Abstract
The inhibitors of 5α-reductase isoenzymes (1 and 2) can be schematically divided in three groups according they substrate specificity: a) pure or preferential inhibitor of 5α-reductase 1; b) pure or preferential inhibitor of 5α-reductase 2; c) dual inhibitors. Despite the fact that several steroidal and non-steroidal inhibitors have been synthesized and experimented in pharmacological models, only finasteride has been extensively used for clinical purposes. The largest application of finasteride in man has been human benign prostative hyperplasia (BPH). In addition, finasteride has been recently used for treatment of male baldness with a 50% of objective response. In women, finasteride has been used in some control trials for treatment of hirsutism with an objective favorable response. In conclusion, finasteride appears be useful for BPH, baldness and hirsutism (with caution) treatment. On the basis of experimental observations on distribution of 1 and 2 isoenzymes in human skin, scalp and prostate, the dual inhibitors should be more indicated for treatment of BPH and baldness. Similarly, the dual inhibitors seem indicated in attempting to prevent prostatic cancer. The pure 5α-reductase 1 inhibitors seem the ideal drugs for treatment of acne and hirsutism.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jenkins E.P., Hsieh C.L., Milatovich A., Normington K., Berman D.M., Francke U., Russell D.W. Characterization and chromosomal mapping of a human steroid 5α-reductase gene and pseudogene and mapping of the mouse homologue. Genomics 1991, 11: 1102–1112.
Thigpen A.E., Silver R.I., Guileyardo J.M., Casey M.L., McConnell J.D., Russell D.W. Tissue distribution and ontogeny of steroid 5α-reductase isozyme expression. J. Clin. Invest. 1993, 92: 903–910.
Bonkhoff H., Stein U., Aumuller G., Remberger K. Differential expression of 5α-reductase isoenzymes in the human prostate and prostatic carcinomas. Prostate 1996, 629: 261–267.
Boudon C., Lobaccaro J.M., Lumbroso S., Lechevallier E., Mottet N., Gibelin B., Sultan C. 5α-reductase activity in cultured epithelial and stromal cells from normal and hyperplastic human prostates effect of finasteride (Proscar), a 5α-reductase inhibitor. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1995, 41: 1007–1015.
Smith C.M., Ballard S.A., Worman N., Buettner R., Masters J.R. 5α-reductase expression by prostate cancer cell lines and benign prostatic hyperplasia in vitro. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996, 81: 1361–1366.
Thigpen A.E., Davis D.L., Gautier T., Imperato- McGinley J., Russell D.W. Brief report: the molecular basis of steroid 5α-reductase deficiency in a large Dominican kindred. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992, 10: 1216–1219.
Wilson J.D., Griffin J.E., Russel D.W. Steroid 5α-reductase 2 deficiency. Endocr. Rev. 1993, 14: 577–593.
Katz M.D., Cai L.Q., Zhu Y.S., Herrera C., DeFillo- Ricart M., Shackleton C.H, Imperato-McGinley J. The biochemical and phenotypic characterization of females homozygous for 5α-reductase-2 deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995, 80: 3160–3167.
Bayne E.K., Flanagan J., Einstein M., Ayala J., Chang B., Azzolina B., Whiting D.A., Mumford R.A., Thiboutot D., Singer I.I., Harris G. Immunoistochemical localization of types 1 and 2 5α-reductase in human scalp. Br. J. Dermatol. 1999, 141: 481–491.
Rittmaster R.S. Finasteride. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 330: 120–125.
Rasmusson G.H., Reynolds G.F., Utne T., Jobson R.B., Primka R.L., Berman C., Brooks J.R. Azasteroids as inhibitors of rat prostatic 5α-reductase. J. Med. Chem. 1984, 27: 1690–1701.
Rasmusson G.H., Reynolds G.F., Steinberg N.G., Walton E., Patel G.F., Liang T., Cascieri M.A., Cheung A.H., Brooks J.R., Berman C. Azasteroids: structure-activity relationships for inhibition of 5α-reductase and of androgen receptor binding. J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29: 2298–2315.
Steiner J.F. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Finasteride. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1996, 30: 16–27.
Palomino E. GI-198745 Glaxo Welcome. Curr. Opin. Cent. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. Invest. Drugs 1999, 1: 253.
Frye S.V., Haffner C.D., Maloney P.R., Mook R.A. Jr, Dorsey G.F. Jr, Hiner R.N., Batchelor K.W., Bramson H.N., Stuart J.D., Schweiker S.L., et al. 6-Azasteroids: potent dual inhibitors of human type 1 and 2 steroid 5α-reductase. J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36: 4313–4315.
