Abstract
Exploration and exploitation are defined as two integrative concepts of organizational learning behavior, both of which are associated with different types of tasks. We find that the exploration task type is positively related to a personal disposition towards openness to experience and to environmental dynamism. We find that the exploitation task type is positively linked to conscientiousness, and that transactional leadership of managers’ superiors is positively related to managers’ engagement in exploitation tasks. We also find managers with a personal disposition associated with engagement in one of the two task types also increase engagement in the other when certain situational requirements are met.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arbuckle, James L. (2009), Amos 18 User’s Guide, Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
Bagozzi, Richard P. and Youjae Yi (1988), On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models, Academy of Marketing Science 16, 74–94.
Barrick, Murray R. and Michael K. Mount (1991), The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis, Personnel Psychology 44, 1–26.
Barrick, Murray R., Michael K. Mount, and Judy P. Strauss (1993), Conscientiousness and Performance of Sales Representatives: Test of the Mediating Effects of Goal Setting, Journal of Applied Psychology 78, 715–22.
Bass, Bernard M. (1985), Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations, New York: Free Press.
Baumann, Oliver and Dirk Martignoni (2011), Evaluating the New: The Contingent Value of a Pro-Innovation Bias, sbr 63, 393–415.
Behling, Orlando (1998), Employee Selection: Will Intelligence and Conscientiousness do the Job?, Academy of Management Executive 12, 77–86.
Berson, Yair, Louise A. Nemanich, David A. Waldman, Benjamin M. Galvin, and Robert T. Keller (2006), Leadership and Organizational Learning: A Multiple Levels Perspective, The Leadership Quarterly 17, 577–594.
Borkenau, Peter and Fritz Ostendorf (1993), NEO-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar (NEO-FFI) nach Costa und McCrae. Handanweisung [NEO-Five-Factor-Inventory according Costa and McCrae. Manual], Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Brady, Tim and Andrew Davies (2004), Building Project Capabilities: From Exploratory to Exploitative Learning, Organization Studies 25, 1601–1621.
Browne, Michael W. and Robert Cudeck (1993), Alternative Ways of Assessing Equation Model Fit’, in Kenneth A. Bollen and J. Scott Long (eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models, Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 136–162.
Byrne, Barbara M. (2001), Structural Equation Modelling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative Approaches to Testing for the Factorial Validity of a Measuring Instrument, International Journal of Testing 1, 55–86.
Cao, Qing, Eric Gedajlovic, and Hongping Zhang (2009), Unpacking Organizational Ambidexterity: Dimensions, Contingencies, and Synergistic Effects, Organization Science 20, 781–796.
Carmeli, Abraham and Meyrav Y. Halevi (2009), How Top Management Team Behavioral Integration and Behavioral Complexity Enable Organizational Ambidexterity: The Moderating Role of Contextual Ambidexterity, The Leadership Quarterly 20, 207–218.
Colquitt, Jason A. and Marcia J. Simmering (1998), Conscientiousness, Goal Orientation, and Motivation to Learn During the Learning Process: A Longitudinal Study, Journal of Applied Psychology 83, 654–665.
Derue, D. Scott, Jennifer D. Nahrgang, Ned Wellman, and Stephen E. Humphrey (2011), Trait and Behavioral Theories of Leadership: An Integration and Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity, Personnel Psychology 64, 7–52.
Digman, John M. (1990), Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model, Annual Review of Psychology 41, 417–440.
Eisenbeiss, Silke. A., Daan van Knippenberg, and Sabine Boerner (2008), Transformational Leadership and Team Innovation: Integrating Team Climate Principles, Journal of Applied Psychology 93, 1438–1446.
Felfe, Jörg and Katja Goihl (2002), Deutsche überarbeitete und ergänzte Version des “Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)” [German Revised and Supplemented Version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)], in Glöckner-Rist (ed.), ZUMA-Informationssystem. Elektronisches Handbuch sozialwissenschaftlicher Erhebungsinstrumente. Version 5.00, Mannheim: Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen.
Floyd, Steven and Peter J. Lane (2000), Strategizing throughout the Organization: Managing Role Conflict in Strategic Renewal, Academy of Management Review 25, 154–177.
Furnham, Adrian (2008), Personality and Intelligence at Work: Exploring and Explaining Individual Differences at Work, New York: Routledge.
García-Morales, Victor J., Francisco J. Lloréns-Montes, and Antonio Verdú-Jover (2008), The Effects of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Performance through Knowledge and Innovation, British Journal of Management 19, 299–319.
George, Jennifer M. and Jing Zhou (2001), When Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness Are Related to Creative Behavior: An Interactional Approach, Journal of Applied Psychology 86, 513–524.
Gibson, Cristina B. and Julian Birkinshaw (2004), The Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Role of Organizational Ambidexterity, Academy of Management Journal 47, 209–226.
Gupta, Anil K., Ken G. Smith, and Christina E. Shalley (2006), The Interplay between Exploration and Exploitation, Academy of Management Journal 49, 693–706.
Guttel, Wolfgang H. and Stefan W. Konlechner (2009), Continuously Hanging by a Threat: Managing Contextually Ambidextrous Organizations, sbr 61, 150–171.
Hair, Joseph F., William C. Black, Barry J. Babin, and Rolph E. Anderson (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
He, Zi-Lin and Poh-Kam Wong (2004), Exploration vs. Exploitation: An Empirical Test of the Ambidexterity Hypothesis, Organization Science 15, 481–494.
Holmqvist, Mikael (2004), Experiental Learning Processes of Exploitation and Exploration within and between Organizations: An Empirical Study of Product Development, Organization Science 15, 70–81.
Ilies, Remus, Megan W. Gerhardt, and Huy Le (2004), Individual Differences in Leadership Emergence: Integrating Meta-Analytic Findings and Behavioral Genetics Estimates, International Journal of Selection and Assessment 12, 207–219.
Ireland, R. Duane and Justin W. Webb (2009), Crossing the Great Divide of Strategic Entrepreneurship: Transitioning between Exploration and Exploitation, Business Horizons 52, 469–479.
Jackson, Joshua J., Patrick L. Hill, and Brent W. Roberts (2012), Misconceptions of Trait Continue to Persist: A Response to Bandura, Journal of Management 38, 745–752.
Jansen, Justin J. P., Dusya Vera, and Mary Crossan (2009), Strategic Leadership for Exploration and Exploitation: The Moderating Role of Environmental Dynamism, The Leadership Quarterly 20, 5–18.
Jansen, Justin J. P., Frans A. Van den Bosch, and Henk W. Volberda (2005), Exploratory Innovation, Exploitative Innovation, and Ambidexterity: The Impact of Environmental and Organizational Antecedents, sbr 57, 351–363.
Jansen, Justin J. P., Frans A. Van den Bosch, and Henk W. Volberda (2006), Exploratory Innovation, Exploitative Innovation, and Performance Effects of Organizational Antecedents and Environmental Moderators, Management Science 52, 1661–1674.
Keller, Tobias and Jürgen Weibler (2014), What it Takes and Costs to be an Ambidextrous Manager: Linking Leadership and Cognitive Strain to Balancing Exploration and Exploitation, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1–18.
Klein, Howard J. and Sunhee Lee (2006), The Effects of Personality on Learning: The Mediating Role of Goal Setting, Human Performance 19, 43–66.
Laureiro-Martinez, Daniella, Stefano Brusoni, and Maurizio Zollo (2010), The Neuroscientific Foundations of the Exploration-Exploitation Dilemma, Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics 3, 95–115.
Lavie, Dovev, Uriel Stettner, and Michael L. Tushman (2010), Exploration and Exploitation within and Across Organizations, The Academy of Management Annals 4, 109–155.
Le Pine, Jeffrey A., Jason A. Colquitt, and Amir Erez (2000), Adaptability to Changing Task Contexts: Effects of General Cognitive Ability, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience, Personnel Psychology 53, 563–593.
Lubatkin, Michael H., Zeki Simsek, Yan Ling, and John F. Veiga (2006), Ambidexterity and Performance in Small-to Medium-Sized Firms: The Pivotal Role of Top Management Team Behavioral Integration, Journal of Management 32, 646–672.
March, James G. (1991), Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning, Organization Science 2, 71–87.
McCrae, Robert R. (1996), Social Consequences of Experiental Openness, Psychological Bulletin 120, 323–337.
Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo, Ozlem Ayduk, Walter Mischel, Yuichi Shoda, and Alessandra Testa (2001), Person x Situation Interactionism in Self-Encoding (I Am…when…): Implications for Affect Regulation and Social Information Processing, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80, 533–544.
Mom, Tom J. M., Frans A. Van den Bosch, and Henk W. Volberda (2007), Investigating Managers’ Exploration and Exploitation Activities: The Influence of Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and Horizontal Knowledge Inflows, Journal of Management Studies 44, 910–931.
Mumford, Michael D., Ginamarie M. Scott, Blaine Gaddis, and Jill M. Strange (2002), Leading Creative People: Orchestrating Expertise and Relationships, The Leadership Quarterly 13, 705–750.
Nemanich, Louise A., Dusya Vera, and Mary Crossan (2009), Transformational Leadership and Ambidexterity in the Context of an Acquisition, The Leadership Quarterly 20, 19–33.
O’Reilly, Charles A. and Michael L. Tushman (2004), The Ambidextrous Organization, Harvard Business Review 82, 74–81.
Pandey, Sharadindu and RRK Sharma (2009), Organizational Factors for Exploration and Exploitation, Journal of Technology Management & Innovation 4, 48–58.
Podsakoff, Philip M. and Dennis W. Organ (1986), Self-Reports in Organization Research: Problems and Prospects, Journal of Management 12, 531–544.
Podsakoff, Philip M., Scott B. MacKenzie, Jeong-Yeon Lee, and Nathan P. Podsakoff (2003), Common Method Biases in Behavioural Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology 88, 879–903.
Polyhart, Robert E. and Robert J. Vandenberg (2010), Longitudinal Research: The Theory, Design, and Analysis of Change, Journal of Management 36, 94–120.
Probst, Gilbert, Sebastian Raisch, and Michael L. Tushman (2011), Ambidextrous Leadership: Emerging Challenges for Business and HR Leaders, Organizational Dynamics 40, 326–334.
Raisch, Sebastian and Julian Birkinshaw (2008), Organizational Ambidexterity: Antecedents, Outcomes, and Moderators, Journal of Management 34, 375–409.
Raisch, Sebastian, Julian Birkinshaw, Gilbert Probst, and Michael L. Tushman (2009), Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance, Organization Science 20, 685–695.
Reuvers, Mark, Marloes L. van Engen, Claartje J. Vinkenburg, and Elisabeth Wilson-Evered (2008), Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behaviour: Exploring the Relevance of Gender Differences, Leadership and Innovation 17, 227–244.
Rosing, Kathrin, Michael Frese, and Andreas Bausch (2011), Explaining the Heterogeneity of the Leadership-Innovation Relationship: Ambidextrous Leadership, The Leadership Quarterly 22, 956–974.
Shoda, Yuichi (1999), A Unified Framework for the Study of Behavioral Consistency: Bridging Person x Situation Interaction and the Consistency Paradox, European Journal of Personality 13, 361–387.
Sidhu, Jatinder S., Harry R. Commandeur, and Henk W. Volberda (2007), The Multifaceted Nature of Exploration and Exploitation: Value of Supply, Demand, and Spatial Search for Innovation, Organization Science 18, 20–38.
Smith, Wendy K. and Michael L. Tushman (2005), Managing Strategic Contradictions: A Top Management Model for Managing Innovation Streams, Organization Science 16, 522–536.
Sørensen, Jesper B. and Toby E. Stuart (2000), Aging, Obsolence, and Organizational Innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly 45, 81–112.
Stocke, Volker (2001), Socially Desirable Response Behavior as Rational Choice: The Case of Attitudes Towards Foreigners, Working Paper, University of Mannheim.
Strang, Sarah E. and Karl W. Kuhnert (2009), Personality and Leadership Development Levels as Predictors of Leader Performance, The Leadership Quarterly 20, 421–433.
Taylor, Alva and Constance Helfat (2009), Organizational Linkages for Surviving Technological Change: Complementary Assets, Middle Management, and Ambidexterity, Organization Science 20, 718–739.
Trapnell, Paul D. (1994), Openness Versus Intellect: A Lexical Left Turn, European Journal of Personality 8, 273–290.
Uotila, Juha, Markku Maula, Thomas Keil, and Shaker A. Zahra (2009), Exploration, Exploitation, and Financial Performance: Analysis of S&P 500 Corporations, Strategic Management Journal 30, 221–231.
Vera, Dusya and Mary Crossan (2004), Strategic Leadership and Organizational Learning, Academy of Management Review 29, 222–240.
Weibler, Jürgen and Tobias Keller (2011), Ambidextrie in Abhängigkeit von Führungsverantwortung und Marktwahrnehmung: Eine empirische Analyse des individuellen Arbeitsverhaltens in Unternehmen [Ambidexterity in Reference to Managerial Responsibility and Market Perception: An Empirical Investigation of Individual Work Behavior], zfbf 63, 155–188.
Yukl, Gary (2010), Leadership in Organizations, 7th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. A previous version of this paper is part of the first author’s PhD thesis.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Keller, T., Weibler, J. Behind Managers’ Ambidexterity — Studying Personality Traits, Leadership, and Environmental Conditions Associated with Exploration and Exploitation. Schmalenbach Bus Rev 66, 309–333 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03396909
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03396909