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Plaquestabilisierung durch LDL-Apherese?

Plaque stabilization by LDL-apheresis?

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Zusammenfassung

Vuinerable lipidreiche Plaques sind häufig der Ausgangspunkt akuter atherothrombotischer Ereignisse, die zur instabilen Angina und/oder zum akuten Myokardinfarkt führen. Eine langfristige medikamentöse LDL-Senkung führt hingegen zu einer Stabilisierung der Plaques. In den großen Interventionsstudien wird dieses von einer signifikanten Reduktion der Reinfarktinzidenz begleitet.

Wie erste Analysen behandelter Patienten zeigen, kann eine regelmäßig durchgeführte extrakorporale LDL-Elimination die Inzidenz der klinischen Ereignisse möglicherweise viel früher reduzieren: Die in acht- bis 14tägigem Intervall mit einer einzelnen Behandlung erreichte „aggressive” LDL-Senkung von über 60% ist offensichtlich mit einer frühen Regression lipidreicher Gefäßläsionen assoziiert. Zusätzlich führt die LDL-Apherese zu einer Verringerung der auf die vulnerablen Plaques wirkenden Scherkräfte. Dies ist einmal bedingt durch eine Verminderung der Plasmaviskosität und zum anderen durch eine verbesserte vasomotorische Reserve, die mit einem geringeren arteriellen Widerstand einhergeht. Außerdem eliminiert man durch LDL-Apherese die inflammatorisch wirksamen oxidierten LDL-Partikel, die einer Plaquestabilisierung entgegenwirken. Die Affinität der verschiedenen Verfahren zu einzelnen Gerinnungsfaktoren führt zur Normalisierung einer vorhandenen Hyperkoagulabilität.

Abstract

Vulnerable lipid-rich plaques are often the cause of atherothrombotic events leading to unstable angina and/or to acute myocardial infarction. Consequent long-term LDL-lowering by drugs as shown by the most important intervention studies lead to plaque stabilization as shown by the significant reduction of myocardial reinfarction.

First studies in patients undergoing regular extracorporeal LDL-elimination indicate, that clinical events might be reduced much earlier as by drug therapy alone: A more than 60% reduction of LDL at weekly intervals is obviously associated with an early regression of lipid-rich vascular lesions. LDL-apheresis, mainly by HELP and by double filtration reduces the shear-stress of the flowing blood on vulnerable plaques either by its effect on plasmaviscosity and/or on the vasomotoric reserve thus leading to a lower peripheral arterial resistance. Furthermore oxidized LDL, which might counteract plaque stabilisation by its inflammatory effects are effectively eliminated by LDL-apheresis. The affinity of different LDL-apheresis procedures to coagulation factors normalizes hypercoagulatory states thus avoiding atherothrombotic events at the site of vulnerabie or erosive plaques.

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Correspondence to Peter Schuff-Werner.

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Schuff-Werner, P., Schettler, V. Plaquestabilisierung durch LDL-Apherese?. Herz 24, 57–61 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03043819

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