Skip to main content
Log in

“The Absence of Ghosts”: Landscape and Identity in the Archaeology of Australia’s Settler Culture

  • Article
  • Published:
Historical Archaeology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article is a case study investigating archaeology as a practice embedded in a complex web of culturally constructed codes of meaning or discourses. A distinctive form of discourse concerning the landscape and its role in determining national identity characterizes Australian culture. This discourse has been central to the construction of the idea of the nation and its past: in particular, concepts of the land as hostile and empty, of the bush as the essence of Australia, and of the landscape as feminine. The paper considers the ways in which this landscape discourse has operated within historical archaeological research and heritage management and discusses the implications of these discursive relationships for past and future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, Jim 1973 The Archaeology of Nineteenth-Century British Imperialism: An Australian Case Study. World Archaeology, 5(1):44–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Benedict 1983 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin (Editors) 1995 The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Routledge, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, John, Iain Banks, and Jerry O’Sullivan (Editors) 1996 Nationalism and Archaeology. Scottish Archaeological Forum. Cruithne Press, Glasgow, Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwood, Bain 1996a Mabo, Australia, and the End of History. In In the Age of Mabo, Bain Attwood, editor, pp. 100–116. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwood, Bain 1996b Introduction, The Past as Future: Aborigines, Australia and the (Dis)course of History. In In the Age of Mabo, Bain Attwood, editor, pp. vii–xxxviii. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, Tony 1993 History on the Rocks. In Australian Cultural Studies: A Reader. John Frow and Meaghan Morris, editors, pp. 222–241. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhabha, Homi K. (Editor) 1990 Nation and Narration. Routledge, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birch, Tony 1997 “Black Armbands and White Veils”: John Howard’s Moral Amnesia. Melbourne Historical Journal, 25: 8–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham, Judy 1990 A Decade of Digging: Deconstructing Urban Archaeology. Australian Journal of Historical Archaeology, 8:13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham, Judy 1992 Wybalenna: The Archaeology of Cultural Accommodation in Nineteenth-Century Tasmania. Australian Society for Historical Archaeology, Sydney, NSW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham, Judy, Ian Jack, and Dennis Jeans 1979 Australian Pioneer Technology: Sites and Relics. Towards an Industrial Archaeology of Australia. Heinemann, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham, Judy, Ian Jack, and Dennis Jeans 1983 Industrial Archaeology in Australia: Rural Industry. Heinemann, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham, Judy, and Dennis Jeans 1983 The Swiss Family Robinson and the Archaeology of Colonisation. Australian Journal of Historical Archaeology, 1:3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, George Clemont, and Angela Gilliam (Editors) 1995 Social Construction of the Past: Representation as Power. Routledge, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonyhady, Tim, and Tom Griffiths 1996 The Making of a Public Intellectual. In Prehistory to Politics: John Mulvaney, The Humanities and the Public Intellectual, Tim Bonyhady and Tom Griffiths, editors, pp. 1–19. Melbourne University Press, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, Timothy 1990 The National Longing for Form. In Nation and Narration, Homi K. Bhabha, editor, pp. 44–70. Routledge, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, Denis 1996 Deep Nation: Australia’s Acquistion of an Indigenous Past. Aboriginal History, 20:82–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colley, Sarah 1996 Australian Archaeology: Colonialism and Postcolonial Theory. Presented to the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology Seminar Series, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colley, Sarah, and Anne Bickford 1996 “Real” Aborigines and “Real” Archaeology: Aboriginal Places and Australian Historical Archaeology. World Archaeological Bulletin, 7:5–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connah, Graham 1988 “Of the Hut I Builded”: The Archaeology of Australia’s History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connah, Graham 1998 Pattern and Purpose in Historical Archaeology. Australasian Historical Archaeology, 16:3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, Frank (Editor) 1974 New History of Australia. Heinemann, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curthoys, Ann 1999a Expulsion, Exodus, and Exile in White Australian Historical Mythology. Journal of Australian Studies, 61:1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curthoys, Ann 1999b An Uneasy Conversation: Multicultural and Indigenous Discourse. In The Future of Australian Multiculturalism, Ghassan Hage and Rowanne Couch, editors, pp. 277–293. Research School for Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, Graeme 1978 Sydney and the Bush: An Urban Context for the Australian Legend. Historical Studies, 18(71): 191–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davison, Graeme 1991 The Meanings of “Heritage.” In A Heritage Handbook, Graeme Davison and Chris McConville, editors, pp. 1–13. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Andreu, Margarita, and Timothy Champion (Editors) 1996 Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe. UCL Press, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, Robert 1986 The Course of Empire: Neo-Classical Culture in New South Wales 1788–1860. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixson, Miriam 1976 The Real Matilda. Penguin, Ringwood, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egloff, Brian J. 1994 From the Swiss Family Robinson to Sir Russell Drysdale: Towards Changing the Tone of Historical Archaeology in Australia. Australian Archaeology, 39:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, M. D. 1997 Political Identity in Contemporary Australian Literature: David Malouf and Peter Carey. In The Politics of Identity in Australia, Geoffrey Stokes, editor, pp. 175–184. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, Michel 1972 The Archaeology of Knowledge. Pantheon, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelder, Ken, and Jane M. Jacobs 1998 Uncanny Australia: Sacredness and Identity in a Postcolonial Nation. Melbourne University Press, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, Ross 1993 Camera Natura: Landscape in Australian Feature Films. In Australian Cultural Studies: A Reader, John Frow and Meaghan Morris, editors, pp. 209–221. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, Ross 1996 Ocean Settlement. In Exchanges: Cross-Cultural Encounters in Australia and the Pacific, Ross Gibson, editor, pp. 89–112. Historic Houses Trust of NSW, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves Brown, P., Sian Jones, and Clive Gamble (Editors) 1996 Cultural Identity and Archaeology: The Construction of European Communities. Routledge, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, Tom 1996 Hunters and Collectors: The Antiquarian Imagination in Australia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, Tom 1997 Ecology and Empire: Towards an Australian History of the World. In Ecology and Empire, Tom Griffith and Libby Robin, editors, pp. 1–18. Melbourne University Press, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, Tom, and Libby Robin (Editors) 1997 Ecology and Empire. Melbourne University Press, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimshaw, Patricia, Marilyn Lake, Ann Mcgrath, and Marian Quartly 1994 Creating a Nation 1788–1990. McPhee Gribble, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, Keith 1930 Australia. Ernest Benn, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Head, Lesley 1996 Headlines and Songlines. Meanjin, 55(4):736–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Head, Lesley 1998 Risky Representations: The Seduction of Wholeness and the Public Face of Australian Archaeology. Australian Archaeology, 46:1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Head, Lesley, and Richard Fullagar 1997 Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology and Pastoral Contact: Perspectives from Northwest Northern Territory, Australia. World Archaeology, 28(3):418–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, Bob, and Vijay Mishra 1990 Dark Side of the Dream: Australian Literature and the Postcolonial Mind. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, John 1996 Confront Our Past, Yes, But Let’s Not Be Consumed by It. The Australian, 19 November:13.

