This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdel-Majid RM, Leong WL, Schalkwyk LC, Smallman DS, Wong ST, Storm DR, Fine A, Dobson MJ, Guernsey DL, Neumann PE (1998) Loss of adenylyl cyclase I activity disrupts patterning of mouse somatosensory cortex. Nat Genet 19:289–291
Accili D, Fishburn CS, Drago J, Steiner H, Lachowicz JE, Park BH, Gauda EB, Lee EJ, Cool MH, Sibley DR, Gerfen CR, Westphal H, Fuchs S (1996) A targeted mutation of the D3 dopamine receptor gene is associated with hyperactivity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1945–1949
Adams JW, Migita DS, Yu MK, Young R., Hellickson MS, Castro-Vargas FE, Domingo JD, Lee PH, Bui JS, Henderson SA (1996) Prostaglandin F2α stimulates hypertrophic growth of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. J Biol Chem 271:1179–1186
Adams JW, Sakata Y, Davis MG, Sah VP, Wang Y, Liggett SB, Chien KR, Brown JH, Dorn GW 2nd (1998) Enhanced Galphaq signaling: a common pathway mediates cardiac hypertrophy and apoptotic heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:10140–10145
Agah R, Frenkel PA, French BA, Michael LH, Overbeek PA, Schneider MD (1997) Gene recombination in postmitotic cells. Targeted expression of Cre recombinase provokes cardiac-restricted, site-specific rearrangement in adult ventricular muscle in vivo. J Clin Invest 100:169–179
Aiba A, Kano M, Chen C, Stanton ME, Fox GD, Herrup K, Zwingman TA, Tonegawa S (1994) Deficient cerebellar long-term depression and impaired motor learning in mGluR1 mutant mice. Cell 79:377–388
Aiba A, Chen C, Herrup K, Rosenmund C, Stevens CF, Tonegawa S (1994) Reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation and context-specific deficit in associative learning in mGluR1 mutant mice. Cell 79:365–375.
Akhter SA, Luttrell LM, Rockman HA, Iaccarino G, Lefkowitz RJ, Koch WJ (1998) Targeting the receptor-Gq interface to inhibit in vivo pressure overload myocardial hypertrophy. Science 280:574–577
Albrecht FE, Drago J, Felder RA, Printz MP, Eisner GM, Robillard JE, Sibley DR, Westphal HJ, Jose PA (1996) Role of the D1A dopamine receptor in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension. J Clin Invest 97:2283–2288
Alfie ME, Yang XP, Hess F, Carretero OA (1996) Salt-sensitive hypertension in bradykinin B2 receptor knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 224:625–630
Altman JD, Trendelenburg AU, MacMillan L, Bernstein D, Limbird L, Starke K, Kobilka BK, Hein L (1999) Abnormal Regulation of the Sympathetic Nervous System in alpha2A-Adrenergic Receptor Knockout Mice. Mol Pharmacol 56:154–161
Amatruda TT 3d, Steele DA, Slepak VZ, Simon MI (1991) Gα16, a G protein α subunit specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:5587–5591
Arshavsky VYu, Bownds MD (1992) Regulation of deactivation of photoreceptor G protein by its target enzyme and cGMP. Nature 357:416–417
Baggiolini M (1998) Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nature 392:565–568
Baik JH, Picetti R, Saiardi A, Thiriet G, Dierich A, Depaulis A, Le Meur M, Borrelli E (1995) Parkinsonian-like locomotor impairment in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature 377:424–428
Banu Y, Watanabe T (1999) Augmentation of antigen receptor-mediated responses by histamine H1 receptor signaling. J Exp Med 189:673–682
Bargatze RF, Butcher EC (1993) Rapid G protein-regulated activation event involved in lymphocyte binding to high endothelial venules. J Exp Med 178:367–372
Bargmann CI (1998) Neurobiology of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. Science 282:2028–2033
Belluscio L, Gold GH, Nemes A, Axel R (1998) Mice deficient in Golf are anosmic. Neuron 20:69–81
Berman DM, Gilman AG (1998) Mammalian RGS proteins: barbarians at the gate. J Biol Chem 273:1269–1272
Berstein G, Blank JL, Jhon DY, Exton JH, Rhee SG, Ross EM (1992) Phospholipase C-β 1 is a GTPase-activating protein for Gq/11, its physiologic regulator. Cell 70:411–418
Bettoun JD, Minagawa M, Kwan MY, Lee HS, Yasuda T, Hendy GN, Goltzman D, White JH (1997) Cloning and characterization of the promoter regions of the human parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor gene: analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid from normal subjects and patients with pseudohy-poparathyroidism type 1b. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1031–1040
Blank JL, Ross AH, Exton JH (1991) Purification and characterization of two G-proteins that activate the β1 isozyme of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. J Biol Chem 266:18206–18216
Borkowski JA, Ransom RW, Seabrook GR, Trumbauer M, Chen H, Hill RG, Strader CD, Hess JF (1995) Targeted disruption of a B2 bradykinin receptor gene in mice eliminates bradykinin action in smooth muscle and neurons. J Biol Chem 270:13706–13710
Bourinet E, Soong TW, Stea A, Snutch TP (1996) Determinants of the G protein-dependent opioid modulation of neuronal calcium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1486–1491
Bozic CR, Lu B, Hopken UE, Gerard C, Gerard NP (1996) Neurogenic amplification of immune complex inflammation. Science 273:1722–1725
Bray P, Carter A, Simons C, Guo V, Puckett C, Kamholz J, Spiegel A, Nirenberg M (1986) Human cDNA clones for four species of G alpha s signal transduction protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:8893–8897
Broaddus R, Dinh M, Finegold M (1998) Flow cytometric DNA analysis of colonic mucosa from Gα12-deficient mice. FASEB J. 12:A736
Bronner-Fraser M (1995) Origins and developmental potential of the neural crest. Exp Cell Res 218:405–417
Broxmeyer HE, Cooper S, Cacalano G, Hague NL, Bailish E, Moore MW (1996) Involvement of Interleukin (IL) 8 receptor in negative regulation of myeloid progenitor cells in vivo: evidence from mice lacking the murine IL-8 receptor homologue. J Exp Med 184:1825–1832
Buhl AM, Johnson ML, Dhanasekaran N, Johnson G (1995) Gα12 and Gα13 stimulate Rho-dependent stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly. J Biol Chem 270:24631–24634
Burton FH, Hasel KW, Bloom FE, Sutcliffe JG (1991) Pituitary hyperplasi and gigantism in mice caused by a cholera toxin transgene. Nature 350:74–77
Capecchi MR (1989) Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 244:1288–1292
Casey PJ, Fong HK, Simon MI, Gilman AG (1990) Gz, a guanine nucleotide-binding protein with unique biochemical properties. J Biol Chem 265:2383–2390
Cavalli A, Lattion AL, Hummler E, Nenniger M, Pedrazzini T, Aubert JF, Michel MC, Yang M, Lembo G, Vecchione C, Mostardini M, Schmidt A, Beermann F, Cotechia S (1997) Decreased blood pressure response in mice deficient of the alphal b-adrenergic receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:11589–11594
Chaffin KE, Beals CR, Wilkie TM, Forbush KA, Simon MI, Perlmutter RM (1990) Dissection of thymocyte signaling pathways by in vivo expression of pertussis toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase. EMBO J 9:3821–3829
Chaffin KE, Perlmutter RM (1991) A pertussis toxin-sensitive process controls thymocyte emigration. Eur J Immunol 21:2565–2573
Chen W, Kelly MA, Opitz-Araya X, Thomas RE, Low MJ, Cone RD (1997) Exocrine gland dysfunction in MC5-R-deficient mice: evidence for coordinated regulation of exocrine gland function by melanocortin. Cell 91:789–798
Chen X, Li W, Yoshida H, Tsuchida S, Nishimura H, Takemoto F, Okubo S, Fogo A, Matsusaka T, Ichikawa I (1997) Targeting deletion of angiotensin type 1B receptor gene in the mouse. Am J Physiol 272:F299–304
Chen JF, Guo JH, Moxham CM, Wang HY, Malbon CC (1997) Conditional, tissue-specific expression of Q205L Gαi2 in vivo mimics insulin action. J Mol Med 75:283–289
Chien KR, Zhu H, Knowlton KU, Miller-Hance W, van Bilsen M, O'Brien TX, Evans SM (1993) Transcriptional regulation during cardiac growth and development. Annu Rev Physiol 55:77–95
Choi DS, Ward SJ, Messaddeq N, Launay JM, Maroteaux L (1997) 5-HT2B receptor-mediated serotonin morphogenetic functions in mouse cranial neural crest and myocardiac cells. Development 124:1745–1755
Chruscinski AJ, Rohrer DK, Schauble E, Desai KH, Bernstein D, Kobilka BK (1999) Targeted Disruption of the 2 Adrenergic Receptor. Gene J Biol Chem 274:16694–16700
Clapham DE, Neer EJ (1997) G protein βγ subunits. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 37:167–203
Clouthier DE, Hosoda K, Richardson JA, Williams SC, Yanagisawa H, Kuwaki T, Kumada M, Hammer RE, Yanagisawa M (1998) Cranial and cardiac neural crest defects in endothelin-A receptor-deficient mice. Development 125:813–824
Coleman DE, Berghuis AM, Lee E, Linder ME, Gilman AG, Sprang SR (1994) Structures of active conformations of Giα1 and the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis. Science 265:1405–1412
Conn PJ, Pin JP (1997) Pharmacology and functions of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 37:205–237
Connolly AJ, Ishihara H, Kahn ML, Farese RV Jr, Coughlin SR (1996) Role of the thrombin receptor in development and evidence for a second receptor. Nature 381:516–519
Conquet F, Bashir ZI, Davies CH, Daniel H, Ferraguti F, Bordi F, Franz-Bacon K, Reggiani A, Matarese V, Conde F, et al. (1994) Motor deficit and impairment of synaptic plasticity in mice lacking mGluR1. Nature 372:237–243
Copp AJ (1995) Death before birth: clues from gene knockouts and mutations. Trends Genet 11:87–93
Crépel F (1982) Regression of functional synapses in the immature mammalian cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 5:266–269
Cressman VL, Lazarowski E, Homolya L, Boucher RC, Koller BH, Grubb BR (1999) Effect of loss of P2Y(2) receptor gene expression on nucleotide regulation of murine epithelial Cl(-) transport. J Biol Chem 274:26461–26468
D'Angelo DD, Sakata Y, Lorenz JN, Boivin GP, Walsh RA, Ligget SB, Dorn, GW (1997) Transgenic Gαq overexpression induces cardiac contractile failure in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8121–8126
Daniel JL, Molish IR, Rigmaiden M, Stewart G (1984) Evidence for a role of myosin phosphorylation in the initiation of the platelet shape change response. J Biol Chem 259:9826–9831
