Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Two-level models of hypertext

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Intelligent Hypertext (WIH 1994, WIH 1993)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 1326))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

A two-level model of hypertext is one in which a set of texts is augmented with an ancillary structure that captures some aspect of the meaning of those texts. Links between texts are routed through the ancillary structure. This chapter surveys the wide range of two-level hypertext models that have been developed in the past few years. Declarative ancillary structures have included semantic nets, Petri nets, Bayesian nets, and clustering schemes. Procedural ancillary structures have been used to identify new links dynamically, and to create large sets of static links. Advantages of two-level models include greater link expressiveness, increased user control over the appearance and semantics of links, decreased hypertext construction costs, and improved robustness in the face of changing and ill-formed texts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Robert Akscyn, Donald L. McCracken, and Elise Yoder. KMS: A distributed hypermedia system for managing knowledge in organizations. Communications of the ACM, 31(7):820–835, July 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  2. James Allan and Gerard Salton. The identification of text relations using automatic hypertext linking. In James Mayfield and Charles Nicholas, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Hypertext, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Tim Berners-Lee, ed. Uniform Resource Locators. http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/Addressing/URL/, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Michael Bieber. Issues in modeling a "dynamic" hypertext interface for nonhypertext systems. In Hypertext '91 Proceedings, pages 203–217. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Michael Bieber. Automating hypermedia for decision support. Hypermedia, 4(2):83–110, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Michael P. Bieber and Steven O. Kimbrough. On generalizing the concept of hypertext. MIS Quarterly, 16(1):77–93, March 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Rodrigo A. Botafogo and Ben Shneiderman. Identifying aggregates in hypertext structures. In Hypertext '91 Proceedings, pages 63–74. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ronald J. Brachman and James G. Schmolze. An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation system. Cognitive Science, 9(2):171–216, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Marco A. Casanova, Luiz Tucherman, Maria Julia D. Lima, Jose L. Rangel Netto, Noemi Rodriguez, and Luiz F. G. Soares. The nested context model for hyperdocuments. In Hypertext '91 Proceedings, pages 193–201. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Daniel T. Chang. HieNet: A user-centered approach for automatic link generation. In Hypertext '93 Proceedings, pages 145–158. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Eugene Charniak. Bayesian networks without tears. AI Magazine, 12(4):50–63, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Nipon Charoenkitkarn, Jim Tam, Mark H. Chignell, and Gene Golovchinsky. Browsing through querying: Designing for electronic books. In Hypertext '93 Proceedings, pages 206–216. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  13. George H. Collier. Thoth-II: Hypertext with explicit semantics. In Hypertext '87 Proceedings, pages 269–289. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Jeff Conklin and Michael L. Begeman. gIBIS: A hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(4):303–331, October 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  15. W. Bruce Croft and Howard Turtle. A retrieval model for incorporating hypertext links. In Hypertext '89 Proceedings, pages 213–224. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Donald B. Crouch, Carolyn J. Crouch, and Glenn Andreas. The use of cluster hierarchies in hypertext information retrieval. In Hypertext '89 Proceedings, pages 225–237. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Steven J. DeRose. Expanding the notion of links. In Hypertext '89 Proceedings, pages 249–257. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  18. M. E. Frisse. Searching for information in a hypertext medical handbook. Communications of the ACM, 31:880–886, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Mark E. Frisse and Steve B. Cousins. Information retrieval from hypertext: Update on the dynamic medical handbook project. In Hypertext '89 Proceedings, pages 199–212. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Richard Furuta and P. David Stotts. Programmable browsing semantics in Trellis. In Hypertext '89 Proceedings, pages 27–42. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Richard Furuta and P. David Stotts. A functional meta-structure for hypertext models and systems. Electronic Publishing-Origination, Dissemination and Design, 3(4):179–205, November 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Richard Furuta and P. David Stotts, The Trellis hypertext reference model. In Judi Moline, Dan Benigni, and Jean Baronas, editors, Proceedings of the Hypertext Standardization Workshop, pages 83–93. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. NIST Special Publication 500-178.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Franca Garzotto, Paolo Paolini, and Daniel Schwabe. HDM-a model for the design of hypertext applications. In Hypertext '91 Proceedings, pages 313–328. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Peter A. Gloor. CYBERMAP: Yet another way of navigating in hyperspace. In Hypertext '91 Proceedings, pages 107–121. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Frank Halasz and Mayer Schwartz. The Dexter hypertext reference model. In Judi Moline, Dan Benigni, and Jean Baronas, editors, Proceedings of the Hypertext Standardization Workshop, pages 95–133. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. NIST Special Publication 500-178.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Yoshinori Hara, Arthur M. Keller, and Gio Wiederhold. Implementing hypertext database relationships through aggregations and exceptions. In Hypertext '91 Proceedings, pages 75–90. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Michael J. Hu and Peter Kirstein. An intelligent hypertext system. In James Mayfield and Charles Nicholas, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Hypertext, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  28. B. W. Kernighan and S. Lin. An efficient heuristic procedure for partitioning graphs. Bell System Technical Journal, 49(2):291–307, February 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ammar Kheirbek. A two-level hypermedia model based on conceptual graph theory. In James Mayfield and Charles Nicholas, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Hypertext, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Danny B. Lange. A formal model of hypertext. In Judi Moline, Dan Benigni, and Jean Baronas, editors, Proceedings of the Hypertext Standardization Workshop, pages 145–166. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. NIST Special Publication 500-178.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Catherine C. Marshall. A multi-tiered approach to hypertext integration: Negotiating standards for a heterogeneous application environment. In Judi Moline, Dan Benigni, and Jean Baronas, editors, Proceedings of the Hypertext Standard ization Workshop, pages 167–177. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. NIST Special Publication 500-178.

