This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Phillips D. Epidemiology of Graves’ disease. In: Rapoport B., McLachlan S.M. (Eds.), Graves’ disease — pathogenesis and treatment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2000, p. 9.
Bartalena L., Bogazzi F., Tanda M.L., Manetti L., Dell’Unto E., Martino E. Cigarette smoking and the thyroid. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1995, 133: 507–512.
Prummel M.F., Wiersinga W.M. Smoking and risk of Graves’ disease. J.A.M.A. 1993, 269: 479–482.
Bartalena L., Martino E., Marcocci C., et al. More on smoking habits and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 1989, 12: 733–737.
Bartalena L., Pinchera A., Marcocci C. Management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: reality and perspectives. Endocr. Rev. 2000, 21: 168–199.
Glinoer D., de Nayer P., Bex M. and the Belgian Collaborative Study Group on Graves’ Disease. Effects of L-thyroxine administration, TSH-receptor antibodies and smoking on the risk of recurrence in Graves’ hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs: a double-blind prospective randomized study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2001, 144: 475–483.
Chowdhury T.A., Dyer P.H. Clinical, biochemical and immunological characteristics of relapsers and non-relapsers of thyrotoxicosis treated with anti-thyroid drugs. J. Intern. Med. 1998, 244: 293–297.
Kimball L.E., Kulinskaya E., Brown B., Johnston C., Farid N.R. Does smoking increase relapse rates in Graves’ disease? J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2002, 25: 152–157.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bartalena, L. Smoking and Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest 25, 402 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03344027
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03344027