Frye S.V., Haffner C.D., Maloney P.R., Mook R.A., Jr, Dorsey G.F., Hiner R.N., Cribbs C.M., Wheeler T.N., Ray J.A., et al. 6-Azasteroids: structure-activity relationships for inhibition of type 1 and 2 human 5α-reductase and human adrenal 3β-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase/ 3-keto-δ 5-steroid isomerase. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37: 2352–2360.
Guarna A., Belle C., Machetti F., Occhiato E.G., Payne A.H., Cassiani C., Comerci A., Danza G., De Bellis A., Dini S., Marrucci A., Serio M. 19-nor-10-azasteroids: a novel class of inhibitors for human steroid 5α-reductase 1 and 2. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40: 1112–1129.
Jones C.D., Audia J.E., Lawhorn D.E., McQuaid L.A., Neubauer B.L., Pike A.J., Pennington P.A., Stamm N.B., Toomey R.E., Hirsch K.S. Nonsteroidal inhibitors of human type 1 5α-reductase. J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36: 421–423.
Guarna A., Occhiato E.G., Scarpi D., Tsai R., Danza G., Comerci A., Mancina R., Serio M. Synthesis of benzo[c]quinolizin-3-ones: selective non-steroidal inhibitors of steroid 5α-reductase 1. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8: 2871–2876.
Guarna A., Occhiato E.G., Scarpi D., Zorn C., Danza G., Comerci A., Mancina R., Serio M. Synthesis of 8-chloro-benzo[c]quinolizin-3-ones as potent and selective inhibitors of human steroid 5α- reductase 1. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2000, 10: 353–356.
Stoner E., Finasteride Study Group. The clinical effects of a 5a-reductase inhibitor, finasteride, on benign prostatic hyperplasia. J. Urol. 1992, 147: 1298–1302.
Geller J. Effect of finasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor on prostate tissue androgens and prostate-specific antigen. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990, 71: 1552–1555.
Gormley G.J., Stoner E., Bruskewitz R.C., Imperato- McGinley J., Walsh P.C., McConnell J.D., Andriole G.L., Geller J., Bracken B.R., Tenover J.S., et al. The effect of finasteride in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Finasteride Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992, 327: 1185–1191.
Serio M., Fiorelli G. Dual control by androgens and peptide growth factors of prostatic growth in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1991, 78: C77–C81.
Crescioli C., Maggi M., Vannelli G.B., Luconi M., Salerno R., Barni T., Gulisano M., Forti G., Serio M. Effect of vitamin D3 Analogue on Keratinocyte Growth factor induced cell proliferation in benign prostatic hyperplasia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85: 2576–2583.
Dallob A.L., Sadik N.S., Unger W., Lipert S., Geissler L.A., Gregoire S.L., Nguyen H.H., Moore E.L., Tanaka W.K. The effect of Finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, on scalp skin testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations in patients with male pattern baldness. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994, 79: 703–706.
Ellis J.A., Stebbing M., Harrap S.B. Genetic analysis of male pattern baldness and 5α-reductase genes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1998, 110: 849–853.
Kaufman K.D., Olsen E.A., Whiting D., Savin R., DeVillez R., Bergfeld W., Price V.H., Van Neste D., Roberts J.L., Hordinsky M., Shapiro J., Binkowitz B., Gormley G.J. Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1998, 39: 578–589.
Feigl P., Blumenstein B., Thompson I., Crowley J., Wolf M., Kramer B.S., Coltman C.A. Jr, Brawley O.W., Ford L.G. Design of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT). Controlled Clin. Trials 1995, 16: 150–163.
Wong I.L., Morris R.S., Chang L., Spahn M.A., Stanczyk F.Z., Lobo R.A. A prospective randomized trial comparing finasteride to spironolactone in the treatment of hirsute women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995, 80: 223–238.
Moghetti P., Tosi F., Tosti A., Negri C., Misciali C., Perrone F., Caputo M., Muggeo M., Castello R. Comparison of spironolactone, flutamide, and finasteride efficacy in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85: 89–94.
Mestayer C., Berthaut I., Portois M.C., Wright Kuttenn F., Mowszowicz I., Mauvais-Jarvis P. Predominant expression of 5 alpha-reductase type 1 in pubic skin from normal subjects and hirsute patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996, 81: 1989–1993.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cilotti, A., Danza, G. & Serio, M. Clinical application of 5α-reductase inhibitors. J Endocrinol Invest 24, 199–203 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343844
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343844