Daniel, H, Levenes, C, and Crépel, F (1998) Cellular mechanisms of cerebellar LTD. Trends Neurosci 21, 401–407
Danielian PS, Muccino D, Rowitch DH, Michael SK, McMahon AP (1998) Modification of gene activity in mouse embryos in utero by a tamoxifen-inducible form of cre recombinase. Curr Biol 8:1323–1326
Davies SJ, Hughes HE (1993) Imprinting in Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. J Med Genet 30:101–103
De Felipe C, Herrero JF, O'Brien JA, Palmer JA, Doyle CA, Smith AJ, Laird JM, Belmonte C, Cervero F, Hunt SP (1998) Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P. Nature 392:394–397
Dhanasekaran N, Dermott JM (1996) Signaling by the G12 class of G proteins. Cell Signal 8:235–245
Dierich A, Sairam MR, Monaco L, Fimia GM, Gansmuller A, LeMeur M, Sassone-Corsi P (1998) Impairing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) signaling in vivo: targeted disruption of the FSH receptor leads to aberrant gametogenesis and hormonal imbalance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13612–13617
Doetschman TC (1991) Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Biotechnology 16:89–101
Dohlman HG, Thorner J (1997) RGS proteins and signaling by heterotrimeric G proteins. J Biol Chem 272:3871–3874
Dohlman HG, Song J, Apanovitch DM, DiBello PR, Gillen KM (1998) Regulation of G protein signalling in yeast. Semin Cell Dev Biol 9:135–141
Drago J, Gerfen CR, Lachowicz JE, Steiner H, Hollon TR, Love PE, Ooi GT, Grinberg A, Lee EJ, Huang SP, et al (1994) Altered striatal function in a mutant mouse lacking D1A dopamine receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:12564–12568
Dryja TP, Hahn LB, Reboul T, Arnaud B (1996) Missense mutation in the gene encoding the α subunit of rod transducin in the Nougaret form of congenital stationary night blindness. Nat Genet 13:358–360
Dumont JE, Jauniaux JC, Roger PP (1989) The cyclic AMP-mediated stimulation of cell proliferation. Trends Biochem Sci 14:67–71
Eschenhagen T (1993) G proteins and the heart. Cell Biol Int 17:723–749
Exton JH (1996) Regulation of phosphoinositide phospholipases by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other agonists linked to G proteins. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36:481–509
Fabre JE, Nguyen M, Latour A, Keifer JA, Audoly LP, Coffman TM, Koller BH (1999) Decreased platelet aggregation, increased bleeding time and resistance to thromboembolism in P2Y1-deficient mice. Nat Med 5:1199–1202
Farfel Z, Brickman AS, Kaslow HR, Brothers VM, Bourne HR (1980) Defect of receptor-cyclase coupling protein in psudohypoparathyroidism. N Engl J Med 303:237–242
Feil R, Brocard J, Mascrez B, LeMeur M, Metzger D, Chambon P (1997) Ligand-activated site-specific recombination in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10887–10890
Feldman AM (1993) Modulation of adrenergic receptors and G-transduction proteins in failing human ventricular myocardium. Circulation 87:IV27–IV34
Fields TA, Casey PJ (1997) Signalling functions and biochemical properties of pertussis toxin-resistant G-proteins. Biochem J 321:561–571
Fishman MC, Chien KR (1997) Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development 124:2099–2117
Förster R, Mattis AE, Kremmer E, Wolf E, Brem G, Lipp M (1996) A putative chemokine receptor, BLR1, directs B cell migration to defined lymphoid organs and specific anatomic compartments of the spleen. Cell 87:1037–1047
Förster R, Schubel A, Breitfeld D, Kremmer E, Renner-Muller I, Wolf E, Lipp M (1999) CCR7 coordinates the primary immune response by establishing functional microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs. Cell 99:23–33
Fong HK, Yoshimoto KK, Eversole-Cire P, Simon MI (1988) Identification of a GTP-binding protein alpha subunit that lacks an apparent ADP-ribosylation site for pertussis toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3066–3070
Fox JEB (1993) The platelet cytoskeleton. Thromb Haemost 70:884–893
Freissmuth M, Selzer E, Marullo S, Schutz W, Strosberg AD (1991) Expression of two human β-adrenergic receptors in Escherichia coli:functional interaction with two forms of the stimulatory G protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:8548–8552
Fromm C, Coso OA, Montaner S, Xu N, Gutkind JS (1997) The small GTP-binding protein Rho links G protein-coupled receptors and Gα12 to the serum response element and to cellular transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:10098–10103
Fukuhara S, Murga C, Zohar M, Igishi T, Gutkind JS (1999) A novel PDZ domain containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor links heterotrimeric G proteins to Rho. J Biol Chem 274:5868–5879
Furth PA, St Onge L, Boger H, Gruss P, Gossen M, Kistner A, Bujard H, Hennighausen L (1994) Temporal control of gene expression in transgenic mice by a tetracycline-responsive promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9302–9306
Gao JL, Wynn TA, Chang Y, Lee EJ, Broxmeyer HE, Cooper S, Tiffany HL, Westphal H, Kwon-Chung J, Murphy PM (1997) Impaired host defense, hematopoiesis, granulomatous inflammation and type 1-type 2 cytokine balance in mice lacking CC chemokine receptor 1. J Exp Med 185:1959–1968
Gao JL, Lee EJ, Murphy PM (1999) Impaired antibacterial host defense in mice lacking the N-formylpeptide receptor. J Exp Med 189:657–662
Gaudin C, Ishikawa Y, Wight DC, Mahdavi V, Nadal-Ginard B, Wagner TE, Vatner DE, Homcy CJ (1995) Overexpression of Gsα protein in the hearts of transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 95:1676–1683
Gavériaux-Ruff C, Matthes HW, Peluso J, Kieffer BL (1998) Abolition of morphine-immunosuppression in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:6326–6330
Gether U, Kobilka BK (1998) G Protein-coupled Receptors. II. Mechanism of agonist activation J Biol Chem 273:17979–17982
Gierschik P, Jakobs KH (1992) ADP-Ribosylation of signal-transducing guanine nucleotide binding proteins by cholera and pertussis toxin. In: Herken H, Hucho F (eds) Bacterial toxins. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 807–839
Glick JL, Meigs TE, Miron A, Casey PJ (1998) RGSZ1, a Gz-selective regulator of G protein signaling whose action is sensitive to the phosphorylation state of Gzalpha. J Biol Chem 273:26008–26013
Gohla A, Harhammer R, Schultz G (1998) The G-protein G13 but not G12 mediates signaling from lysophosphatidic acid receptor via epidermal growth factor receptor to Rho. J Biol Chem 273:4653–4659
Goldman DW, Chang FH, Gifford LA, Goetzl EJ, Bourne HR (1985) Pertussis toxin inhibition of chemotactic factor-induced calcium mobilization and function in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Exp Med 162:145–156
Gomeza J, Shannon H, Kostenis E, Felder C, Zhang L, Brodkin J, Grinberg A, Sheng H, Wess J (1999a) Pronounced pharmacologic deficits in M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1692–1697
Gomeza J, Zhang L, Kostenis E, Felder C, Bymaster F, Brodkin J, Shannon H, Xia B, Deng C, Wess J (1999b) Enhancement of D1 dopamine receptor-mediated locomotor stimulation in M(4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:10483–10488
Gossen M, Freundlieb S, Bender G, Muller G, Hillen W, Bujard H (1995) Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in mammalian cells. Science 268:1766–1769
Grailhe R, Waeber C, Dulawa SC, Hornung JP, Zhuang X, Brunner D, Geyer MA, Hen R (1999) Increased exploratory activity and altered response to LSD in mice lacking the 5-HT(5A) receptor. Neuron 22:581–591
Grujic D, Susulic VS, Harper ME, Himms-Hagen J, Cunningham BA, Corkey BE, Lowell BB (1997) Beta3-adrenergic receptors on white and brown adipocytes mediate beta3-selective agonist-induced effects on energy expenditure, insulin secretion, and food intake. A study using transgenic and gene knockout mice. J Biol Chem 272:17686–17693
Gudermann T, Kalkbrenner F, Schultz G (1996) Diversity and selectivity of receptor-G-protein interaction. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36:429–460
Gudermann T, Schöneberg T, Schultz G (1997) Functional and structural complexity of signal transduction via G-protein coupled receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 20:399–427
Guo JH, Wang HY, Malbon CC (1998) Conditional, tissue-specific expression of Q205L Gαi2 in vivo mimics insulin activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 kinase. J Biol Chem 273:16487–16493
Hamilton SE, Loose MD, Qi M, Levey AI, Hille B, McKnight GS, Idzerda RL, Nathanson NM (1997) Disruption of the m1 receptor gene ablates muscarinic receptor-dependent M current regulation and seizure activity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:13311–13316
Hamilton SL, Codina J, Hawkes MJ, Yatani A, Sawada T, Strickland FM, Froehner SC, Spiegel AM, Toro L, Stefani E, et al (1991) Evidence for direct interaction of Gsα with the Ca2+ channel of skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 266:19528–19535
Hamm HE, Gilchrist A (1996) Heterotrimeric G-proteins. Curr Op Cell Biol 8:189–196
Hamm HE (1998) The many faces of G protein signaling. J Biol Chem 273:669–672
Hampton LL, Ladenheim EE, Akeson M, Way JM, Weber HC, Sutliff VE, Jensen RT, Wine LJ, Arnheiter H, Battey JF (1998) Loss of bombesin-induced feeding suppression in gastrin-releasingpeptide receptor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3188–3192
Hart MJ, Jiang X, Kozasa T, Roscoe W, Singer WD, Gilman AG, Sternweis PC, Bollag G (1998) Direct stimulation of the guanine nucleotide exchange activity of p115 RhoGEF by Gα13. Science 280:2112–2114
Hartwig JH, Bokoch GM, Carpenter CL, Janmey PA, Taylor LA, Toker A, Stossel TP (1995) Thrombin receptor ligation and activated Rac uncap actin filament barbed ends through phosphoinositide synthesis in permeabilized human platelets. Cell 82:643–653
Hartzell HC, Mery PF, Fischmeister R, Szabo G (1991) Sympathetic regulation of cardiac calcium current is due exclusively to cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. Nature 351:573–576
Harvey DM, Caskey CT (1998) Inducible control of gene expression: prospects for gene therapy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2:512–518