    Google Scholar 

  32. James Mayfield and Charles Nicholas. SNITCH: Augmenting hypertext documents with a semantic net. International Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems, 2(3):335–351, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Charles K. Nicholas and Linda H. Rosenberg. Canto: A hypertext data model. Electronic Publishing-Origination, Dissemination and Design, 6(2):93–113, June 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Henrik Frystyk Nielsen and Jim Gettys. Http-hypertext transfer protocol, http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/Protocols,1997.

    Google Scholar 

  35. H. Van Dyke Parunak. Reference and data model group (RDMG): Work plan status. In Judi Moline, Dan Benigni, and Jean Baronas, editors, Proceedings of the Hypertext Standardization Workshop, pages 9–13. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. NIST Special Publication 500-178.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Claudia Pearce and Ethan Miller. The TELLTALE Dynamic Hypertext Environment: Approaches to Scalability. In this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Claudia Pearce and Charles Nicholas. TELLTALE: Experiments in a dynamic hypertext environment for degraded and multilingual data. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 47(4):263–275, April 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Amy Pearl. Sun's link service: A protocol for open linking. In Hypertext '89 Proceedings, pages 137–146. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  39. James L. Peterson. Petri Net Theory and the Modeling of Systems. PrenticeHall, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  40. M. Ross Quillian. Word concepts: A theory and simulation of some basic semantic capabilities. Behavioral Science, 12(5):410–430, September 1967. Reprinted in Ronald J. Brachman and Hector J. Levesque, editors, Readings in Knowledge Representation, pages 98–118. Morgan Kaufmann, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Roy Rada. Hypertext writing and document reuse: The role of a semantic net. Electronic Publishing-Origination, Dissemination and Design, 3(3):125–140, August 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wolfgang Reisig. Petri Nets: An Introduction. Springer-Verlag, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gerard Salton. Automatic Text Processing. Addison-Wesley, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gerard Salton and James Allan. Selective text utilization and text traversal. In Hypertext '93 Proceedings, pages 131–144. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Jacques Savoy. Effectiveness of information retrieval systems used in a hypertext. Hypermedia, 5(1):23–46, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Jacques Savoy and Daniel Desbois. Information retrieval in hypertext systems: An approach using Bayesian networks. Electronic Publishing-Origination, Dissemination and Design, 4(2):87–108, June 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Roger Schank and Robert Abelson. Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  48. S. C. Shapiro. The SNePS semantic network processing system. In N. V. Findler, editor, Associative Networks: Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers, pages 179–203. Academic Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  49. J. F. Sowa. Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Minds and Machines. Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  50. P. David Stotts and Richard Furuta. Petri-net-based hypertext: Document structure with browsing semantics. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 7(1):3–29, January 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  51. P. David Stotts and Richard Furuta. Dynamic adaptation of hypertext structure. In Hypertext '91 Proceedings, pages 219–231. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Manfred Thüring, Jörg M. Haake, and Jörg Hannemann. What's Eliza doing in the Chinese Room? Incoherent hyperdocuments-and how to avoid them. In Hypertext '91 Proceedings, pages 161–177. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Frank Wm. Tompa, G. Elizabeth Blake, and Darrell R. Raymond. Hypertext by link-resolving components. In Hypertext '93 Proceedings, pages 118–130. Association for Computing Machinery Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Randall H. Trigg. Guided tours and tabletops: Tools for communicating in a hypertext environment. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(4):398–414, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Randall H. Trigg and Mark Weiser. TEXTNET: A network-based approach to text handling. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 4(1):1–23, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kenneth Utting and Nicole Yankelovich. Context and orientation in hypermedia networks. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 7(1):58–84, January 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  57. E. M. Voorhees. The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Agglomerative Hierarchic Clustering in Document Retrieval. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Weigang Wang and Roy Rada. A semantic net for reusable hypertext. In James Mayfield and Charles Nicholas, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Hypertext, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Robert Wilensky. Some problems and proposals for knowledge representation. In Janet L. Kolodner and Christopher K. Riebeck, editors, Experience, Memory, and Reasoning, pages 15–28. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  60. World Wide Web Consortium. About the world wide web. 1996. http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/WWW

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Road, 20723-6099, Laurel, MD, USA

    James Mayfield

Authors
  1. James Mayfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Charles Nicholas James Mayfield

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mayfield, J. (1997). Two-level models of hypertext. In: Nicholas, C., Mayfield, J. (eds) Intelligent Hypertext. WIH WIH 1994 1993. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1326. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0023961

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0023961

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-63637-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69622-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation