Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ultrasound bone measurement in an older population with metabolic syndrome

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background and aims: Metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis are recognized as major public health problems in many countries. This study investigated the association between bone quality and components of metabolic syndrome in an elderly population. Methods: The study included a population sample of 211 men and women, of mean age 77.9±4.5 years. Anthropometry, blood pressure, serum levels of lipoproteins (HDL and LDL), triglycerides and glucose were measured, and ultrasound bone densitometry was performed in all subjects. Information on lifestyle habits, including physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption, were obtained by a questionnaire. Results: Metabolic syndrome, defined by the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation, was determined in 59% of men and 65% of women. The quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) was significantly correlated with serum glucose in men (r=−0.31; p=0.005) and with body mass index (BMI) in women (r=0.39; p<0.0001). QUI was significantly lower in men with metabolic syndrome (F=7.57; p<0.007) and significantly higher in women with it (F=6.47; p=0.012) compared with controls. When QUI was adjusted for body mass index in women and for serum glucose in men, it was no longer significantly different from values for controls. Other covariates such as cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, alcohol, and physical activity did not change the difference in QUI between patients with metabolic syndrome and controls. Diabetes in men (p=0.005) and obesity and waist circumference in women (p<0.05) were also significant predictors of QUI in regression analysis. Conclusions: The association between metabolic syndrome and bone stiffness in elderly people may be explained by increased BMI in women and high serum glucose in men.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome — a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 469–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Manzato E, Romanato G, Zambon S et al. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in the elderly: the Progetto Veneto Anziani (Pro.VA) Study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2008; 20: 47–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kirchengast S, Peterson B, Hauser G, Knogler W. The importance of body weight status for bone density in the elderly. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2001; 34: 313–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lekamwasam S, Weerarathna T, Rodrigo M, Arachchi WK, Munidasa D. Association between bone mineral density, lean mass, and fat mass among healthy middle-aged premenopausal women: a cross-sectional study in southern Sri Lanka. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27: 83–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhao LJ, Jiang H, Papasian CJ et al. Correlation of obesity and osteoporosis: effect of fat mass on the determination of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23: 17–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Morin S, Tsang JF, Leslie WD. Weight and body mass index predict bone mineral density and fractures in women aged 40 to 59 years. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20: 363–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hamilton EJ, Rakic V, Davis WA et al. Prevalence and predictors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Med 2009; 26: 45–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Reid IR. Prevalence and predictors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Med 2009; 26: 45–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Anaforoglu I, Nar-Demirer A, Bascil-Tutuncu N, Ertorer ME. Prevalence of osteoporosis and factors affecting bone mineral density among postmenopausal Turkish women with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2009: 23: 12–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gupta R, Mohammed AM, Mojiminiyi OA, Alenizi EK, Abdulla NA. Bone mineral density in premenopausal Arab women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Densitom 2009; 12: 54–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sosa M, Saavedra P, Jodar E et al. Bone mineral density and risk of fractures in aging, obese post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes. The GIUMO Study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2009; 21: 27–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Asano M, Fukui M, Hosoda H et al. Bone stiffness in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2008; 57: 1691–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Yamamoto M, Yamaguchi T, Yamauchi M et al. Diabetic patients have an increased risk of vertebral fractures independent of BMD or diabetic complications. J Bone Min Res 2009; 24: 702–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Shan PF, Wu XP, Zhang H et al. Bone mineral density and its relationship with body mass index in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mainland China. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27: 190–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mussolino ME, Gillum RF. Bone mineral density and hypertension prevalence in postmenopausal women: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Ann Epidemiol 2006; 16: 395–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jankowska EA, Susanne C, Rogucka E, Medras M. The inverse relationship between bone status and blood pressure among Polish men. Ann Hum Biol 2002; 29: 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lidfeldt J, Holmdahl L, Samsioe G et al. The influence of hormonal status and features of the metabolic syndrome on bone density: A population-based study of Swedish women aged 50 to 59 years. The women’s health in the Lund Area Study. Metabolism 2002; 51: 267–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. von Muhlen D, Safii S, Jassal SK, Svartberg J, Barrett-Connor E. Associations between the metabolic syndrome and bone health in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18: 1337–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Yaturu S, Humphrey S, Landry C, Jain SK. Decreased bone mineral density in men with metabolic syndrome alone and with type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Monitor 2009; 15: CR5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kinjo M, Setoguchi S, Solomon DH. Bone mineral density in adults with the metabolic syndrome: analysis in a population-based U.S. sample. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 4161–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pasco JA, Henry MJ, Korn S, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA. The metabolic syndrome and bone mineral density in a random sample of Australian men. J Mens Health Gend 2007; 4: 298–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Yamaguchi T. Osteoporosis associated with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Calcium 2008; 18: 606–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pavlovic M, Jazbec A, Simic D, Corovic N, Malinar M, Mimica M. Variation in survival in coastal and continental regions of Croatia — results of a longitudinal study. Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16: 1061–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Corovic N, Durakovic Z, Pavlovic M. A prospective study of changes in the electrocardiogram in a middle-aged population of Croatia during a 13 year period. Coll Antropol 1996; 20: 193–9.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Brinkman GL, Coates EO Jr. The effect of bronchitis, smoking and occupation on ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1963; 87: 384–9.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Krieg MA, Barkmann R, Gonnelli S et al. Quantitative ultrasound in the management of osteoporosis: the 2007 ISCD Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 2008; 11: 163–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kastelan D, Kujundzic-Tiljak M, Kraljevic I, Kardum I, Giljevic Z, Korsic M. Calcaneus ultrasound in males: normative data in the Croatian population (ECUM study). J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29: 221–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kraljevic I, Kastelan D, Kolcic I, Kardum I, Mazalin-Protulipac J, Korsic M. Calcaneal ultrasound parameters in men and women from central Croatia. Med Sci Monit 2007; 13: 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Boyanov WA, Christov VG. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a Bulgarian female population referred for bone density testing. Obes Res 2005; 13: 1505–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Shan PF, Wu XP, Zhang H et al. Bone mineral density and its relationship with body mass index in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mainland China. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27: 190–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Iwaniec UT, Dube MG, Boghossian S et al. Body mass influences cortical bone mass independent of leptin signaling. Bone 2009; 44: 404–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Yamada Y, Ando F, Niino N, Ohta S, Shimokata H. Association of polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor alpha gene with bone mineral density of the femoral neck in elderly Japanese women. J Mol Med 2002; 80: 452–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ahmed LA, Schirmer H, Berntsen GK, Fonnebo V, Joakimsen RMJ. Features of the metabolic syndrome and the risk of non-vertebral fractures: the Tromso Study. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17: 426–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Schwartz AV, Sellmeyer DE, Ensrud KE et al. Older women with diabetes have an increased risk of fracture: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 32–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Schwartz AV. Diabetes mellitus: does it affect bone? Calc Tissue Int 2003; 73: 515–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. McFarlane SI. Bone metabolism and the cardiometabolic syndrome: pathophysiologic insights. JCMS 2006; 1: 53–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia

    Selma Cvijetic MD, PhD & Mladen Pavlovic

  2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia

    Daria Pasalic

  3. Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia

    Slavica Dodig

Authors
  1. Selma Cvijetic MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mladen Pavlovic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daria Pasalic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Slavica Dodig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Selma Cvijetic MD, PhD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cvijetic, S., Pavlovic, M., Pasalic, D. et al. Ultrasound bone measurement in an older population with metabolic syndrome. Aging Clin Exp Res 23, 29–34 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324950

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324950

Search

Navigation