Skip to main content
Log in

Motivation to learn as an outcome and determining factor of learning at school

  • Published:
European Journal of Psychology of Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article defines and measures interest in lifelong learning in an effort to capture motivation as an outcome of schooling. As a school-internal counterpart, motivational orientations toward learning at school in general and toward mathematics learning in particular are introduced, based on Deci and Ryan’s theory of self-determination. Analysis within the Swiss TIMSS samples in lower and upper secondary education led to the definition of five such orientations with a constant structure across grades and levels of generality. Some orientations show a concrete focus like long-term utility. The validity of these constructs is examined by analysing the relation among these motivational orientations, their relationship to interest in lifelong learning and mathematics achievement as well as age and gender differences. As hypothesised, the higher a motivational orientation’s degree of self-determination, the higher is its correlation with interest in lifelong learning and mathematics achievement. Among age and gender differences, the contrasting behaviour of intrinsic and long-term utility orientation toward mathematics is notable. For example, the gender difference in long-term utility but not in intrinsic orientation increases from grade 6 to grade 8. These findings can be understood as an expression of gender-typical vocational aspirations which define technical and scientific fields as a domain for males and not for females.

Résumé

L’article se propose de définir et de mesurer l’intérêt porté à l’apprentissage poursuivi tout au long de la vie, cherchant à saisir la motivation comme résultat de l’expérience scolaire. Léquivalent dans le domaine scolaire est constitué par l’introduction, basée sur la théorie d’auto-détermination de Deci et Ryan, de certaines orientations motivationnelles intervenant dans l’apprentissage scolaire. S’appuyant sur l’analyse des échantillons Suisses de l’étude TIMSS pour les niveaux inférieurs et supérieurs du secondaire, on définit cing orientations présentant une structure constante à travers tous les niveaux de classe et de généralité. Certaines de ces orientations ont un noyau plutôt concret comme l’utilité à long terme. La validité de ces notions est examinée en analysant les interrelations entre les orientations motivationnelles ainsi que les relations entre ces orientations et l’intérêt concernant l’apprentissage poursuivi tout au long de la vie, la performance en mathématiques et les différences d’âge et de sexe. Confirmant l’hypothèse de départ, la corrélation entre une certaine orientation motivationnelle et l’intérêt porté à l’apprentissage poursuivi tout au long de la vie est d’autant plus forte que le niveau d’auto-détermination dans cette orientation est élevé. Pour les différences d’âge et de sexe, on note le comportement fort contrasté quant à l’orientation intrinsèque et à long terme envers les mathématiques. De la sixième à la huitième classe, par example, la différence entre les sexes s’accroît pour l’utilité à long terme, mais pas pour l’orientation intrinsèque. Ces résultats peuvent être interprétés comme l’expression d’aspirations professionnelles constituant des domaines techniques et scientifiques spécifiques aux garçons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baumert, J. (2000). Lebenslanges Lernen und internationale Dauerbeobachtung der Ergebnisse von institutionalisierten Bildungsprozessen. In F. Achtenhagen & W. Lempert (Eds.),Lebenslanges Lernen im Beruf—seine Grundlegung im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Bd. V. Erziehungstheorie und Bildungsforschung (pp. 121–127). Opladen: Leske + Budrich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaton, A.E., Mullis, I.V.S., Martin, M.O., Gonzales, E.J., Kelly, D.L., & Smith, T.A. (1996).Mathematics achievement in the middle school years: IEA’s Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D.E. (1960).Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Boekaerts, M. (1996). Personality and the psychology of learning.European Journal of Personality, 10, 377–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boekaerts, M. (1997). Self-regulated learning: A new concept embraced by researchers, policy makers, educators, teachers, and students.Learning and Instruction, 7, 161–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brophy, J. (1987). Socializing student’s motivation to learn. In M.L. Maehr & D. Kleiber (Eds.),Advances in motivation and achievement: Vol. 5. Enhancing motivation (pp. 181–210). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J.T., & Petty, R.E. (1982). The need for cognition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, T.D., & Campbell, D.T. (1979).Quasi-experimentation, Design and analysis issues for field settings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordova, D.L., & Lepper, M.R. (1996). Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning: Beneficial effects of contextualization, personalization, and choice.Journal of Educational Psychology, 88 715–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E.L. (1992). The relation of interest to the motivation of behavior: A self-determination theory perspective. In K.A. Renninger, S. Hidi, & A. Krapp (Eds.),The role of interest in learning and development (pp. 43–70. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985).Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E.L., Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G., & Ryan, R.M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective.Educational Psychologist, 26, 325–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J.S., & Wigfield, A. (1995). In the mind of the actor: The structure of adolescents’ achievement task values and expectancy-related beliefs.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 215–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J.S., Barber, B.L., Updegraff, K., & O’Brien, K.M. (1998). An expectancy-value model of achievement choices: The role of ability self-concepts, perceived task utility and interest in predicting activity choice and course enrollment. In L. Hoffmann, A. Krapp, K.A. Renninger, & J. Baumert (Eds.),Interest and learning. Proceedings of the Seeon conference on interest and gender (pp. 267–279). Kiel: Institute for Science Education, University of Kiel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. (1983). Expectancies, values, and academic behaviors. In J.T. Spence (Ed.),Achievement and achievement motives (pp. 75–146). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Statistical Office (1996).Maturitäten. Bern: Federal Statistical Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fend, H. (1991).Identitätsentwicklung in der Adoleszenz. Bern: Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortier, M.S., Vallerand, R.J., & Guay, F. (1995). Academic motivation and school performance.Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20, 257–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried, A.E. (1985). Academic intrinsic motivation in elementary and junior high school students.Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 631–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1981). A new self-report scale of intrinsic versus extrinsic orientation in the classroom.Developmental Psychology, 17, 300–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, H. (1989).Motivation und Handeln (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J.S., Fennema, E., Ryan, M., Frost, L.A., & Hopp, C. (1990). Gender comparison of mathematics attitudes and affect.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14, 299–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jechle, T., & Winter, A. (1992). Ist Schreiben ein Gegenstand von Interesse? In A. Krapp & M. Prenzel (Eds.),Interesse, Lernen, Leistung: Neuere Ansätze der pädogogisch-psychologischen Interessenforschung (pp. 261–278). Münster: Aschendorff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, C. (1997). Geschlechterdifferenzen: Trägt die Schule dazu bei? In U. Moser, E. Ramseier, C. Keller, & M. Huber (Eds.),Schule auf dem Prüfstand. Eine Evaluation der Sekundarstufe I auf der Grundlage der “Third International Mathematics and Science Study” (pp. 137–179). Chur: Rüegger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köller, O., Baumert, J., & Schnabel, K. (2000). Zum Zusammenspiel von schulischem Interesse und Lernen im Fach Mathematik: Längsschnittanalysen in den Sekundarstufen I und II. In U. Schiefele & K.-P. Wild (Eds.),Interesse und Lernmotivation (pp. 163–181). Münster: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krapp, A. (1992). Das Interessenkonstrukt. Bestimmungsmerkmale der Interessenhandlung und des individuellen Interesses aus der Sicht einer Person-Gegenstands-Konzeption. In A. Krap & M. Prenzel (Eds.),Interesse, Lernen, Leistung: Neuere Ansätze der pädagogich-psychologischen Interessenforschung (pp. 297–323). Münster: Aschendorff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krapp, A., Hidi, S. & Renninger, K.A. (1992). Interest, learning and development. In K.A. Renninger, S. Hidi, & A. Krapp (Eds.),The role of interest in learning and development (pp. 3–25). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J., & Barenblatt, L. (1984). Intrinsic intellectuality: Its relations to social class, intelligence, and achievement.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 646–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohr, S.L. (1999).Sampling: Design and analysis. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maehr, M.L. (1976). Continuing motivation: An analysis of a seldom considered educational outcome.Review of Educational Research, 46, 443–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milbach, B. (1991).Testing psychologischer Motivationsmodelle zur Entstehung von Weiterbildungsbereitschaft. Frankfurt a.M.: Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.G. (1989).The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novotny, E. (1994).Lernen und Realitätsverlust in der Schule. Frankfurt a.M.: Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oddi, L.F. (1986). Development and validation of an instrument to identify self-directed continuing learners.Adult Educational Quarterly, 36, 97–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2000).Motivating students for lifelong learning. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oerter, R. (1985). Die Formung von Kognition und Motivation durch Schule: Wie Schule auf das Leben vorbereitet.Unterrichtswissenschaft, 13, 203–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramseier, E. (1996)Students’ motivation to learn in the Swiss educational system. Selected preliminary results. Paper presented at the International Conference of Motivation, March 26–29 at Landau. Bern: Office of Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramseier, E. (2001a). Motivation toward learning at school and motivation toward future learning. Bern: Office of Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramseier, E. (2001b). Scientific literacy of upper-secondary students: A Swiss perspective.Studies in Educational Evaluation, 27, 47–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramseier, E., Moser, U., & Keller, C. (1999).Bilanz Bildung, Eine Evaluation am Ende der Sekundarstufe II auf der Grundlage der “Third International Mathematics and Science Study”, Zurich: Ruegger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheinberg, F., Vollmeyer, R., & Rollett, W. (2000). Motivation and action in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P.R. Pintrisch, & M. Zeidner (Eds.),Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 503–529). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R.M., & Conrell, J.P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions.Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000B). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiefele, U. (1991). Interest, learning, and motivation.Educational Psychologist, 26, 299–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiefele, U., & Schreyer, I. (1994). Intrinsische Lernmotivation und Lernen. Ein Überblick zu Ergebnissen der Forschung.Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 8, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiefele, U., Krapp, A., & Winteler, A. (1992). Interest as a predictor of academic achievement: A meta-analysis of research. In K.A. Renninger, S. Hidi, & A. Krapp (Eds.),The role of interest in learning and development (pp. 183–211). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R.J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.),Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (vol. 29, pp. 271–360). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G., Blais, M.R., Brière, N.M., Senécal, C., & Vallières, E.F. (1992). The academic motivation scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 1003–1017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1990). History of motivational research in education.Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 616–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J.S. (1992). The development of achievement task value: A theoretical analysis.Developmental Review, 12, 265–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wild, K.-P., & Krapp, A. (1995). Elternhaus und intrinsische Lernmotivation.Zeitschrift für Pädagogik, 41, 579–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild, K.-P., Krapp, A., Schreyer, I., & Lewalter, D. (1998). The development of interest and motivational orientations: Gender differences in vocational education. In L. Hoffmann, A. Krapp, K.A. Renninger, & J. Baumert (Eds.),Interest and learning. Proceedings of the Seeon conference on interest and gender (pp. 441–454). Kiel: Institute for Science Education, University of Kiel.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erich Ramseier.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ramseier, E. Motivation to learn as an outcome and determining factor of learning at school. Eur J Psychol Educ 16, 421–439 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173191

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173191

Key words

Navigation