Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial

Abstract

Patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of both macrovascular disease, including coronary heart disease and stroke, and microvascular disease, which includes retinopathy and nephropathy. Blood pressure and glucose levels are important determinants of the risk of developing vascular disease in patients with diabetes. For both these risk factors, the associations with macrovascular and microvascular disease appear continuous, with no evidence of a lower level of blood pressure or haemoglobin A1c below which the risks do not continue to decline.