:10.1007/s10973-005-7203-9
Boynton MJ, Lee A (1997) J Appl Polym Sci 66(2):271
Bagheri R, Williams MA, Pearson RA (1997) Polym Eng Sci 37(2):245
Kaynak C, Sipahi-Saglam E, Akovali G (2001) Polymer 42(9):4393
Sipahi-Saglam E, Kaynak C, Akovali G, Yetmez M, Akkas N (2001) Polym Eng Sci 41(3):514
Kaynak C, Celikbilek C, Akovali G (2003) Eur Polym J 39(6):1125. doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00381-6
Celikbilek C, Akovali G, Kaynak C (2004) Polym Bull 51(5–6):429. doi:10.1007/s00289-004-0231-y
Abadyan M, Bagheri R, Kouchakzadeh MA (2012) J Appl Polym Sci 125:2467
Abadyan M, Kouchakzadeh MA, Bagheri R (2012) J Appl Polym Sci 125:2476
Fan P, Lu C (2012) Polym Adv Technol 23(1):48
Rodriguez EL (1988) Polym Eng Sci 28(22):1455. doi:10.1002/pen.760282204
Han SC, Han MH (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 85(12):2491
Hofmann DD (1977) Gummi Asbest Kunststoffe 30(2):88
Kim JK (1998) Int Polym Process 13(4):358
Kim JK (1998) Plast Rubber Compos Process Appl 27(8):362
Kim JK (1999) J Appl Polym Sci 74(13):3137. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991220)74:13<3137::AID-APP16>3.0.CO;2-0
Kim JK, Burford RP (1998) Rubber Chem Technol 71(5):1028. doi:10.5254/1.3538508
Klüppel M, Kuhrcke A, Schuster RH (1997) Kautsch Gummi Kunstst 50(5):373
Naskar AK, De SK, Bhowmick AK, Pramanik PK, Mukhopadhyay R (2000) Rubber Chem Technol 73(5):902. doi:10.5254/1.3547628
Phadke AA, Chakraborty SK, De SK (1984) Rubber Chem Technol 57(1):19. doi:10.5254/1.3535994
Sombatsompop N, Kumnuantip C (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 87(10):1723. doi:10.1002/app.11698
Tripathy AR, Morin JE, Williams DE, Eyles SJ, Farris RJ (2002) Macromolecules 35(12):4616. doi:10.1021/ma012110b
Asplund J (1996) Scrap rubber—an unpredictable waste or a useful raw material. RAPRA Technology Ltd, Shawbury
Acetta A, Vergnaud JM (1981) Rubber Chem Technol 54(2):302
Accetta A, Vergnaud JM (1982) Rubber Chem Technol 55(2):328
Accetta A, Vergnaud JM (1982) Rubber Chem Technol 55(4):961
Morin JE, Williams DE, Farris RJ (2002) Rubber Chem Technol 75(5):955
Bilgili E, Dybek A, Arastoopour H, Bernstein B (2003) J Elastomer Plast 35(3):235. doi:10.1177/0095244303035003004
Martins MA, Mattoso LHC (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 91(1):670
Isayev AI, Sujan B (2006) J Elastomer Plast 38(4):291. doi:10.1177/0095244306067424
Zhang XX, Lu CH, Liang M (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 103(6):4087
Mahmoud WE, El-Mossalamy EH, Arafa HM (2011) J Appl Polym Sci 121(1):502. doi:10.1002/app.33650
Li YH, Zhao SH, Wang YQ (2011) Polym Degrad Stab 96(9):1662. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.06.011
Gugliemotti A, Lucignano C, Quadrini F (2012) Plast, Rubber Compos 41(1):40
Jacob C, Bhattacharya AK, Bhowmick AK, De PP, De SK (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 87(14):2204. doi:10.1002/app.11474
Jacob C, De PP, Bhowmick AK, De SK (2001) J Appl Polym Sci 82(13):3293
Kuznetsova OP, Prut EV (2005) Polym Sci A 47(12):1245
Jacob C, Bhowmick AK, De PP, De SK (2002) Plast, Rubber Compos 31(5):212. doi:10.1179/146580102225003029
Zanchet A, Dal’Acqua N, Weber T, Crespo JS, Brandalise RN, Nunes RCR (2007) Polimeros 17(1):23
Jacob C, Bhowmick AK, De PP, De SK (2003) Rubber Chem Technol 76(1):36
Feng WL, Isayev AI (2005) J Mater Sci 40(11):2883. doi:10.1007/s10853-005-2423-8
Swor RA, Jensen LW, Budzol M (1980) Rubber Chem Technol 53(5):1215
Ismail H, Nordin R, Noor AM (2002) Polym Plast Technol Eng 41(5):847
Ismail H, Nordin R, Noor AM (2002) Polym Test 21(5):565
Ismail H, Nordin R, Noor AM (2003) Iran Polym J 12(5):373
Kumnuantip C, Sombatsompop N (2003) Mater Lett 57(21):3167. doi:10.1016/s0167-577x(03)00019-3
Ismail H, Nordin R (2004) Polym Plast Technol Eng 43(2):285
Yehia AA (2004) Polym Plast Technol Eng 43(6):1735
Li SY, Lamminmaki J, Hanhi K (2004) Macromol Symp 216:209
Li SY, Lamminmaki J, Hanhi K (2005) Polym Eng Sci 45(9):1239
Li SY, Lamminmaki J, Hanhi K (2005) J Appl Polym Sci 97(1):208
Ravichandran K, Natchimuthu N (2005) Polym Int 54(3):553
Maridass B, Gupta BR (2006) J Elastomer Plast 38(3):211. doi:10.1177/0095244306063480
Sombatsompop N, Kumnuantip C (2006) J Appl Polym Sci 100(6):5039. doi:10.1002/app.23472
Lamminmaki J, Li SY, Hanhi K (2006) J Mater Sci 41(24):8301. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-1010-y
Kim SW, Park HY, Lim JC, Jeon IR, Seo KH (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 105(4):2396
Ismail H, Omar NF, Othman N (2011) J Appl Polym Sci 121(2):1143. doi:10.1002/app.33511
Mathew G, Singh RP, Nair NR, Thomas S (2001) Polymer 42(5):2137
Sobhy MS, Mahdy MMM, El-Fayoumi MAK, Abdel-Bary EM (1997) Polym Test 16(4):349
Carli LN, Bianchi O, Mauler RS, Crespo JS (2012) J Appl Polym Sci 123(1):280. doi:10.1002/app.33666
Jiang GM, Zhao SH, Luo JY, Wang YQ, Yu WY, Zhang CR (2010) J Appl Polym Sci 116(5):2768. doi:10.1002/app.31904
Roche N, Ichchou MN, Salvia M, Chettah A (2011) J Elastomer Plast 43(4):317. doi:10.1177/0095244311398631
Zhu SH, Penlidis A, Tzoganakis C, Ginzel E (2012) J Appl Polym Sci 124(3):2062. doi:10.1002/app.35251
Li B, Zhou H, Huang GS (2007) J Mater Sci 42(1):199. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-1052-1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karger-Kocsis, J., Mészáros, L. & Bárány, T. Ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosets, and rubbers. J Mater Sci 48, 1–38 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6564-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6564-2