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References
This review is based in part on a review article which appeared in: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 12, 173 (1973)
For reviews see: Carbonium ions. Olah, G. A., Schleyer, P.v. R. (eds.), New York-London: Wiley-Interscience, Vol. 1, 1968, Vol. II, 1970, Vol. III, 1972, Vol. IV, 1973 and Vol. V, 1976.
Bethell, D., Gold, V.: Carbonium ions, an introduction, London-New York: Academic Press 1967
Also see: Olah, G. A.: Chem. Eng. News 45, 76 (March 27, 1967); Science, 168, 1298 (1970).
Existence is defined by Webster (Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged ed., Merriam Co., 1961, p. 796) as: The state or fact of having being, especially as considered independently of human consciousness
Gillespie, R. J.: J. Chem. Soc. 1002 (1952); and for rebuttal, Dewar, M. J. S.: J. Chem. Soc. 2885 (1953); Jaffe, H. H.: J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1893 (1963); but also Gillespie, R. J.: J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1893 (1963)
Muetterties, E. L., Schunn, R. A.: Quart, Rev. 20, 245 (1966)
For a review and critical discussion, see Jensen, F. R., Rickborn, B.: Electrophilic substitution of organomercurials. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1968
J. D. Roberts seem to have first used the term “nonclassical ion” when he proposed the tricyclobutonium structure for the cyclopropylcarbinyl cation [Roberts, J. D., Mazur, R. H.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 73, 1542 (1951)], and Winstein who referred to the nonclassical structure of norbornyl, cholesteryl, and 3-phenyl-2-butyl cations. [Winstein, S, Trifan, D.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 74, 1154 (1952).] Bartlett's definition is widely used for nonclassical ions stating “an ion is nonclassical if its ground state has delocalized bonding σ-electrons.” Also see Ref.2)
For leading references see Bartlett, P. D.: Nonclassical ions; reprints and commentary. New York: Benjamin, W. A., 1965
Sargent, G. D.: Quart. Rev. 20, 301 (1966)
Winstein, S.: Quart. Rev. 23, 141 (1969); and for an opposing view
Brown, H. C.: Chem. Eng. News, pp. 86–97. (February 13, 1967) and references given therein.
Brown, H. C.: Acc. Chem. Rev. 6, 377 (1973)
Brown, H. C.: Tetrahedron 32, 179 (1976)
Olah, G. A.: Acc. Chem. Res. 41, 9 (1976)
Brown, H. C.: The nonclassical ion problem. New York: Plenum Press 1977
Olah, G. A., White, A. M., DeMember, J. R., Commeyras, A., Lui, C. Y.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 4627 (1970); Olah, G. A., Liang, G., Mateescu, G. D., Riemenschneider, J. L.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 8698 (1973)
Hogeween, H., Kwant, P. W.: Acc. Chem. Res. 8, 413 (1975)
For a review and discussion, see Jennen, J. J.: Chimia 20, 309 (1966); however for a contrasting view on general use of “Carbonium Ions,” Volz, H., Chem. Unserer Zeit. 4, 101 (1970)
Meerwein, H., Van Emster, K.: Chem. Ber. 55, 2500 (1922)
For a summary see, Ingold, C. K., Structure and Mechanism in organic chemistry. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press 1953
Whitmore, F. C.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 54, 3274, 3276 (1932); Ann. Rep. Progr. Chem. (Chem. Soc. London) 1933, 177 (1933)
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For an extensive review, see McLafferty, F. W., (ed.): Mass spectrometry of organic ions. New York: Academic Press 1963
Brown, H. C., Pearsall, H. W., Eddy, L. P.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 42, 5347 (1950)
Wertyporoch, E., Firla, T.: Ann. Chim. 500, 287 (1933)
Olah, G. A., Kuhn, S. J., Olah, J. A.: J. Chem. Soc. 2174 (1957)
Fairbrother, F.: J. Chem. Soc. 1945, 503 (1945)
Rosenbaum, J., Symons, M. C. R.: Proc. Chem. Soc. (London) 1959, 92 (1959); Rosenbaum, J., Risenbaum, M., Symons, M. C. R.: Mol. Phys. 3, 205 (1960); Rosenbaum, J., Symons, M. C. R.: J. Chem. Soc., (London) 1961, 1 (1961)