  • Ireland, Tracy 1996 Excavating National Identity. In Sites: Nailing the Debate: Archaeology and Interpretation in Museums, pp. 85–106. Historic Houses Trust of NSW, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Sian (Editor) 1997 The Archaeology of Ethnicity. Routledge, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karskens, Grace 1996–1997 Crossing Over: Archaeology and History at the Cumberland/Gloucester Street Site, The Rocks 1994–1996. Public History Review, 5/6:30–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karskens, Grace 1999 Inside the Rocks: The Archaeology of a Neighbourhood. Hale and Iremonger, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karskens, Grace, and Wendy Thorp 1992 History and Archaeology in Sydney: Towards Integration and Interpretation. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 78(3/4):52–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohl, Phillip, and Clare Fawcett (Editors) 1995 Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lake, Marilyn 1986 The Politics of Respectability: Identifying the Masculinist Context. Historical Studies, 22(86): 116–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lake, Marilyn 1992 Mission Impossible: How Men Gave Birth to the Australian Nation—Nationalism, Gender, and Other Seminal Acts. Gender and History, 4(3):305–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lampeter Archaeology Workshop 1997 Relativism, Objectivity, and the Politics of the Past. Archaeological Dialogues, 2:164–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langton, Marcia 1995 The European Construction of Wilderness. Wilderness News, Summer 1995/96:16–17.

