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Radiofrequenz-Katheterablation von Vorhofflattern und Vorhofflimmern

Radiofrequency catheter ablation in atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation

  • Nichtmedikamentöse Therapie Supraventrikulärer Arrhythmien
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Zusammenfassung

Die Katheterablation mit Radiofrequenzstrom ist heute als etabliertes Behandlungsverfahren bei typischem Vorhofflattern anzusehen. Durch eine lineare Läsion am Boden des rechten Vorhofs zwischen Trikuspidalring und Vena cava inferior („Isthmus”) kann der dem typischen Vorhofflattern zugrundeliegende Makro-Reentry-Kreis dauerhaft unterbrochen werden. Ein entscheidender Fortschritt zur Senkung der Rezidivrate nach Katheterablation von Vorhofflattern wurde mit der Einführung des elektrophysiologischen Kriteriums des bidirektionalen Isthmus-blocks erzielt. Die Erfolgsrate der Ablation wird mit etwa 85 bis 90%, die Rezidivrate mit etwa 10 bis 15% angegeben. Ein klinisches Hauptproblem nach erfolgreicher Katheterablation von typischem Vorhofflattern ist das Auftreten von paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern. Vorhofflimmern nach Isthmusablation von Vorhofflattern tritt vor allem bei Patienten mit vorbestehend vorhandenem Vorhofflimmern auf; demgegenüber ist nur bei etwa 20% der Patienten nach Ablation von Vorhofflattern mit neu auftretendem Vorhofflimmern zu rechnen.

Nach den bisher vorliegenden Studien profitieren auch Patienten mit vorbestehendem typischen Vorhofflattern und Vorhofflimmern von einer Isthmusablation: Neben der Beseitigung des typischen Vorhofflatterns scheint es beim überwiegenden Anteil dieser Patienten auch zu einer Reduktion der Anfallshäufigkeit von Vorhofflimmern zu kommen. Vorhofflimmern läßt sich nur in den seltenen Fällen durch Katheterablation kurativ behandeln, bei denen eine akzessorische Leitungsbahn, eine AV-Knoten-Reentry-Tachykardie, typisches Vorhofflattern oder eine ektope atriale Tachykardie alleiniger Auslösemechanismus des Vorhofflimmerns ist. Für die Mehrzahl der Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern stellt die Katheterablation derzeit noch keine kurative Therapieoption dar. Die His-Bündel-Ablation und AV-Knoten-Modifikation sind palliative Therapieverfahren zur Kontrolle der Kammerfrequenz, wobei aber eine Wiederherstellung der AV-Synchronizität und Senkung des Thromboembolierisikos nicht erreicht werden. Entsprechend der chirurgischen MAZE-Prozedur, bei der durch Amputation der Herzohren und multiple Schnittlinien in beiden Vorhöfen eine kurative Behandlung von Vorhofflimmern erreicht werden kann, werden derzeit in experimentellen und klinischen Studien katheterablative Therapiestrategien zur kurativen Behandlung von Vorhofflimmern erprobt.

Abstract

Radiofrequency catheter ablation is now considered as a curative approach in patients with typical atrial flutter. Typical atrial flutter is due to a macrore-entrant circuit within the right atrium and it can be eliminated by a linear lesion in the isthmus between the tricuspid annulus and the vena cava inferior. The electrophysiological criterion of a bidirectional isthmus block has been shown to reduce the recurrence rate of atrial flutter after catheter ablation, thus achieving long-term cure of typical atrial flutter. Acute success rates of 85 to 90% and recurrence rates of 10 to 15% have been reported.

The risk of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation continues to be clinically relevant in patients who underwent successful ablation of atrial flutter, in particular in patients with previously documented atrial fibrillation. The incidence of a new onset of atrial fibrillation after ablation of atrial flutter seems to be approximately 20%. Isthmus ablation has also been shown to be beneficial for the majority of patients with typical atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation: In addition to an elimination of typical atrial flutter the isthmus ablation apparently reduces the incidence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

At present, atrial fibrillation can only be treated by catheter ablation as a curative approach in the rare cases where an accessory pathway, an AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia, typical atrial flutter or an ectopic atrial tachycardia is the induction mechanism of the atrial fibrillation. The majority of patients with atrial fibrillation is apparently not amenable to a curative local ablation. While AV junction ablation and AV node modification can palliate some of the symptoms of atrial fibrillation by a control of ventricular rate, the arrhythmia persists with the loss of AV synchrony and continued risk of thromboembolism. The surgical MAZE procedure implies a compartimentation of the atria by surgical incisions resulting in areas to small to sustain the arrhythmia. Based on this procedure experimental and clinical studies are currently performed in order to develop catheter ablation cure of atrial fibrillation.

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Reithmann, C., Hoffmann, E. & Steinbeck, G. Radiofrequenz-Katheterablation von Vorhofflattern und Vorhofflimmern. Herz 23, 209–218 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03044317

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