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Cellulose and cellulose derivatives: Recent advances in physical chemistry

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Biopolymers

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 83))

Abstract

This article reviews a recent progress on the physical chemistry of cellulose and cellulose derivatives (CD) and their applications to some industrial fields. Average degree of substitution for each hydroxyl groups attached to carbon 2, 3, and 6 in a pyranose ring «f k » (k=2, 3, 6) could be estimated by 1H-and 13C-NMR methods and distribution of total degree of substitution of some CD was evaluated by thin-layer chromatography. «f k » correlated closely with the anticoagulant activity of sodium cellulose sulfate and also with the absorbency against aqueous liquid of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Successive solution fractionation method afforded us to prepare CD samples with relatively narrow molecular weight distribution. Light scattering measurements on the gel-free CD solutions were carried out and the number-average molecular weight of cellulose acetate (CA) was determined by membrane and vapor pressure osmometry and gel-permiation chromatography. Lower and upper critical solution temperatures were determined for CA-solvent systems. The pore forming mechanism in the CA-solvent casting process was discribed relating to critical phenomena. The solvation was verified by the chemical shift in NMR spectra and by the adiabatic compressibility. The significant contribution of the draining effect on the hydrodynamic properties was experimentally confirmed. The excluded volume effect in CA solutions was very small. The rigidity of CD molecules in the unperturbed state was estimated by various methods based on the pearl necklace and wormlike chain models. The unperturbed chain dimension of CA molecules in the solutions was decided by the polarity of the solvent and the total degree of substitution. Cellulose dissolved in a hypotherical non-polar solvent behaves as almost a freely rotating chain and the low degree of flexibility of the cellulose chain deduced from the physical properties of cellulose solution and solid, is caused by the solvation or intra-or inter-molecular hydrogen bond. The solubility of cellulose in the aqueous alkali solution was discussed.

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Abbreviations

A:

unperturbed chain dimension

A′:

absorbency

Ac,w :

weight-average combined acetic acid content

Af :

unperturbed chain dimension of a hypothetical chain with free internal rotation

A2 :

second virial coefficient

A∞ :

unperturbed chain dimension of a chain with infinite molecular weight

B:

long range interaction parameter

C∞ :

characteristic ratio

D0 :

diffusion constant

«F»:

average total degree of substitution per glucopyranose ring

L:

contour length

LD50 :

acute toxicity

Mb :

mean molecular weight per skeletal bond

Mn :

number-average molecular weight

Mv :

viscosity-average molecular weight

Mw :

weight-average molecular weight

M0 :

a parameter depending on the molecular weight range in which Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation is valid

N:

total number of molecules in a sample

Nc:

nitrogen content of a sample

N′:

number of segments in a molecular chain

NA :

Avogadro number

P:

a parameter related to the frictional coefficient ξ, and analogous to Flory's viscosity parameter Φ

〈R2〉1/2 :

mean square end-to-end distance

Rf :

rate of flow

Sa:

solubility of cellulose in aqueous alkali solution

〈S2〉1/2 :

mean square radius of gyration

T:

temperature

Tc :

critical solution temperature

ΔTs :

temperature difference between solution and solvent in the cell of vapor pressure osmometer

X:

draining parameter

Xw :

weight-average molar volume ratio of polymer to solvent

Xz :

z-average molar volume ratio of polymer to solvent

a′:

length of a link in pearl neck-lace model

c:

polymer concentration, g/cm3

d:

hydrodynamic radius of a segment

«fk»:

average degree of substitution per hydroxyl group in a pyranose ring

mp(s) :

molecular weight of the repeating unit of a polymer (solvent)

m0 :

molecular weight of a segment

n:

number of grams of the solvating solvent molecules per 1 g of polymer

pj :

degree of polymerization of j-th polymer

p1 :

concentration dependence coefficient of polymer volume fraction vp, in polymer-solvent interaction parameter χ

p2 :

concentration dependence coefficient of v 2p in χ

qBD :

persistence length determined by Benoit-Doty method

qYF :

persistence length determined by Yamakawa-Fujii method

q 0BD :

qBD in unperturbed state

q 0CL :

unperturbed persistence length at coil limit

s0 :

sedimentation constant

s′0 :

number of the solvating solvent molecules per repeating unit at infinite dilution

vp :

polymer volume fraction, v/v

\(\bar v_p\) :

molar volume of polymer

v cp :

critical polymer concentration, v/v

v 0p :

initial polymer concentration before phase separation

w2 :

weight fraction of polymer, w/w

a:

exponent in Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation

a d :

exponent in the equation representing the dependence of diffusion coefficient on molecular weight

a s :

exponent in the equation representing the dependence of sedimentation coefficient on molecular weight

a Ф :

exponent in the equation representing the dependence of Flory's viscosity parameter Φ on molecular weight

a ξ :

exponent in the equation representing the dependence of the frictional coefficient on molecular weight

a 1 :

exponent in the equation representing the dependence of the linear expansion coefficient as on molecular weight

a 2 :

exponent in the equation representing the dependence of the ratio square of radius of gyration in unperturbed state to molecular weight 〈S2〉0/M on molecular weight

Φ:

Flory's viscosity parameter

ψ:

penetration function

αs :

linear expansion coefficient

β:

adiabatic compressibility

β′:

binary cluster integral

γ:

correlation coefficient

δ:

chemical shift

δ− :

electronegativity

ε:

dielectric constant

[η]:

limiting viscosity number (intrinsic viscosity)

η0 :

viscosity of solvent

ϑ:

Flory's theta solvent

λ:

exponent in the equation representing the dependence of radius of gyration on molecular weight

ξ:

frictional coefficient

ϱ:

density of the solution

σ:

conformation parameter

χ:

polymer-solvent interaction parameter

χ′:

anti-coagulant activity

χ0 :

concentration independent part of χ

χ c0 :

critical χ0

χam(X):

amorphous content determined as 1−χc (χc = cristallinity determined by X-ray diffraction method)

χac(IR):

fraction of accessible part at equilibium determined by the deuteration IR method

χh(NMR):

relative amount of higher field peaks of the C4 carbon peaks in NMR spectrum

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  1. Fundamental Research Laboratory of Fibers and Fiberforming Polymers, Asahi Chemical Industry, Co. Ltd., 569, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan

    Kenji Kamide & Masatoshi Saito

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  1. Kenji Kamide
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© 1987 Springer-Verlag

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Kamide, K., Saito, M. (1987). Cellulose and cellulose derivatives: Recent advances in physical chemistry. In: Biopolymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 83. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0023331

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0023331

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-17779-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-47827-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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