  • Lawrence, Susan 1998a Becoming Australian: Material Life in the Bush. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Australian Historical Association, Sydney, NSW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, Susan 1998b The Role of Material Culture in Australasian Archaeology. Australasian Historical Archaeology, 16:8–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, Susan 1999 Approaches to Gender in the Archaeology of Mining. In Redefining Archaeology: Feminist Perspectives, Mary Casey, Denise Donlan, Jeanette Hope, and Sharon Wellfare, editors, pp. 126–133. ANH Publications, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leone, Mark, and Parker B. Potter, Jr. (Editors) 1999 Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism. Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology series, Charles E. Orser, Jr., editor. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lines, William J. 1991 Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lydon, Jane 1993 Archaeology in The Rocks, Sydney 1979–1993: From Old Sydney Gaol to Mrs. Lewis’ Boarding House. Australasian Historical Archaeology, 11:33–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lydon, Jane 1995a Boarding Houses in The Rocks: Mrs. Ann Lewis’ Privy, 1865. Public History Review, 4:73–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lydon, Jane 1995b Gender in Australian Historical Archaeology. In Gendered Archaeology: The Second Australian Women in Archaeology Conference, Jane Balme and Wendy Beck, editors, pp. 72–79. ANH Publications, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lydon, Jane 1999 Many Inventions: The Chinese in The Rocks, Sydney, 1890–1930. Monash Publications in History, Clayton, Victoria, ACT, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, Richard 1996 Political, Pictorial, Physical, and Philosophical Plans—Realising Archaeological Research Potential in Urban Sydney. In Sites: Nailing the Debate: Archaeology and Interpretation in Museums, pp. 123–138. Historic Houses Trust of NSW, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malouf, David 1994 Remembering Babylon. Vintage, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margarey, Susan, Sue Rowley, and Sue Sheridan (Editors) 1993 Debutante Nation: Feminism Contests the 1890s. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayne, Alan, and Susan Lawrence 1998 An Ethnography of Place: Imagining “Little Lon.” Journal of Australian Studies, 57:93–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, Anne 1994 The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term “Postcolonialism.” In Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory, Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, and Margaret Iversen, editors, pp. 253–267. Manchester University Press, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melleuish, Gregory 1998 The Packaging of Australia: Politics and Culture Wars. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, John, and Nicholas Smith 1999 Planting Indigenous Species: A Subversion of Australian Eco-Nationalism. In Quicksands: Foundational Histories in Australia and Aotearoa, New Zealand, Klaus Neumann, Nicholas Thomas, and Hilary Ericksen, editors, pp. 153–175. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, Stephanie 1995 Archaeology and Its Disciplinary Culture: The Professionalisation of Australian Prehistoric Archaeology. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, Classics and Ancient History, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Tim 1992 Aboriginal (Pre)History and Australian Archaeology: The Discourse of Australian Prehistoric Archaeology. In Power, Knowledge, and Aborigines, Bain Attwood and John Arnold, editors, pp. 1–19. A special edition of the Journal of Australian Studies. Latrobe University Press in association with the National Centre for Australian Studies, Bundoora, VIC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Tim 1993 The Childhood of William Lanne: Contact Archaeology and Aboriginality in Tasmania. Antiquity, 67:504–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Tim1996a Creating a Post-Mabo Archaeology of Australia. In In the Age of Mabo: History, Aborigines, and Australia, Bain Attwood, editor, pp. 73–86. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Tim 1996b Aborigines, Archaeology, and Australian Heritage. Meanjin, 55(4):725–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Tim 1996c Contact Archaeology: Shared Histories? Shared Identities? In Sites: Nailing the Debate: Archaeology and Interpretation in Museums, pp. 199–216. Historic Houses Trust of NSW, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardoe, Colin 1992 Arches of Radii, Corridors of Power: Reflections on Current Archaeological Practice. In Power, Knowledge, and Aborigines, Bain Attwood and John Arnold, editors, pp. 132–141. A special edition of the Journal of Australian Studies. Latrobe University Press in association with the National Centre for Australian Studies, Melbourne, VIC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, Andrew, Mary Russo, Doris Sommer, and Patricia Yaeger (Editors) 1992 Nationalisms and Sexualities. Routledge, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettman, Jan 1992 Living in the Margins: Racism, Sexism, and Feminism in Australia. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proudfoot, Helen, Anne Bickford, Brian Egloff, and Robyn Stocks 1991 Australia’s First Government House. The Department of Planning, New South Wales, and Allen and Unwin, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reekie, Gail 1992 Contesting Australia. In Images of Australia, Gillian Whitlock and David Carter, editors, pp. 145–55. University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, Henry 1981 The Other Side of the Frontier. Penguin, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, Henry 1987 Frontier. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robin, Libby 1998 Urbanising the Bush: Environmental Disputes and Australian National Identity. In Australian Identities, David Day, editor, pp. 116–127. Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, Deborah Bird 1999 Hard Times: An Australian Study. In Quicksands: Foundational Histories in Australia and Aotearoa, New Zealand, Klaush Neumann, Nicholas Thomas, and Hilary Ericksen, editors, pp. 2–19. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowley, Sue 1993 Things a Bush Woman Cannot Do. In Debutante Nation: Feminism Contests the 1890s, Susan Margarey, Sue Rowley, and Sue Sheridan, editors, pp. 185–198. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, Kay 1988 Women and the Bush, Forces of Desire in the Australian Cultural Tradition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuyler, Robert L. 1991 Historical Archaeology in the American West: The View from Philadelphia. Historical Archaeology, 25(3):7–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spillman, Lyn 1997 Nation and Commemoration: Creating National Identities in Australia and the United States. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Summers, Anne 1975 Damned Whores and God’s Police: The Colonisation of Women in Australia. Penguin, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temple, Helen 1988 Historical Archaeology and Its Role in the Community. Master’s (honours) thesis, Inter-Departmental Committee for Historical Archaeology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, Russell 1958 The Australian Legend. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, Richard 1981 Inventing Australia. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ireland, T. “The Absence of Ghosts”: Landscape and Identity in the Archaeology of Australia’s Settler Culture. Hist Arch 37, 56–72 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376592

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376592

Navigation