Hayward BE, Kamiya M, Strain L, Moran V, Campbell R, Hayashizaki Y, Bonthron DT (1998a) The human GNAS1 gene is imprinted and encodes distinct paternally and biallelically expressed G proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:10038–10043
Hayward BE, Moran V, Strain L, Bonthron DT (1998b) Bidirectional imprinting of a single gene: GNAS1 encodes maternally, paternally, and biallelically derived proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15475–15480
Hein L, Barsh GS, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ, Kobilka BK (1995) Behavioural and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type-2 receptor in mice. Nature 377:744–747
Hein L, Stevens ME, Barsh GS, Pratt RE, Kobilka BK, Dzau VJ (1997) Overexpression of angiotensin AT1 receptor transgene in the mouse myocardium produces a lethal phenotype associated with myocyte hyperplasia and heart block. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:6391–6396
Hein L, Altman JD, Kobilka BK (1999) Two functionally distinct a2-adrenergic receptors regulate sympathetic neurotransmission. Nature 402:181–184
Hepler JR, Gilman AG (1992) G proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 17:383–387
Helper JR, Kozasa T, Smrcka AV, Simon MI, Rhee SG, Sternweis PC, Gilman AG (1993) Purification from Sf9 cells and characterization of recombinant Gqα and G11α. J Biol Chem 268:14367–14375
Hepler JR, Kozasa T, Gilman AG (1994) Purification of recombinant Gqα, G11α, and G16α from Sf9 cells. Meth Enzymol 237:191–212
Herlitze S, Garcia DE, Mackie K, Hille B, Scheuer T, Catterall WA (1996) Modulation of Ca2+ channels by G-protein βγ subunits. Nature 380:258–262
Herve D, Levi-Strauss M, Marey-Semper I, Verney C, Tassin JP, Glowinski J, Girault JA (1993) Golf and Gs in rat basal ganglia: possible involvement of Golf in the coupling of dopamine D1 receptor with adenylyl cyclase. J Neurosci 13:2237–2248
Herve D, Rogard M, Levi-Strauss M (1995) Molecular analysis of the multiple Golf α-subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 32:125–134
Ho MK, Wong YH (1998) Structure and function of the pertussis-toxin-insensitive Gz protein. Biol Signals Recept 7:80–89
Ho C, Conner DA, Pollak MR, Ladd DJ, Kifor O, Warren HB, Brown EM, Seidman JG, Seidman CE (1995) A mouse model of human familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Nat Genet 11:389–394
Höfer D, Puschel B, Drenckhahn D (1996) Taste receptor-like cells in the rat gut identified by expression of α-gustducin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:6631–6634
Hogan B, Beddington R, Costantini F, Lacy E (1994) Manipulating the mouse embryo: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York
Homolya L, Watt WC, Lazarowski ER, Koller BH, Boucher RC (1999) Nucleotide-regulated calcium signaling in lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells from normal and P2Y(2) receptor (-/-) mice. J Biol Chem 274:26454–26460
Hooley R, Yu CY, Symons M, Barber DL (1996) Gα13 stimulates Na+-H+ exchange through distinct Cdc42-dependent and RhoA-dependent pathways. J Biol Chem 271:6152–6158
Höpken UE, Lu B, Gerard NP, Gerard C (1996) The C5a chemoattractant receptor mediates mucosal defence to infection. Nature 383:86–89
Hörnquist CE, Lu X, Rogers-Fani PM, Rudolph U, Shappell S, Birnbaumer L, Harriman GR (1997) Gαi2-deficient mice with colitis exhibit a local increase in memory CD4+ T cells and proinflammatory Th1-type cytokines. J Immunol 158:1068–1077
Hosoda K, Hammer RE, Richardson JA, Baynash AG, Cheung JC, Giaid A, Yanagisawa M (1994) Targeted and natural (piebald-lethal) mutations of endothelin-B receptor gene produce megacolon associated with spotted coat color in mice. Cell 79:1267–1276
Hung DT, Wong YH, Vu TKH, Coughlin SR (1992) The cloned platelet thrombin receptor couples to at least two distinct effectors to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis and inhibit adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem 267:20831–20834
Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR, Gu W, Kesterson RA, Boston BA, Cone RD, Smith FJ, Campfield LA, Burn P, Lee F (1997) Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell 88:131–141
Iacovelli L, Sallese M, Mariggio S, Blasi AD (1999) Regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtypes by calcium sensor proteins. FASEB J 13:1–8
Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C, Okuyama S, Imagawa Y, Fogo A, Niimura F, Ichikawa I, Hogan BL, Inagami T (1995) Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behaviour of mice lacking angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Nature 377:748–750
Ikeda SR (1996) Voltage-dependent modulation of N-type calcium channels by G-protein βγ subunits. Nature 380:255–258
Imoto Y, Yatani A, Reeves JP, Codina J, Birnbaumer L, Brown AM (1988) Alpha-subunit of Gs directly activates cardiac calcium channels in lipid bilayers. Am J Physiol 255:H722–728
Inoue I, Yanai K, Kitamura D, Taniuchi I, Kobayashi T, Niimura K, Watanabe T, Watanabe T (1996) Impaired locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in mice lacking histamine H1 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:13316–20
Iiri T, Bourne HR (1998a) G proteins propel surprise. Nat Genet 18:8–10
Iiri T, Farfel Z, Bourne HR (1998b) G-protein diseases furnish a model for the turn-on switch. Nature 394:35–38
Ischia R, Lovisetti-Scamihorn P, Hogue-Angeletti R, Wolkersdorfer M, Winkler H, Fischer-Colbrie R (1997) Molecular cloning and characterization of NESP55, a novel chromogranin-like precursor of a peptide with 5-HT1B receptor antagonist activity. J Biol Chem 272:11657–11662
Ishii S, Kuwaki T, Nagase T, Maki K, Tashiro F, Sunaga S, Cao WH, Kume K, Fukuchi Y, Ikuta K, Miyazaki J, Kumada M, Shimizu T (1998) Impaired anaphylactic responses with intact sensitivity to endotoxin in mice lacking a platelet-activating factor receptor. J Exp Med 187:1779–1788
Ito M (1989) Long-term depression. Annu Rev Neurosci 12:85–102
Ito H, Hiroe M, Hirata Y, Fujisaki H, Adachi S, Akimoto H, Ohta Y, Marumo, F (1994) Endothelin ETA receptor anagonist blocks cardiac hypertrophy provoked by hemodynamic overload. Circulation 89:2198–2203
Ito M, Oliverio MI, Mannon PJ, Best CF, Maeda N, Smithies O, Coffman TM (1995) Regulation of blood pressure by the type 1A angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3521–3525
Iwase M, Bishop SP, Uechi M, Vatner DE, Shannon RP, Kudej RK, Wight DC, Wagner TE, Ishikawa Y, Homcy CJ, Vatner SF (1996) Adverse effects of chronic endogenous sympathetic drive induced by cardiac Gsα overexpression. Circ Res 78:517–524
Iwase M, Uechi M, Vatner DE, Asai K, Shannon RP, Kudej RK, Wagner TE, Wight DC, Patrick TA, Ishikawa Y, Homcy CJ, Vatner SF (1997) Cardiomyopathy induced by cardiac Gsα overexpression. Am J Physiol 272:H585–H589
Jaber M, Koch WJ, Rockman H, Smith B, Bond RA, Sulik KK, Ross J Jr, Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MG, Giros B (1996) Essential role of β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 in cardiac development and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12974–12979
Jaenisch R, Mintz B (1974) Simian virus 40 DNA sequences in DNA of healthy adult mice derived from preimplantation blastocysts injected with viral DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:1250–1254
Jaenisch R, Fan H, Croker B (1975) Infection of preimplantation mouse embryos and of newborn mice with leukemia virus: tissue distribution of viral DNA and RNA and leukemogenesis in the adult animal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:4008–4012
Jaenisch R (1976) Germ line integration and Mendelian transmission of the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:1260–1264
Ji TH, Grossmann M, Ji I (1998) G Protein-coupled Receptors. I. Diversity of receptor-ligand interactions. J Biol Chem 273:17299–17302
Jiang H, Wu D, Simon MI (1994) Activation of phospholipase C β 4 by heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 269:7593–7596
Jiang H, Lyubarsky A, Dodd R, Vardi N, Pugh E, Baylor D, Simon MI, Wu D (1996) Phospholipase C β 4 is involved in modulating the visual response in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14598–14601
Jiang H, Kuang Y, Wu Y, Xie W, Simon MI, Wu D (1997) Roles of phospholipase C β2 in chemoattractant-elicited responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:7971–7975
Jiang M, Gold MS, Boulay G, Spicher K, Peyton M, Brabet P, Srinivasan Y, Rudolph U, Ellison G, Birnbaumer L (1998) Multiple neurological abnormalities in mice deficient in the G protein Go. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3269–3274
Johnson GJ, Leis LA, Dunlop PC (1996) Specificity of Gαq and Gα11 gene expression in platelets and erythrocytes. Expressions of cellular differentiation and species differences. Biochem J 318:1023–1031
Jones DT, Reed RR (1989) Golf: an olfactory neuron specific-G protein involved in odorant signal transduction. Science 244:790–795
Jones DT (1990) Distribution of the stimulatory GTP-binding proteins, Gs and Golf, within olfactory epithelium. Chem. Senses 15, 333–340
Jüppner H, Schipani E, Bastepe M, Cole DEC, Lawson ML, Mannstadt M, Hendy GN, Plotkin H, Koshiyama H, Koh T, Crawford JD, Olsen BR, Vikkula M (1998) The gene responsible for pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib is paternally imprinted and maps in four unrelated kindreds to chromosome 20q13.3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11798–11803
Jung MY, Skryabin BV, Arai M, Abbondanzo S, Fu D, Brosius J, Robakis NK, Polites HG, Pintar JE, Schmauss C (1999) Potentiation of the D2 mutant motor phenotype in mice lacking dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Neuroscience 91:911–924
Kahn ML, Zheng YW, Huang W, Bigornia V, Zeng D, Moff S, Farese RV Jr, Tam C, Coughlin SR (1998) A dual thrombin receptor system for platelet activation. Nature 394:690–694
Kano M, Hashimoto K, Chen C, Abeliovich A, Aiba A, Kurihara H, Watanabe M, Inoue Y, Tonegawa S (1995) Impaired synapse elimination during cerebellar development in PKCγ mutant mice. Cell 83:1223–1232
Kano M, Hashimoto K, Kurihara H, Watanabe M, Inoue Y, Aiba A, Tonegawa S (1997) Persistent multiple climbing fiber innervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells in mice lacking mGluR1. Neuron 18:71–79
Kano M, Hashimoto K, Watanabe M, Kurihara H, Offermanns S, Jiang H, Wu Y, Jun K, Shin HS, Inoue Y, Simon MI, Wu D (1998) Phospholipase C β4 is specifically involved in climbing fiber synapse elimination in the developing cerebellum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15724–15729
Kehlenbach RH, Matthey J, Huttner WB (1994) XLαs is a new type of G protein. Nature 372:804–809
Kellendonk C, Troche F, Casanova E, Anlag K, Opherk C, Schutz G (1999) Inducible site-specific recombination in the brain. J Mol Bio 285:175–182
Kelly MA, Rubinstein M, Asa SL, Zhang G, Saez C, Bunzow JR, Allen RG, Hnasko R, Ben-Jonathan N, Grandy DK, Low MJ Pituitary lactotroph hyperplasia and chronic hyperprolactinemia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Neuron 19:103–113
Kennedy CR, Zhang Y, Brandon S, Guan Y, Coffee K, Funk CD, Magnuson MA, Oates JA, Breyer MD, Breyer RM (1999) Salt-sensitive hypertension and reduced fertility in mice lacking the prostaglandin EP2 receptor. Nat Med 5:217–220
Kieffer BL (1999) Opioids: first lessons from knockout mice. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:19–26
Kim JJ, Thompson RF (1997) Cerebellar circuits and synaptic mechanisms involved in classical eyeblink conditioning. Trends Neurosci 20:177–181
Kim D, Jun KS, Lee SB, Kang NG, Min DS, Kim YH, Ryu SH, Suh PG, Shin HS (1997) Phospholipase C isozymes selectively couple to specific neurotransmitter receptors. Nature 389:290–293
Kinnamon SC, Margolskee RF (1996) Mechanisms of taste transduction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6:506–513
Kistner A, Gossen M, Zimmermann F, Jerecic J, Ullmer C, Lubbert H, Bujard H (1996) Doxycyline-mediated quantitative and tissue-specific control of gene expression in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10933–10938
Klages B, Brandt U, Simon MI, Schultz G, Offermanns S (1999) Activation of G12/G13 results in shape change and Rho/Rho-kinase-mediated myosin light chain phosphorylation in mouse platelets. J Cell Biol 144:745–754
Kleuss C, Hescheler J, Ewel C, Rosenthal W, Schultz G, Wittig B (1991) Assignment of G-protein subtypes to specific receptors inducing inhibition of calcium currents. Nature 353:43–48
Knowlton KU, Michel MC, Itani M, Shuneita HE, Ishihara K, Brown JH, Chien KR (1993) The α1A-adrenergic receptor subtype mediates biochemical, molecular, and morphologic features of cultured myocardial cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 268:15374–15380
Kobayashi S, Ohta M, Miyasaka K, Funakoshi A (1996) Decrease in exploratory behavior in naturally occurring cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptor gene knockout rats. Neurosci Lett 214:61–64
Koeltzow TE, Xu M, Cooper DC, Hu XT, Tonegawa S, Wolf ME, White FJ (1998) Alterations in dopamine release but not dopamine autoreceptor function in dopamine D3 receptor mutant mice. J Neurosci 18:2231–2238
Kozasa T, Itoh H, Tsukamoto T, Kaziro Y (1988) Isolation and characterization of the human Gsα gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:2081–2085
Kozasa T, Gilman AG (1995) Purification of recombinant G proteins from Sf9 cells by hexahistidine tagging of associated subunits. Characterization of α12 and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by αz. Biol Chem 270:1734–1741
Kozasa T, Jiang X, Hart MJ, Sternweis PM, Singer WD, Gilman AG, Bollag G, Sternweis PC (1998) p115 RhoGEF, a GTPase activating protein for Gα12 and Gα13. Science 280:2109–2111
Kudoh S, Komuro I., Mizuno T, Yamazaki T, Zou Y, Shiojima I, Takekoshi N, Yazaki Y (1997) Angiotensin II stimulates c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats. Circ Res 80:139–146
Kühn R, Schwenk F, Aguet M, Rajewsky K (1995) Inducible gene targeting in mice. Science 269:1427–1429
Kurihara Y, Kurihara H, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Maemura K, Nagai R, Oda H, Kuwaki T, Cao WH, Kamada N, Jishage N, Ouchi Y, Azuma S, Toyoda Y, Ishikawa T, Kumada M, Yazaki Y (1994) Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature 368:703–710
Kurihara Y, Kurihara H, Oda H, Maemura K, Nagai R, Ishikawa T, Yazaki Y (1995) Aortic arch malformations and ventricular septal defect in mice deficient in endothelin-1. J Clin Invest 96:293–300
Kurihara T, Warr G, Loy J, Bravo R (1997) Defects in macrophage recruitment and host defense in mice lacking the CCR2 chemokine receptor. J Exp Med 186:1757–1762
Kushi A, Sasai H, Koizumi H, Takeda N, Yokoyama M, Nakamura M (1998) Obesity and mild hyperinsulinemia found in neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15659–15664
Kuziel WA, Morgan SJ, Dawson TC, Griffin S, Smithies O, Ley K, Maeda N (1997) Severe reduction in leukocyte adhesion and monocyte extravasation in mice deficient in CC chemokine receptor 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:12053–12058
Lader AS, Xiao YF, Ishikawa Y, Cui Y, Vatner DE, Vatner SF, Homcy CJ, Cantiello HF (1998) Cardiac Gsα overexpression enhances L-type calcium channels through an adenylyl cyclase independent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9669–9674
Lakhlani PP, MacMillan LB, Guo TZ, McCool BA, Lovinger DM, Maze M, Limbird LE (1997) Substitution of a mutant alpha2a-adrenergic receptor via “hit and run” gene targeting reveals the role of this subtype in sedative, analgesic, and anesthetic-sparing responses in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:9950–9955
Lambright DG, Noel JP, Hamm HE, Sigler PB (1994) Structural determinants for activation of the α-subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein. Nature 369:621–628
Lambright DG, Sondek J, Bohm A, Skiba NP, Hamm HE, Sigler PB (1996) The 2.0 Å crystal structure of a heterotrimeric G protein. Nature 379:311–319
La Morte VJ, Thorburn J, Absher D, Spiegel A, Brown JH, Chien KR, Feramisco JR, Knowlton KU (1994) Gq-and ras-dependent pathways mediate hypertrophy of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes following α1-adrenergic stimulation. J Biol Chem 269:13490–13496
Landis CA, Masters SB, Spada A, Pace AM, Bourne HR, Vallar L (1989) GTPase inhibiting mutations activate the α chain of Gs and stimulate adenylyl cyclase in human pituitary tumours. Nature 340:692–696
Langhans N, Rindi G, Chiu M, Rehfeld JF, Ardman B, Beinborn M, Kopin AS (1997) Abnormal gastric histology and decreased acid productio in cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 112:280–286
Lanske B, Karaplis AC, Lee K, Luz A, Vortkamp A, Pirro A, Karperien M, Defize LHK, Ho C, Mulligan RC, Abou-Samra AB, Juppner H, Segre GV, Kronenberg HM (1996) PTH/PTHrP receptor in early development and Indian hedgehog-regulated bone growth. Science 273:663–666
Ledent C, Vaugeois JM, Schiffmann SN, Pedrazzini T, El Yacoubi M, Vanderhaeghen JJ, Costentin J, Heath JK, Vassart G, Parmentier M (1997) Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2a receptor. Nature 388:674–678
Ledent C, Valverde O, Cossu G, Petitet F, Aubert JF, Beslot F, Bohme GA, Imperato A, Pedrazzini T, Roques BP, Vassart G, Fratta W, Parmentier M (1999) Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Science 283:401–404
Lee CW, Lee KH, Lee SB, Park D, Rhee SG (1994) Regulation of phospholipase C-β 4 by ribonucleotides and the alpha subunit of Gq. J Biol Chem 269:25335–25338
Lem J, Sidman R, Kosaras B, Calvert P, Makino C, Niclo M, Margolskee R, Wong G, Gannon K, Krasnoperavoa N (1998) Characterization of rod α-transducin knockout mice. IOVS 39:S644
Lem J, Krasnoperova NV, Calvert PD, Kosaras B, Cameron DA, Nicolo M, Makino CL, Sidman RL (1999) Morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in rhodopsin knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:736–741
Leon C, Hechler B, Freund M, Eckly A, Vial C, Ohlmann P, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Cazenave JP, Gachet C (1999) Defective platelet aggregation and increased resistance to thrombosis in purinergic P2Y(1) receptor-null mice. J Clin Invest 104:1731–1737
Levine MA, Downs RW Jr, Singer M, Marx SJ, Aurbach GD, Spiegel AM (1980) Deficient activity of guanine nucleotide regulatory protein in erythrocytes from patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 94:1319–1324
Lin SC, Lin CR, Gukovsky I, Lusis AJ, Sawchenko PE, Rosenfeld MG (1993) Molecular basis of the little mouse phenotype and implications for cell type-specific growth. Nature 364:208–213
Lindemann B (1996) Chemoreception: tasting the sweet and the bitter. Curr Biol 6:1234–1237
Linden DJ (1994) Long-term synaptic depression in the mammalian brain. Neuron 12:457–472
Link RE, Stevens MS, Kulatunga M, Scheinin M, Barsh GS, Kobilka BK (1995) Targeted inactivation of the gene encoding the mouse alpha 2c-adrenoceptor homolog. Mol Pharmacol 48:48–55
Link RE, Desai K, Hein L, Stevens ME, Chruscinski A, Bernstein D, Barsh GS, Kobilka BK (1996) Cardiovascular regulation in mice lacking alpha-2-adrenergic receptor subtypes b and c. Science 273:803–805
Liu J, Blin N, Conklin BR, Wess J (1996) Molecular mechanisms involved in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated G proteiin activation studied by insertion mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 271:6172–6178
Locht C, Antoine R (1997) Pertussis toxin. In: Aktories K (ed) Bacterial toxins. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 33–45
Lu YM, Jia Z, Janus C, Henderson JT, Gerlai R, Wojtowicz JM, Roder JC (1997) Mice lacking metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 show impaired learning and reduced CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) but normal CA3 LTP. J Neurosci 17:5196–5205
Ma YH, Landis C, Tchao N, Wang J, Rodd G, Hanahan D, Bourne HR, Grodsky GM (1994) Constitutively active stimulatory G-protein αs in β-cells of transgenic mice causes counterregulation of the increased adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and insulin secretion. Endocrinology 134:42–47
MacDonald E, Kobilka BK, Scheinin M (1997) Gene targeting-homing in one alpha 2-adrenoceptor-subtype function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 18:211–219
MacMillan LB, Hein L, Smith MS, Piascik MT, Limbird LE (1996) Central hypotensive effects of the alpha2a-adrenergic receptor subtype. Science 273:801–803
Maeda H, Inazu T, Nagai K, Maruyama S, Nakagawara G, Yamamura H (1995) Possible involvement of protein-tyrosine kinases such as p72syk in the disc-sphere change response of porcine platelets. J Biochem (Tokyo) 117:1201–1208
Maldonado R, Saiardi A, Valverde O, Samad TA, Roques BP, Borrelli E (1997) Absence of opiate rewarding effects in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature 388:586–589
Manabe T, Noda Y, Mamiya T, Katagiri H, Houtani T, Nishi M, Noda T, Takahashi T, Sugimoto T, Nabeshima T, Takeshima H (1998) Facilitation of long-term potentiation and memory in mice lacking nociceptin receptors. Nature 394:577–581
Mansuy IM, Winder DG, Moallem TM, Osman M, Mayford M, Hawkins RD, Kandel ER (1998) Inducible and reversible gene expression with the rtTA system for the study of memory. Neuron 21:257–265
Marsh DJ, Hollopeter G, Kafer KE, Palmiter RD (1998) Role of the Y5 neuropeptide Y receptor in feeding and obesity. Nat Med 4:718–721
Marsh DJ, Hollopeter G, Huszar D, Laufer R, yagaloff KA, Fisher SL, Burn P, Palmiter RD (1999) Response of melancortin-4 receptor-deficient mice to anorectic and orexigenic peptides. Nat Genet 21:119–122
Masu M, Iwakabe H, Tagawa Y, Miyoshi T, Yamashita M, Fukuda Y, Sasaki H, Hiroi K, Nakamura Y, Shigemoto R, et al (1995) Specific deficit of the ON response in visual transmission by targeted disruption of the mGluR6 gene. Cell 80:757–765
Masugi M, Yokoi M, Shigemoto R, Muguruma K, Watanabe Y, Sansig G, van der Putten H, Nakanishi S (1999) Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 ablation causes deficit in fear response and conditioned taste aversion. J Neurosci 19:955–963
Matsuoka M, Itoh H, Kozasa T, Kaziro Y (1988) Sequence analysis of cDNA and genomic DNA for a putative pertussis toxin-insensitive guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein α subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5384–5388
Mattera R, Graziano MP, Yatani A, Zhou Z, Graf R, Codina J, Birnbaumer L, Gilman AG, Brown AM (1989) Splice variants of the α subunit of the G protein Gs activate both adenylyl cyclase and calcium channels. Science 243:804–807
Mattes HW, Maldonado R, Simonin F, Valverde O, Slowe S, Kitchen I, Befort K, Dierich A, Le Meur M, Dollé P, Tzavara E, Hanoune J, Roques BP, Kieffer BL (1996) Loss of morphine-induced analgesia, reward effect and withdrawal symptoms in mice lacking the mu-opioid-receptor gene Nature 383:819–823
Mayford M, Bach ME, Huang YY, Wang L, Hawkins RD, Kandel ER (1996) Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMKII transgene. Science 274:1678–1683
McLaughlin SK, McKinnon PJ, Margolskee RF (1992) Gustducin is a taste-cell-specific G protein closely related to the transducins. Nature 357:563–569
Mende U, Kagen A, Cohen A, Aramburu J, Schoen FJ, Neer EJ (1998) Transient cardiac expression of constitutively active Gαq leads to hypertrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy by calcineurin-dependent and independent pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13893–13898
Michiels FM, Caillou B, Talbot M, Dessarps-Freichey F, Maunoury MT, Schlumberger M, Mercken L, Monier R, Feunteun J (1994) Oncogenic potential of guanine nucleotide stimulatory factor α subunit in thryoid glands of transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10488–10492
Milano, CA, Dolber PC, Rockman HA, Bond RA, Venable ME, Allen LF, Lefkowitz RJ (1994) Myocardial expression of a constitutively active α1B-adrenergic receptor in transgenic mice induces cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10109–10113
Milligan G, Mullaney I, McCallum JF (1993) Distribution and relative levels of expression of the phosphoinositidase-C-linked G-proteins Gqα and G11α: absence of G11α in human platelets and haemopoietically derived cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta 1179:208–212
Molkentin JD, Lu JR, Antos CL, Markham B, Richardson J, Robbins J, Grant SR, Olson EN (1998) A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway for cardiac hypertrophy. Cell 93:215–228
Morgan HE, Baker KM (1991) Cardiac hypertrophy. Mechanical, neural, and endocrine dependence. Circulation 83:13–25
Morgenstern E (1997) Human platelet morphology/ultrastructure. In: Platelets and their factors. Eds.: v. Bruchhausen F & Walter U, Springer-Verlag (Berlin), pp 27–60
Morishita R, Nakayama H, Isobe T, Matsuda T, Hashimoto Y, Okano T, Fukada Y, Mizuno K, Ohno S, Kozawa O, Kato K, Asano T (1995) Primary structure of a γ subunit of G protein, γ12, and its phosphorylation by protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 270:29469–29475
Moser B, Loetscher M, Piali L, Loetscher P (1998) Lymphocyte responses to chemokines. Int Rev Immunol 16:323–344
Moxham CM, Hod Y, Malbon CC (1993a) Induction of Gαi2-specific antisense RNA in vivo inhibits neonatal growth. Science 260:991–995
Moxham CM, Hod Y, Malbon CC (1993b) Giα2 mediates the inhibitory regulation of adenylylcyclase in vivo:analysis in transgenic mice with Giα2 suppressed by inducible antisense RNA. Dev Genet 14:266–273
Moxham CM, Malbon CC (1996) Insulin action impaired by deficiency of the G-protein subunit Giα2. Nature 379:840–844
Murata T, Ushikubi F, Matsuoka T, Hirata M, Yamasaki A, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A, Aze Y, Tanaka T, Yoshida N, Ueno A, Oh-ishi S, Narumiya S (1997) Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor. Nature 388:678–682
Nagata A, Ito M, Iwata N, Kuno J, Takano H, Minowa O, Chihara K, Matsui T, Noda T (1996) G protein-coupled cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptors are responsible for physiological cell growth of the stomach mucosa in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11825–11830
Nakamoto JM, Sandstrom AT, Brickman AS, Christenson RA, Van Dop C (1998) Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia from maternal but not paternal transmission of a Gsα gene mutation. Am J Med Genet 77:261–267
Naveilhan P, Hassani H, Canals JM, Ekstrand AJ, Larefalk A, Chhajlani V, Arenas E, Gedda K, Svensson L, Thoren P, Ernfors P (1999) Normal feeding behavior, body weight and leptin response require the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Nat Med 5:1188–1193
Neer EJ (1995) Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane signals. Cell 80:249–257
Negrescu EV, de Quintana KL, Siess W (1995) Platelet shape change induced by thrombin receptor activation. Rapid stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of novel protein substrates through an integrin-and Ca2+-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 270:1057–1061
Nguyen M, Camenisch T, Snouwaert JN, Hicks E, Coffman TM, Anderson PA, Malouf NN, Koller BH (1997) The prostaglandin receptor EP4 triggers remodelling of the cardiovascular system at birth. Nature 390:78–81
Nishi M, Houtani T, Noda Y, Mamiya T, Sato K, Doi T, Kuno J, Takeshima H, Nukada T, Nabeshima T, Yamashita T, Noda T, Sugimoto T (1997) Unrestrained nociceptive response and disregulation of hearing ability in mice lacking the nociceptin/orphaninFQ receptor. EMBO J 16:1858–1864
No D, Yao TP, Evans RM (1996) Ecdysone-inducible gene expression in mammalian cells and transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3346–3351
Noel JP, Hamm HE, Sigler PB (1993) The 2.2 Å crystal structure of transducin-α complexed with GTPγS. Nature 366:654–663
Nürnberg B (1997) Pertussis toxin as a Cell Biology Tool. In: Aktories K (ed) Bacterial toxins. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 33–45
Offermanns S, Heiler E, Spicher K, Schultz G (1994a) Gq and G11 are concurrently activated by bombesin and vasopressin in Swiss 3T3 cells. FEBS Lett 349:201–204
Offermanns S, Laugwitz KL, Spicher K and Schultz G (1994b) G proteins of the G12 family are activated via thromboxane A2 and thrombin receptors in human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:504–508
Offermanns S, Mancino V, Revel JP and Simon MI (1997a) Vascular system defects and impaired cell chemokinesis as a result of Gα13 deficiency. Science 275:533–536
Offermanns S, Toombs CF, Hu YH and Simon MI (1997b) Defective platelet activation in Gαq-deficient mice. Nature 389:183–186
Offermanns S, Hashimoto K, Watanabe M, Sun W, Kurihara H, Thompson RF, Inoue Y, Kano M, Simon MI (1997c) Impaired motor coordination and persistent multiple climbing fiber innervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells in mice lacking Gαq. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14089–14094
Offermanns S, Zhao L-P, Gohla A, Sarosi I, Simon MI, Wilkie TM (1998) Embryonic cardiomyocyte hypoplasia and craniofacial defects in Gαq/Gα11 mutant mice. EMBO J 17:4304–4312
Ohki-Hamazaki H, Watase K, Yamamoto K, Ogura H, Yamano M, Yamada K, Maeno H, Imaki J, Kikuyama S, Wada E, Wada K (1997) Mice lacking bombesin receptor subtype-3 develop metabolic defects and obesity. Nature 390:165–169
Ohki-Hamazaki H, Sakai Y, Kamata K, Ogura H, Okuyama S, Watase K, Yamada K, Wada K (1999) Functional properties of two bombesin-like peptide receptors revealed by the analysis of mice lacking neuromedin B receptor. J Neurosci 19:948–954
Ohkubo S, Nakahata N, Ohizumi Y (1996) Thromboxane A2-mediated shape change: independent of Gq-phospholipase C-Ca2+ pathway in rabbit platelets. Br J Pharmacol 117:1095–1104
Oliverio MI, Kim HS, Ito M, Le T, Audoly L, Best CF, Hiller S, Kluckman K, Maeda N, Smithies O, Coffman TM (1998) Reduced growth, abnormal kidney structure, and type 2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor-mediated blood pressure regulation in mice lacking both AT1A and AT1B receptors for angiotensin II. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15496–15501
Olson EN, Srivastava D (1996) Molecular pathways controlling heart development. Science 272:671–676
Parks CL, Robinson PS, Sibille E, Shenk T, Toth M (1998) Increased anxiety of mice lacking the serotonin1A receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:10734–10739
Pedrazzini T, Seydoux J, Kunstner P, Aubert JF, Grouzmann E, Beermann F, Brunner HR (1998) Cardiovascular response, feeding behavior and locomotor activity in mice lacking the NPY Y1 receptor. Nat Med 4:722–726
Pekhletski R, Gerlai R, Overstreet LS, Huang XP, Agopyan N, Slater NT, Abramow-Newerly W, Roder JC, Hampson DR (1996) Impaired cerebellar synaptic plasticity and motor performance in mice lacking the mGluR4 subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptor. J Neurosci 16:6364–6373
Peppel K, Boekhoff I, McDonald P, Breer H, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (1997) G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) gene disruption leads to loss of odorant receptor desensitization. J Biol Chem 272:25425–25428
Perry AC, Wakayama T, Kishikawa H, Kasai T, Okabe M, Toyoda Y, Yanagimachi R (1999) Mammalian transgenesis by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Science 284:1180–1183
Peters J, Wroe SF, Wells CA, Miller HJ, Bodle D, Beechey CV, Williamson CM, Kelsey G (1999) A cluster of oppositely imprinted transcripts at the Gnas locus in the distal imprinting region of mouse chromosome 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:3830–3835
Phillips TJ, Brown KJ, Burkhart-Kasch S, Wenger CD, Kelly MA, Rubinstein M, Grandy DK, Low MJ (1998) Alcohol preference and sensitivity are markedly reduced in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nat Neurosci 1:610–615
Pitcher JA, Freedman NJ, Lefkowitz RJ (1998) G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Annu Rev Biochem 67:653–692
Plonk SG, SK Park, and JH Exton (1998) The α-subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein G13 activates a phospholipase D isozyme by a pathway requiring Rho family GTPases. J Biol Chem 273:4823–4826
Post GR, Brown JH (1996) G protein-coupled receptors and signaling pathways regulating growth responses. FASEB J 10:741–749
Prasad MV, Dermott JM, Heasley LE, Johnson GL, Dhanasekaran N (1995) Activation of Jun kinase/stress-activated protein kinase by GTPase-deficient mutants of Gα12 and Gα13. J Biol Chem 270:18655–18659
Qin N, Platano D, Olcese R, Stefani E, Birnbaumer L (1997) Direct interaction of Gβγ with a C-terminal Gβγ-binding domain of the Ca2+ channel α1 subunit is responsible for channel inhibition by G protein-coupled receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8866–8871
Rajewsky K, Gu H, Kuhn R, Betz UA, Muller W, Roes J, Schwenk F (1996) Conditional gene targeting. J Clin Invest 98:600–603
Ramboz S, Saudou F, Amara DA, Belzung C, Segu L, Misslin R, Buhot MC, Hen R (1996) 5-HT1B receptor knock out—behavioral consequences. Behav Brain Res 73:305–312
Ramboz S, Oosting R, Amara DA, Kung HF, Blier P, Mendelsohn M, Mann JJ, Brunner D, Hen R (1998) Serotonin receptor 1A knockout: an animal model of anxiety-related disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14476–14481
Ramirez MT, Sah VP, Zhao XL, Hunter JJ, Chien KR, Brown JH (1997) The MEKKJNK pathway is stimulated by α 1-adrenergic receptor and ras activation and is associated with in vitro and in vivo cardiac hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 272:14057–14061
Raport CJ, Lem J, Makino C, Chen CK, Fitch CL, Hobson A, Baylor D, Simon MI, Hurley JB (1994) Downregulation of cGMP phosphodiesterase induced by expression of GTPase-deficient cone transducin in mouse rod photoreceptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:2932–2947
Ray K, Kunsch C, Bonner LM, Robinshaw JD (1995) Isolation of cDNA clones encoding eight different human G protein γ subunits, including three novel forms designated the γ 4, γ 10, and γ 11 subunits. J Biol Chem 270:21765–21771
Raymond JR, Arthur JM, Casanas SJ, Olsen CL, Gettys TW, Mortensen RM (1994) α 2A adrenergic receptors inhibit cAMP accumulation in embryonic stem cells which lack giα2. J Biol Chem 269:13073–13075
Redfern CH, Coward P, Degtyarev MY, Lee EK, Kwa AT, Hennighausen L, Bujard H, Fishman GI, Conklin BR (1999) Conditional expression and signaling of a specifically designed Gi-coupled receptor in transgenic mice. Nat Biotechnol 17:165–169
Reid S, Ritchie A, Boring L, Gosling J, Cooper S, Hangoc G, Charo IF, Broxmeyer HE (1999) Enhanced myeloid progenitor cell cycling and apoptosis in mice lacking the chemokine receptor, CCR2. Blood 93:1524–1533
Rens-Domiano S, Hamm H (1995) Structural and functional relationships of heterotrimeric G-proteins. FASEB J 9:1059–1066
Rink TJ, Smith SW, Tsien RY (1982) Cytoplasmic free Ca2+ in human platelets: Ca2+ thresholds and Ca-independent activation for shape-change and secretion. FEBS Lett 148:21–26
Risau W (1997) Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 386:671–674
Robertson EJ (1991) Using embryonic stem cells to introduce mutations into the mouse germ line. Biol Reprod 44:238–245
Rocha BA, Scearce-Levie K, Lucas JJ, Hiroi N, Castanon N, Crabbe JC, Nestler EJ, Hen R (1998) Increased vulnerability to cocaine in mice lacking the serotonin-1B receptor. Nature 393:175–178
Rohrer DK, Desai KH, Jasper JR, Stevens ME, Regula DP Jr, Barsh GS, Bernstein D, Kobilka BK (1996) Targeted disruption of the mouse betal-adrenergic receptor gene: developmental and cardiovascular effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:7375–7380
Rohrer DK, Schauble EH, Desai KH, Kobilka BK, Bernstein D (1998) Alterations in dynamic heart rate control in the beta 1-adrenergic receptor knockout mouse. Am J Physiol 274:1184–1193
Rohrer DK, Kobilka BK (1998) G protein-coupled receptors: functional and mechanistic insights through altered gene expression. Physiol Rev 78:35–52
Rohrer DK, Chruscinski A, Schauble EH, Bernstein D, Kobilka BK (1999) Cardiovascular and Metabolic Alterations in Mice Lacking Both 1-and 2-Adrenergic Receptors. J Biol Chem 274:16701–16708
Roustan P, Abitbol M, Ménini C, Ribeaudeau F, Gérard M, Vekemans M, Mallet J, Dufier J-L (1995) The rat phospholipase Cβ4 gene is expressed at high abundance in cerebellar Purkinje cells. NeuroReport 6:1837–1841
Rubinstein M, Phillips TJ, Bunzow JR, Falzone TL, Dziewczapolski G, Zhang G, Fang Y, Larson JL, McDougall JA, Chester JA, Saez C, Pugsley TA, Gershanik O, Low MJ, Grandy DK (1997) Mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors are supersensitive to ethanol, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Cell 90:991–1001
Rudolph U, Finegold MJ, Rich SS, Harriman GR, Srinivasan Y, Brabet P, Boulay G, Bradley A, Birnbaumer L (1995) Ulcerative colitis and adenocarcinoma of the colon in Gαi2-deficient mice. Nat Genet 10:143–150
Rudolph U, Spicher K, Birnbaumer L (1996) Adenylyl cyclase inhibition and altered G protein subunit expression and ADP-ribosylation patterns in tissues and cells from Gi2α -/-mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3209–3214
Sadoshima J, Xu Y, Slayter HS, Izumo S (1993) Autocrine release of angiotensin II mediates stretch-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Cell 75:977–984
Sadoshima J, Izumo S (1997) The cellular and molecular response of cardiac myocytes to mechanical stress. Annu Rev Physiol 59:551–571
Saez E, No D, West A, Evans RM (1997) Inducible gene expression in mammalian cells and transgenic mice. Curr Opin Biotechnol 8:608–616
Sakai S, Miyauchi T, Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi I, Goto K, Sugishita Y (1996) Inhibition of myocardial endothelin pathway improves long-term survival in heart failure. Nature 384:353–355
Sallinen J, Link RE, Haapalinna A, Viitamaa T, Kulatunga M, Sjoholm B, Macdonald E, Pelto-Huikko M, Leino T, Barsh GS, Kobilka BK, Scheinin M (1997) Genetic alteration of alpha 2C-adrenoceptor expression in mice: influence on locomotor, hypothermic, and neurochemical effects of dexmedetomidine, a subtypenonselective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Mol Pharmacol 51:36–46
Saudou F, Amara DA, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Ramboz S, Segu L, Buhot MC, Hen R (1994) Enhanced aggressive behavior in mice lacking 5-HT1B receptor. Science 265:1875–1878
Sauer B (1998) Inducible gene targeting in mice using the Cre/lox system. Methods 14:381–392
Schild D, Restrepo D (1998) Transduction mechanisms in vertebrate olfactory receptor cells. Physiol Rev 78:429–466
Scholich K, Mullenix JB, Wittpoth C, Poppleton HM, Pierre SC, Lindorfer MA, Garrison JC, Patel TB (1999) Facilitation of signal onset and termination by adenylyl cyclase. Science 283:1328–1331
Schwenk F, Kuhn R, Angrand PO, Rajewsky K, Stewart AF (1998) Temporally and spatially regulated somatic mutagenesis in mice. Nucleic Acids Res 26:1427–1432
Schwindinger WF, Reese KJ, Lawler AM, Gearhart JD, Levine MA (1997) Targeted disruption of Gnas in embryonic stem cells. Endocrinology 138:4058–4063
Scrocchi LA, Brown TJ, MaClusky N, Brubaker PL, Auerbach AB, Joyner AL, Drucker DJ (1996) Glucose intolerance but normal satiety in mice with a null mutation in the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene. Nat Med 2:1254–1258
Shenker A, Goldsmith P, Unson CG, Spiegel AM (1991) The G protein coupled to the thromboxane A2 receptor in human platelets is a member of the novel Gq family. J Biol Chem 266:9309–9313
Shibata H, Toyama K, Shioya H, Ito M, Hirota M, Hasegawa S, Matsumoto H, Takano H, Akiyama T, Toyoshima K, Kanamaru R, Kanegae Y, Saito I, Nakamura Y, Shiba K, Noda T (1997) Rapid colorectal adenoma formation initiated by conditional targeting of the Apc gene. Science 278:120–123
Shubeita HE, McDonough PM, Harris AN, Knowlton KU, Glembotski CC, Brown JH, Chien KR (1990) Endothelin induction of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, sarcomere assembly, and cardiac gene expression in ventricular myocytes. A paracrine mechanism for myocardial cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 265:20555–20562
Sibley DR (1999) New insights into dopaminergic receptor function using antisense and genetically altered animals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39:313–341
Siess W (1989) Molecular mechanisms of platelet activation. Physiol Rev 69:58–178
Siffert W, Rosskopf D, Moritz A, Wieland T, Kaldenberg-Stasch S, Kettler N, Hartung K, Beckmann S, Jakobs KH (1995) Enhanced G protein activation in immortalized lymphoblasts from patients with essential hypertension. J Clin Invest 96:759–766
Siffert W, Rosskopf D, Siffert G, Busch S, Moritz A, Erbel R, Sharma AM, Ritz E, Wichmann HE, Jakobs KH, Horsthemke B (1998) Association of a human G-protein β3 subunit variant with hypertension. Nat Genet 18:45–48
Signorini S, Liao YJ, Duncan SA, Jan LY, Stoffel M (1997) Normal cerebellar development but susceptibility to seizures in mice lacking G protein-coupled, inwardly rectifying K+ channel GIRK2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:923–927
Simon MI, Strathmann MP and Gautam N (1991) Diversity of G proteins in signal transduction. Science 252:802–808
Simonin F, Valverde O, Smadja C, Slowe S, Kitchen I, Dierich A, Le Meur M, Roques BP, Maldonado R, Kieffer BL (1998) Disruption of the kappa-opioid receptor gene in mice enhances sensitivity to chemical visceral pain, impairs pharmacological actions of the selective kappa-agonist U-50,488H and attenuates morphine withdrawal. EMBO J 17:886–897
Simpson AW, Hallam TJ, Rink TJ (1986) Low concentrations of the stable prostaglandin endoperoxide U44069 stimulate shape change in quin2-loaded platelets without a measurable increase in [Ca2+]i. FEBS Lett 201:301–305
Smith GW, Aubry JM, Dellu F, Contarino A, Bilezikjian LM, Gold LH, Chen R, Marchuk Y, Hauser C, Bentley CA, Sawchenko PE, Koob GF, Vale W, Lee KF (1998) Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1-deficient mice display decreased anxiety, impaired stress response, and aberrant neuroendocrine development. Neuron 20:1093–1102
Sondek J, Lambright DG, Noel JP, Hamm HE, Sigler PB (1994) GTPase mechanism of G proteins from the 1.7-Å crystal structure of transducin α-GDP-AIF4. Nature 372:276–279
Sondek J, Bohm A, Lambright DG, Hamm HE, Sigler PB (1996) Crystal structure of a G-protein βγ dimer at 2.1Å resolution. Nature 379:369–374
Sowell MO, Ye C, Ricupero DA, Hansen S, Quinn SJ, Vassilev PM, Mortensen RM (1997) Targeted inactivation of αi2 or αi3 disrupts activation of the cardiac muscarinic K+ channel, IK+Ach, in intact cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:7921–7926
Spada A, Lania A, Ballare E (1998) G protein abnormalities in pituitary adenomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 142:1–14
Spangrude GJ, Braaten BA, Baynes RA (1984) Molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte extravasation. I. Studies of two selective inhibitors of lymphocyte recirculation. J Immunol 132:354–362
Spangrude GJ, Sacchi F, Hill HR, Van Epps DE, Daynes RA (1985) Inhibition of lymphocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis by pertussis toxin. J Immunol 135:4135–4143
Spiegel AM (1997) The molecular basis of disorders caused by defects in G proteins. Horm Res 47:89–96
Storm DR, Hansel C, Hacker B, Parent A, Linden DJ (1998) Impaired cerebellar long-term potentiation in type I adenylyl cyclase mutant mice. Neuron 20:1199–1210
Strader CD, Fong TM, Graziano MP, Tota MR (1995) The family of G-protein-coupled receptors. FASEB J 9:745–753
Strathmann M, Simon MI (1990) G protein diversity: a distinct class of α subunits is present in vertebrates and invertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9113–9117
Strathmann MP, Simon MI (1991) Gα12 and Gα13 subunits define a fourth class of G protein α subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:5582–6
Strittmatter SM, Valenzuela D, Kennedy TE, Neer EJ, Fishman MC (1990) Go is a major growth cone protein subject to regulation by GAP-43. Nature 344:836–841
Strittmatter SM, Fankhauser C, Huang PL, Mashimo H, Fishman MC (1995) Neuronal pathfinding is abnormal in mice lacking the neuronal growth cone protein GAP-43. Cell 80:445–452
Sugaya T, Nishimatsu S, Tanimoto K, Takimoto E, Yamagishi T, Imamura K, Goto S, Imaizumi K, Hisada Y, Otsuka A, et al (1995) Angiotensin II type 1a receptor-deficient mice with hypotension and hyperreninemia. J Biol Chem 270:18719–18722
Sugimoto Y, Yamasaki A, Segi E, Tsuboi K, Aze Y, Nishimura T, Oida H, Yoshida N, Tanaka T, Katsuyama M, Hasumoto K, Murata T, Hirata M, Ushikubi F, Negishi M, Ichikawa A, Narumiya S (1997) Failure of parturition in mice lacking the prostaglandin F receptor. Science 277:681–683
Sunahara RK, Dessauer CW, Gilman AG (1996) Complexity and diversity of mammalian adenylyl cyclases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36:461–480
Sussman MA, Lim HW, Gude N, Taigen T, Olson EN, Robbins J, Colbert MC, Gualberto A, Wieczorek DF, Molkentin JD (1998) Prevention of cardiac hypertrophy in mice by calcineurin inhibition. Science 281:1690–1693
Susulic VS, Frederich RC, Lawitts J, Tozzo E, Kahn BB, Harper ME, Himms-Hagen J, Flier JS, Lowell BB (1995) Targeted disruption of the beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene. J Biol Chem 270:29483–29492
Tachibana K, Hirota S, Iizasa H, Yoshida H, Kawabata K, Kataoka Y, Kitamura Y, Matsushima K, Yoshida N, Nishikawa S, Kishimoto T, Nagasawa T (1998) The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature 393:591–594
Takeuchi K, Ukawa H, Furukawa O, Kawauchi S, Araki H, Sugimoto Y, Ishikawa A, Ushikubi F, Narumiya S (1999) Prostaglandin E receptor subtypes involved in stimulation of gastroduodenal bicarbonate secretion in rats and mice. J Physiol Pharmacol 50:155–167
Taussig R, Gilman AG (1995) Mammalian membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases. J Biol Chem 270:1–4
Tecott LH, Sun LM, Akana SF, Strack AM, Lowenstein DH, Dallman MF, Julius D (1995) Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors. Nature 374:542–546
Thomas DW, Mannon RB, Mannon PJ, Latour A, Oliver JA, Hoffman M, Smithies O, Koller BH, Coffman TM (1998) Coagulation defects and altered hemodynamic responses in mice lacking receptors for thromboxane A2. J Clin Invest 102:1994–2001
Tilley SL, Audoly LP, Hicks EH, Kim HS, Flannery PJ, Coffman TM, Koller BH (1999) Reproductive failure and reduced blood pressure in mice lacking the EP2 prostaglandin E2 receptor. J Clin Invest 103:1539–1545
Timpl P, Spanagel R, Sillaber I, Kresse A, Reul JM, Stalla GK, Blanquet V, Steckler T, Holsboer F, Wurst W (1998) Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1. Nat Genet 19:162–166
Trautwein W, Hescheler J (1990) Regulation of cardiac L-type calcium current by phosphorylation and G proteins. Annu Rev Physiol 52:257–274
Tsuchida S, Matsusaka T, Chen X, Okubo S, Niimura F, Nishimura H, Fogo A, Utsunomiya H, Inagami T, Ichikawa I (1998) Murine double nullizygotes of the angiotensin type 1A and 1B receptor genes duplicate severe abnormal phenotypes of angiotensinogen nullizygotes. J. Clin Invest 101:755–760
Uechi M, Asai K, Osaka M, Smith A, Sato N, Wagner TE, Ishikawa Y, Hayakawa H, Vatner DE, Shannon RP, Homcy CJ, Vatner SF (1998) Depressed heart rate variability and arterial baroreflex in conscious transgenic mice with overexpression of cardiac Gsα. Circ Res 82:416–423
Ushikubi F, Nakamura KI, Narumiya S (1994) Functional reconstitution of platelet thromboxane A2 receptors with Gq and Gi2 in phospholipid vesicles. Mol Pharmacol 46:808–816
Ushikubi F, Segi E, Sugimoto Y, Murata T, Matsuoka T, Kobayashi T, Hizaki H, Tuboi K, Katsuyama M, Ichikawa A, Tanaka T, Yoshida N, Narumiya S (1998) Impaired febrile response in mice lacking the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3. Nature 395:281–284
Valenzuela D, Han X, Mende U, Fankhauser C, Mashimo H, Huang P, Pfeffer J, Neer EJ, Fishman MC (1997) Gα0 is necessary for muscarinic regulation of Ca2+ channels in mouse heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 94:1727–1732
Vallar L (1996) Oncogenic role of heterotrimeric G proteins. Cancer Surv 27:325–338
Van Heugten HA, De Jonge HW, Bezstarosti K, Sharma HS, Verdouw PD, Lamers JM (1995) Intracellular signaling and genetic reprogramming during agonist-induced hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 752:343–352
Vasioukhin V, Degenstein L, Wise B, Fuchs E (1999) The magical touch: genome targeting in epidermal stem cells induced by tamoxifen application to mouse skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:8551–8556
Vatner DE, Asai K, Iwase M, Ishikawa Y, Wagner TE, Shannon RP, Homcy CJ, Vatner SF (1998) Overexpression of myocardial Gsα prevents full expression of catecholamine desensitization despite increased β-adrenergic receptor kinase. J Clin Invest 101:1916–1922
Villacres EC, Wu Z, Hua W, Nielsen MD, Watters JJ, Yan C, Beavo J, Storm DR (1995) Developmentally expressed Ca2+-sensitive adenylyl cyclase activity is disrupted in the brains of type I adenylyl cyclase mutant mice. J Biol Chem 270:14352–14357
Villacres EC, Wong ST, Chavkin C, Storm DR (1998) Type I adenylyl cyclase mutant mice have impaired mossy fiber long-term potentiation. J Neurosci 18:3186–3194
Wada E, Watase K, Yamada K, Ogura H, Yamano M, Inomata Y, Eguchi J, Yamamoto K, Sunday ME, Maeno H, Mikoshiba K, Ohki-Hamazaki H, Wada K (1997) Generation and characterization of mice lacking gastrin-releasing peptide receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 239:28–33
Walker JK, Peppel K, Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MG, Fisher JT (1999) Altered airway and cardiac responses in mice lacking G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3. Am J Physiol 276:R1214–1221
Wall MA, Coleman DE, Lee E, Iniguez-Lluhi JA, Posner BA, Gilman AG, Sprang SR (1995) The structure of the G protein heterotrimer Giα1 β1 γ2. Cell 83:1047–1058
Walther T, Balschun D, Voigt JP, Fink H, Zuschratter W, Birchmeier C, Ganten D, Bader M (1998) Sustained long term potentiation and anxiety in mice lacking the Mas protooncogene. J Biol Chem 273:11867–11873
Wang Y, Krushel LA, Edelman GM (1996) Targeted DNA recombination in vivo using an adenovirus carrying the cre recombinase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3932–3936
Wang Y, DeMayo FJ, Tsai SY, O'Malley BW (1997) Ligand-inducible and liver-specific target gene expression in transgenic mice. Nat Biotechnol 15:239–243