Finch, A. C. M., Symons, M. C. R.: J. Chem. Soc. (London) 1965, 378 (1965)
For a summary, see Deno, M. C.: Progr. Phys. Org. Chem. 2, 129 (1964)
For preliminary communications and lectures, see Olah, G. A.: Conference Lecture at the 9th Reaction Mechanism Conference, Brookhaven, New York, August 1962; Abstr. 142nd Nat. Meet. Amer. Chem. Soc. (Atlantic City, N. J. 1962), p. 45; Tolgyesi, W. S., MacIntyre, J. S., Bastien, I. J., Meyer, M. W.: p. 121; Olah, G. A.: Angew. Chem. 75, 800 (1963); Rev. Chim. Acad. Rep. Populaire Roumaine 7, 1139 (1962); Div. Petrol. Chem. Amer. Chem. Soc. 9, (7), 31 (1964); Organic Reaction Mechanism Conference, Cork, Ireland, June 1964, Special Publications No. 19, Chemical Society, London, 1965; — and Pittman Jr., C. U.: Advan. Phys. Org. Chem. 4, 305 (1966)
Olah, G. A., Baker, E. B., Evans, J. C., Tolgyesi, W. S., McIntyre, J. S., Bastien, I. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 1360 (1964)
Olah, G. A., Tolgyesi, W. S., Kuhn, S. J., Moffatt, M. E., Bastian, I. J., Baker, E. B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85, 1378 (1963)
Bacon, J., Dean, P. A. W., Gillespie, R. J.: Can. J. Chem. 47, 1655 (1969)
Commeyras, A., Olah, G. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 90, 2929 (1968)
Superacids are, according to R. J. Gillespie [Accounts Chem. Res. 1, 202 (1968)] more acidic than 100 percent sulfuric acid, the most frequently used strong acid solvent. The name superacid was first suggested by Conant in 1927 [Hall, N. F., Conant, J. B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 49, 3047 (1927)] for nonaqueous strong acid solutions (like perchloric acid) or weak bases (like amides) where salt formation is exceptionally complete
Magic acid R is a registered trade mark of Cationics, Inc., Columbia, S. C., U. S. A.
For a comprehensive report, see Olah, G. A., White, A. M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91, 5801 (1969)
Olah, G. A., Donovon, D. J.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 5026 (1977)
Saunders, M., Hagen, E. L.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 90, 2436 (1968)
Olah, G. A., Commeyras, A., DeMember, J., Bribes, J. L.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 93, 459 (1971)
Olah, G. A., Pittman Jr., C. U., Waack, R., Doran, M.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 1488 (1966)
Ref.2: Olah, G. A., Pittman Jr., C. U., Symons, M. C. R., in: Carbonium ions. Vol. I., pp. 153–222. Olah, G. A., Schleyer, P. v. R. (eds.). New York: Wiley-Interscience 1968
Siegbahn, K., Nordling, C., Fahlman, A., Nordberg, R., Hamrin, K., Hedman, J., Johansson, G., Bergmark, T., Karlsson, S. E., Lindgren, I., Lindberg, B.: ESCA, atomic, molecular and solid state structure studies by means of electron spectroscopy. Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksells Boktryckeri AB 1967
For reviews, see Hollander, J. M., Jolly, W. L.: Accounts Chem. Rev. 3, 193 (1970); Betteridge, D., Baker, A. D.: Anal. Chem. 42, 43A (1970); Hercules, D. M.: Anal. Chem. 42, 20A (1970)
Olah, G. A., Mateescu, G. D., Wilson, L. A., Goss, M. H.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 92, 7231 (1970)
Mateescu, G. D., Riemenschneider, J. L.: Applications of electron spectroscopy in organic chemistry, in: Electron spectroscopy. Shirley, D. A. (ed.). Amsterdam, London: North Holland Publishing Company 1972
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Brouwer, D. M., Mackor, E. L.: Proc. Chem. Soc. (London), 147 (1964); Brouwer, D. M.: Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas. 87, 210 (1968)
Olah, G. A., Comisarow, M. B., Cupas, C. A., Pittman Jr., C. U.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 2997 (1965)
Olah, G. A., Namanworth, E.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 5327 (1966)
Olah, G. A., Sommer, J., Namanworth, E.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 3576 (1967)
Olah, G. A., Schilling, P., Bollinger, J. M., Nishimura, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 96, 2221 (1974)
Olah, G. A., O'Brien, D. H.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 1725 (1967)
Olah, G. A., Pittman Jr., C. U.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 2996 (1967)
Olah, G. A., Lukas, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 2227, 4739 (1967)
Hogeveen, H., Gaasbeck, C. J.: Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays. Bas. 89, 395 (1970) and references given therein
Olah, G. A., O'Brien, D. H., Pittman Jr., C. U.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 2996 (1967)
Olah, G. A., Schilling, P.: Liebigs Ann. Chem. 761, 77 (1972)
Olah, G. A., Friedman, N., Bollinger, J. M., Lukas, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 5328 (1966)
Roberts, J. D., Mazur, R. H.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 73, 2509 (1951)
Hart, H., Sandri, J. M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 81, 320 (1959)
Deno, N. C., Richey Jr., H. G., Liu, S., Hodge, J. D., Houser, J. J., Wisotsky, M. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 84, 2016 (1962)
Olah, G. A., Westerman, P. W., Nishimura, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 96, 3548 (1974)
Pittman Jr., C. U., Olah, G. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 98, 2998 (1965)
Olah, G. A., Liang, G., Babiak, K. A., Ford, T. M., Goff, D. L., Morgan Jr., T. K., Murray Jr., R. K.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 100, 1494 (1978) and references given therein
Kabakoff, D. S., Namanworth, E.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 92, 3234 (1970)
Hehre, W. J., Hiberty, P. C.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 96, 302 (1974)
Olah, G. A., Liang, G.: J. Org. Chem. 40, 2108 (1975)
Olah, G. A., Prakash, G. K. S., Liang, G.: J. Org. Chem. 42, 2666 (1977)
Surya Prakash, G. K.: Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. of Southern California, May 1978
Deno, N. C., Richey Jr., H. G., Friedman, N., Hodge, J. D., Houser, J. J., Pittman Jr., C. U.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85, 2991 (1963); Deno, N. C., Bollinger, J. M., Friedman, N., Hafer, K., Hodge, J. D., Houser, J. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. p. 2998
Sorensen, T. S.: Can. J. Chem. 42, 2768 (1969)
Olah, G. A., Comisarow, M. B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 5682 (1964)
Olah, G. A., Liang, G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 6434 (1972) and references therein
Olah, G. A., Liang, G., Mo, Y. K.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 3544 (1972)
Olah, G. A., Liang, G., Jindal, S. P.: J. Org. Chem. 40, 3249 (1975)
Olah, G. A., Spear, R. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97, 1539 (1975)
Olah, G. A., Asencio, G., Mayr, H.: J. Org. Chem. 43, 1518 (1978)
Olah, G. A., Prakash, G. K. S., Liang, G.: J. Org. Chem. 41, 2820 (1976)
Carpenter, B. K.: J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 2, 1 (1974)
Ref. 2, Vol. II
Olah, G. A., Staral, J. S., Spear, R. J., Liang, G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97, 5489 (1975)
Olah, G. A., Bollinger, J. M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 90, 6082 (1968)
Biale, G., Parker, A. J., Smith, S. G., Stevens, I. D. R., Winstein, S.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 92, 115 (1970)
Schleyer, P. V. R., Su, T. M., Saunders, M., Rosenfeld, J. C.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91, 5174 (1969)
Bollinger, J. M., Brinich, J. M., Olah, G. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 92, 4025 (1970)
Olah, G. A., Bollinger, J. M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 90, 6083 (1968)
Pittman Jr., C. U.: Chem. Comm. 1969, 122 (1969)
Sorensen, T. S.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 5075 (1965); Can. J. Chem. 43, 2744 (1965)
Olah, G. A., Pittman Jr., C. U., Sorensen, T. S.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 2331 (1966)
Olah, G. A., Prakash, G. K. S., Liang, G.: J. Org. Chem. 42, 661 (1977)
Verrijn Stuart, A. A., Mackor, E. L.: J. Chem. Phys. 27, 826 (1957); Dallinga, G., Mackor, E. L., Verrijn Stuart, A. A.: Mol. Phys. 1, 123 (1958); Maclean, G., Mackor, E. L.: Discus. Faraday Soc. 34, 165 (1962)
Birchall, T., Gillespie, R. J.: Can. J. Chem. 42, 502 (1964)
Olah, G. A., Kuhn, S. J.: Nature, 178, 693 (1956); Naturwissenschaften, 43, 59 (1956); J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80, 6535 (1958); Olah, G. A.: Abstr. 138th Nat. Meet. Amer. Chem. Soc. (New York, 1960), p. 3P; J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 1103 (1965)
Olah, G. A., Schlosberg, R. H., Porter, R. D., Mo, Y. Y., Kelly, D. P., Mateescu, G. D.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 2034 (1972)
Olah, G. A., Staral, J. S., Asencio, G., Liang, G., Forsyth, D. A., Mateescu, G. D.: 100, 6299 (1978)
Doering, W. E., Saunders, M., Boyton, H. G., Earhart, H. W., Wadley, E. F., Edwards, W. R., Laber, G.: Tetrahedron 4, 178 (1958)
Olah, G. A., Mateescu, G. D., Mo, Y. K.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 95, 1865 (1973)
Mateescu, G. D.: Ph. D. Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1971
Olah, G. A., Bollinger, J. M., Cupas, C. A., Lukas, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 2692 (1967)
Cram, D. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 71, 3863 (1949) and subsequent publications; for a critical review see Cram, D. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 3767 (1964)
Olah, G. A., Comisarow, M. B., Namanworth, E., Ramsay, B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 5259 (1967)
Olah, G. A., Comisarow, M. B., Kim, C. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91, 1458 (1969)
Olah, G. A., Porter, R. D.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 92, 7267 (1970); 93, 6877 (1971)
Olah, G. A., Spear, R. J., Forsyth, D. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 99, 2615 (1977)
Olah, G. A., Lukas, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 90, 933 (1968)
Kirchen, R. P., Sorensen, T. S., Wagstaff, K. E.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 100, 5134 (1978)
Olah, G. A., Jeuell, C. L., Kelly, D. P., Porter, R. D.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 146 (1972)
Staral, J. S., Yavari, I., Roberts, J. D., Prakash, G. K. S., Donovon, D. J., Olah, G. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 100, 8016 (1978)
Saunders, M., Rosenfield, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 92, 2548 (1970)
Olah, G. A., Spear, R. J., Hiberty, P. C., Hehre, W. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 98, 7470 (1976)
Kirchen, R. P., Sorensen, T. S.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 99, 6687 (1977)
Olah, G. A., Prakash, G. K. S., Donovon, D. J., Yavari, I.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 100, 7085 (1978)
Bredt, J., Houben, J., Levy, P.: Chem. Ber. 35, 1286 (1902); Bredt, J., Thouet, H., Schmitz, J.: Ann. Chem. 437, 1 (1924)
Bartlett, P. D., Knox, L. H.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 61, 3184 (1939)
Koch, H., Haaf, W.: Angew. Chem. 72, 628 (1960)
Schleyer, P. v. R., Watts, W. E., Fort Jr., R. C., Comisarow, M. B., Olah, G. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 4195 (1964)
Olah, G. A., Mateescu, G. D., Sipos, G., Liang, G., Schleyer, P. v. R.: manuscript in preparation
Olah, G. A., Liang, G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 95, 194 (1973)
Olah, G. A., Liang, G., Westerman, P. W.: J. Org. Chem. 39, 367 (1974)
Olah, G. A., Liang, G., Schleyer, P. v. R., Parker, W., Watt, C. I. F.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 99, 966 (1977)
Schleyer, P. v. R., Watts, W. E., Comisarow, M. B., Olah, G. A.: 86, 5679 (1964)
Norris, J. F.: Amer. Chem. J. 25, 117 (1901); Norris, J. F., Sanders, W. W.: Amer. Chem. J. p. 54
Kehrmann, F., Wentzel, F.: Chem. Ber. 34, 3815 (1901); Chem. Ber. 35, 622 (1902)
Baeyer, A., Villiger, V.: Amer. Chem. J. 35, 1189, 3013 (1902)
Olah, G. A., Comisarow, M. B., Namanworth, E., Ramsey, B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 3507 (1965) p. 711; J. Amer. Chem. Soc. p. 5259
Gold, V., Tye, F. L.: J. Chem. Soc., (London) 1952, 2172 (1952)
Farnum, D. G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 934 (1964)
Deno, N. C., Booker, E., Pittman Jr., C. U., Turner, J. O.: Progr. Phys. Org. Chem. 2, 129 (1964), and references therein; (b) Ref. 98
Olah, G. A.: J. Amer. Chem. 86, 934 (1964)
Olah, G. A., Pittman Jr., C. U.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 3507 (1965); Olah, G. A., Pittman Jr., C. U., Namanworth, E., Comisarow, M. B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 5571 (1965)
Cupas, C. A., Comisarow, M. B., Olah, G. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 361 (1963)
Bollinger, J. M., Comisarow, M. B., Cupas, C. A., Olah, G. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 5687 (1967)
Olah, G. A., Porter, R. D., Kelly, D. P.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 93, 464 (1971)
Hart, H., Fish, R. W.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80, 5894 (1958); J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 82, 5419 (1960); J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 83, 4460 (1961)
Gillespie, R. J., Robinson, E. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 5676 (1964)
Deno, N. C., Friedman, N., Mockus, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 5676 (1964)
Robinson, E. A., Ciruna, J. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 5677 (1964)
Hart, H., Sulzberg, T., Rafos, R. R.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85, 1800 (1963)
Volz, H., Volz de Lecea, M. J.: Tetrahedron Lett. 1964, 1871 (1964); J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1966, 4863 (1966)
Bollinger, J. M., Cupas, C. A., Friday, K. J., Woolfe, M. L., Olah, G. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 156 (1967)
Olah, G. A., Grant, J. L., Spear, R. J., Bollinger, J. M., Serianz, A., Sipos, G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 98, 2501 (1976)
Olah, G. A., Liang, G., Schleyer, P. v. R., Engler, E. M., Dewar, M. J. S., Bingham, R. C.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 95, 6829 (1973)
Merling, G.: Chem. Ber. 24, 3108 (1891); Doering, D. V. E., Knox, L. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 3203 (1954); Dauben Jr., H. J., Godecki, F. A., Harmon, K. H., Person, D. L.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 79, 4557 (1957)
Breslow, R., Yuan, C.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80, 5591 (1958); Breslow, R., Groves, J. T., Ryan, G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 5048 (1967)
Olah, G. A., Staral, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 98, 6290 (1976)
Olah, G. A., Staral, J. S., Paquette, L. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 98, 1267 (1976); Olah, G. A., Staral, J. S., Liang, G., Paquette, L. A., Melega, W. P., Carmody, J. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 99, 3349 (1977)
Oth, J. F. M., Smith, D. H., Prange, V., Schroder, G.: Angew. Chem. 85, 352 (1973)
Olah, G. A., Liang, G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 98, 3033 (1976)
Olah, G. A., Liang, G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 99, 6045 (1977)
Warner, P., Winstein, S.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 93, 1284 (1971)
Paquette, L. A., Broadhurst, M. J., Warner, P., Olah, G. A., Liang, G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 95, 3386 (1973); Paquette, L. A., Detty, H. R.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 100, 5856 (1978)
Olah, G. A., Comisarow, M. B., Cupas, C. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 362 (1966)
For a summary see Olah, G. A., Mo, Y. K., in: Advances in fluorine chemistry. Vol. 7, 69 (1972)
Olah, G. A., Mo, Y. K., in: Carbonium ions, Vol. IV. Olah, G. A., Schleyer, P. v. R. (eds.). New York: Wiley-Interscience 1973
Olah, G. A., Chambers, R. D., Comisarow, M. B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 1268 (1967)
Olah, G. A., Pittman Jr., C. U.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 3310 (1966)
Olah, G. A., Comisarow, M. B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 1027 (1967)
Filler, R., Wang, C. S., McKinney, M. A., Miller, F. N.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 1026 (1967)
Sargent, P. B., Krespan, C. G.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91, 415 (1969)
Volz, H.: Tetrahedron Lett. 1963, 3413 (1963); Tetrahedron Lett. 1966, 5229 (1966)
Ballester, M., Riera-Figueras J., Rodriguez-Siurana, A.: Tetrahedron Lett. 3615 (1970)
West, R., Kwitowski, P. T.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 5280 (1966)
Olah, G. A., Comisarow, M. B.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91, 2955 (1969)
Olah, G. A., Halpern, Y., Mo, Y. K.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 3551 (1972); Olah, G. A., Liang, G., Mo, Y. K.: J. Org. Chem. 39, 2394 (1974)
Olah, G. A., Bollinger, J. M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 4744 (1167); 90, 947 (1968); Olah, G. A., Bollinger, J. M., Brinich, J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 90, 2587 (1968)
Olah, G. A., Peterson, P. E.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 90, 4675 (1968)
Olah, G. A., DeMember, J. R.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91, 2113 (1969); 92, 718, 2562 (1970)
For a very comprehensive review see, Olah, G. A.: Halonium ions. New York: Wiley Interscience 1975
For a review of the early literature, see Pfeiffer, P.: Organische Molekulverbindungen Stuttgart: F. Enke 1927
Collie, J. N., Tickle, T.: J. Chem. Soc. (London) 75, 710 (1899)
Hantzsch, A.: Chem. Ber. 55, 953 (1922); Chem. Ber. 58, 612, 941 (1925)
Meerwein, H., Bodenbeneer, K., Borner, P., Kunert, F., Wunderlich, K.: Ann. Chem. 632, 38 (1960); Meerwein, H., Hederick, V., Morschel, H., Wunderlich, K.: Ann. Chem. 635, 1 (1960)
Ramsey, B. C., Taft Jr., R. W.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 3058 (1966)
Olah, G. A., Bollinger, J. M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 2993 (1967)
MacLean, C., Mackor, E. L.: J. Chem. Phys. 34, 2207 (1961)
Birchall, T., Gillespie, R. J.: Can. J. Chem. 43, 1045 (1965)
Hogeveen, H.: Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas. 86, 696 (1967); Brouwer, D. M.: Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, p. 879
Brookhart, M., Levy, G. C., Winstein, S.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 1735 (1967)
Olah, G. A., O'Brien, D. H., Calin, M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. p. 3582; Olah, G. A., Calin, M., O'Brien, C. H.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. p. 3586; Olah, G. A., Calin, M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc.; Liang, G.: Ph. D. Thesis, Case Western Reserve University, 1973
Olah, G. A., White, A. M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91, 5801 (1969)
Olah, G. A., Grant, J. L.: J. Org. Chem. 42, 2237 (1977)
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Olah, G.A. (1979). From boron trifluoride to antimony pentafluoride in search of stable carbocations. In: In Memory of H. L. Meerwein. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 80. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0050202
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