Wang J, Ducret A, Tu Y, Kozasa T, Aebersold R, Ross EM (1998) RGSZ1, a Gz-selective RGS protein in brain. Structure, membrane association, regulation by Gαz phosphorylation, and relationship to a Gz GTPase-activating protein subfamily. J Biol Chem 273:26014–26025
Wang Y, Huang S, Sah VP, Ross J Jr, Brown JH, Han J, Chien KR (1998) Cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy and apoptosis induced by distinct members of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase family. J Biol Chem 273:2161–2168
Wang S, Gebre-Medhin S, Betsholtz C, Stalberg P, Zhou Y, Larsson C, Weber G, Feinstein R, Oberg K, Gobl A, Skogseid B (1999) Targeted disruption of the mouse phospholipase C beta3 gene results in early embryonic lethality. FEBS Lett 441:261–265
Wange RL, Smrcka AV, Sternweis PC, Exton JH (1991) Photoaffinity labeling of two rat liver plasma membrane proteins with [32P]γ-azidoanilido GTP in response to vasopressin. Immunologic identification as α subunits of the Gq class of G proteins. J Biol Chem 266:11409–11412
Warnock RA, Askari S, Butcher EC, von Andrian UH (1998) Molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes. J Exp Med 187:205–216
Watson AJ, Katz A, Simon MI (1994) A fifth member of the mammalian G-protein β-subunit family. J Biol Chem 269:22150–22156
Watson S, Arkinstall S (1994) The G-protein linked receptor facts book. Academic Press, London
Weinstein LS, Shenker A (1993) G protein mutations in human disease. Clin Biochem 26:333–338
Weinstein LS, Yu S (1999) The role of genomic imprinting of Gsα in the pathogenesis of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (1999) Trends Endocr Sci 10:81–85
Wells K, Moore K, Wall R (1999) Transgene vectors go retro. Nat Biotechnol 17:25–26
Wess J (1997) G-protein-coupled receptors: molecular mechanisms involved in receptor activation and selectivity of G-protein recognition. FASEB J 11:346–354
Wickman K, Nemec J, Gendler SJ, Clapham DE (1998) Abnormal heart rate regulation in GIRK4 knockout mice. Neuron 20:103–114
Wieland T, Chen C-K (1999) Regulators of G-protein signalling: a new protein family involved in timely deactivation and desensitization of signalling via heterotrimeric G-proteins. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 360:14–26
Wilkie TM, Scherle PA, Strathmann MP, Slepak VZ, Simon MI (1991) Characterization of G-protein α subunits in the Gq class: expression in murine tissues and in stromal and hematopoietic cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:10049–10053
Wilkie TM, Gilbert DJ, Olsen AS, Chen XN, Amatruda TT, Korenberg JR, Trask BJ, Dejong P, Reed RR, Simon MI, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1992) Evolution of the mammalian G protein α subunit multigene family. Nat Genet 1:85–91
Wilkie TM, Yokoyama S (1994) Evolution of the G protein α subunit multigene family. Soc Gen Physiol Ser 49:249–270
Wilson LC, Oude Luttikhuis ME, Clayton PT, Fraser WD, Trembath RC (1994) Parental origin of Gs α gene mutations in Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. J Med Genet 31:835–839
Wogensen L, Ma YH, Grodsky GM, Robertson RP, Burton F, Sutcliffe JG, Sarvetnick N (1993) Functional effects of transgenic expression of cholera toxin in pancreatic β-cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 98:33–42
Wong YH, Conklin BR, Bourne HR (1992) Gz-mediated hormonal inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation. Science 255:339–342
Wong GT, Gannon KS, Margolskee RF (1996) Transduction of bitter and sweet taste by gustducin. Nature 381:796–800
Wu D, Katz A, Lee CH, Simon MI (1992) Activation of phospholipase C by α1-adrenergic receptors is mediated by the α subunits of Gq family. J Biol Chem 267:25798–25802
Wu ZL, Thomas SA, Villacres EC, Xia Z, Simmons ML, Chavkin C, Palmiter RD, Storm DR (1995) Altered behavior and long-term potentiation in type I adenylyl cyclase mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:220–224
Wurzinger LJ (1990) Histophysiology of the circulating platelet. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 120:1–96
Wymann MP, Pirola L (1998) Structure and function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1436:127–150
Xie W, Chow LT, Paterson AJ, Chin E, Kudlow JE (1999) Conditional expression of the ErbB2 oncogene elicits reversible hyperplasia in stratified epithelia and upregulation of TGFalpha expression in transgenic mice. Oncogene 18:3593–607
Xie W, Samoriski GM, McLaughlin JP, Romoser VA, Smrcka A, Hinkle PM, Bidlack JM, Gross RA, Jiang H, Wu D (1999) Genetic alteration of phospholipase C beta3 expression modulates behavioral and cellular responses to mu opioids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:10385–10390
Xu M, Moratalla R, Gold LH, Hiroi N, Koob GF, Graybiel AM, Tonegawa S (1994) Dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice are deficient in striatal expression of dynorphin and in dopamine-mediated behavioral responses. Cell 79:729–742
Xu M, Hu XT, Cooper DC, Moratalla R, Graybiel AM, white FJ, Tonegawa S (1994) Elimination of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and dopamine-mediated neurophysiological effects in dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice. Cell 79:945–955
Xu M, Koeltzow TE, Santiago GT, Moratalla R, Cooper DC, Hu XT, White NM, Graybiel AM, White FJ, Tonegawa S (1997) Dopamine D3 receptor mutant mice exhibit increased behavioral sensitivity to concurrent stimulation of D1 and D2 receptors. Neuron 19:837–848
Xu X, Croy JT, Zeng W, Zhao L, Davignon I, Popov S, Yu K, Jiang H, Offermanns S, Muallem S, Wilkie TM (1998) Promiscuous coupling of receptors to Gq class α subunits and effector proteins in pancreatic and submandibular gland cells. J Biol Chem 273:27275–27279
Yamada M, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y (1998) G protein regulation of potassium ion channels. Pharmacol Rev 50:723–760
Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Yazaki Y (1995) Molecular mechanism of cardiac cellular hypertrophy by mechanical stress. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27:133–140
Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S, Zou Y, Shiojima I, Hiroi Y, Mizuno T, Maemura K, Kurihara H, Aikawa R, Takano H, Yazaki Y (1996) Endothelin-1 is involved in mechanical stress-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 271:3221–3228
Yanagisawa H, Yanagisawa M, Kapur RP, Richardson JA, Williams SC, Clouthier DE, deWit D, Emoto N, Hammer RE (1998) Dual genetic pathways of endothelial-mediated intercellular signaling revealed by targeted disruption of endothelin converting enzyme-1 gene. Development 125:825–836
Yarfitz S, Hurley JB (1994) Transduction mechanisms of vertebrate and invertebrate photoreceptors. J Biol Chem 269:14329–14332
Yokoi M, Kobayashi K, Manabe T, Takahashi T, Sakaguchi I, Katsuura G, Shigemoto R, Ohishi H, Nomura S, Nakamura K, Nakao K, Katsuki M, Nakanishi S (1996) Impairment of hippocampal mossy fiber LTD in mice lacking mGluR2. Science 273:645–647
Yu S, Yu D, Lee E, Eckhaus M, Lee R, Corria Z, Accili D, Westphal H, Weinstein LS (1998) Variable and tissue-specific hormone resistance in heterotrimeric Gs protein α-subunit (Gsα) knockout mice is due to tissue-specific imprinting of the Gsα gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:8715–8720
Zamponi GW, Snutch TP (1998) Modulation of voltage-dependent calcium channels by G proteins. Curr Opin Neurobiol 8:351–356
Zawalich WS, Rasmussen H (1990) Control of insulin secretion: a model involving Ca2+, cAMP and diacylglycerol. Mol Cell Endocrinol 70:119–137
Zechner D, Thuerauf DJ, Hanford DS, McDonough PM, Glembotski CC (1997) A role for the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in myocardial cell growth, sarcomeric organization, and cardiac-specific gene expression. J Cell Biol 139:115–127
Zeiger MA, Saji M, Gusev Y, Westra WH, Takiyama Y, Dooley WC, Kohn LD, Levine MA (1997) Thyroid-specific expression of cholera toxin A1 subunit causes thyroid hyperplasia and hyperthyroidism in transgenic mice. Endocrinology 138:3133–3140
Zhang GF, Patton WA, Moss J, Vaughan M (1997) Cholera toxin: Mechanism of action and potential use in vaccine development. In: Aktories K (ed) Bacterial toxins. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 1–13
Zhang JF, Ellinor PT, Aldrich RW, Tsien RW (1996) Multiple structural elements in voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels support their inhibition by G proteins. Neuron 17:991–1003
Zheng XL, Guo J, Wang Hy, Malbon CC (1998) Expression of constitutively activated Giα2 in vivo ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J Biol Chem 273:23649–23651
Zheng H, Bailey A, Jiang MH, Honda K, Chen HY, Trumbauer ME, Van der Ploeg LH, Schaeffer JM, Leng G, Smith RG (1997) Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 knockout mice are refractory to growth hormone-negative feedback on arcuate neurons. Mol Endocrinol 11:1709–1717
Zhou Y, Kurihara T, Ryseck RP, Yang Y, Ryan C, Loy J, Warr G, Bravo R (1998) Impaired macrophage function and enhanced T cell-dependent immune receptor sponse in mice lacking CCR5, the mouse homologue of the major HIV-1 coreceptor. J Immunol 160:4018–4025
Zimmer A, Zimmer AM, Hohmann AG, Herkenham M, Bonner TI (1999) Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5780–5785
Zou YR, Kottmann AH, Kuroda M, Taniuchi I, Littman DR (1998) Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature 393:595–599
Zuker CS (1996) The biology of vision of Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:571–576
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Offermanns, S. (2000). Mammalian G-protein function in vivo: New insights through altered gene expression. In: Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Volume 140. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, vol 140. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0035551
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0035551
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-66603-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48094-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive