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Risikobewertung von Perfluortensiden als Beitrag zur aktuellen Diskussion zum REACH-Dossier der EU-Kommission

Risk evaluation of perfluorinated surfactants as contribution to the current debate on the EU Commission’s REACH document

  • EU-Chemikalienpolitik
  • Published:
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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Analyse der intrinsischen Wirkungen der perfluorierten organischen Tenside (PFT) zeigt ein charakteristisches Gesamtbild der Gruppe:

  • -hohe Polarität

  • -hohe thermische und chemische Stabilität

  • -ubiquitäre Verteilung

  • -kein biologischer Abbau

  • -gehäufte Toxizität

Zudem weisen einzelne Vertreter dieser Substanzgruppe (z.B. PFOS) eine sehr hohe Verweilzeit im menschlichen Körper auf. Die toxischen Eigenschaften variieren und sind, ebenso wie die Mechanismen für die globale Verteilung, nicht vollständig aufgeklärt.

Zwischenzeitlich wurden (werden) einzelne Vertreter dieser Substanzgruppe vom Markt genommen.

Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, dass es mittels des geplanten EU-Chemikalienrechts (REACH) zukünftig verhindert werden kann, dass derartige Stoffe erst dann reguliert werden, wenn sie bereits in der Umwelt verteilt sind, die Schäden also bereits eingetreten sind. Allerdings ist es hierfür erforderlich, die Anforderungen an die Registrierung von Stoffen im unteren Tonnagebereich (1–10 Mg/a) um einzelne Tests zu ergänzen (insbesondere die biologische Abbaubarkeit).

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel der Arbeit war die Analyse der intrinsischen Eigenschaften und der Risiken einer Untergruppe der fluororganischen Stoffe.

Ergebnis

In Form eines Übersichtsartikels werden die toxischen Wirkungen und Eigenschaften einer Stoffgruppe aus den rund 30.000 Altstoffen dargestellt. Für die laufende Diskussion um die Neujustierung der europäischen Altsstoffbearbeitung (REACH) zeigt sich, dass die zum Teil sehr komplexen Wirkungs- und Risikoanalysen nicht durch standardisierte Testanforderungen abgefragt werden können. Staatlicherseits werden über REACH nur die Startpunkte für diesen Prozess in Form vorgegebener Basistests gesetzt, die dann, im Falle der Auffälligkeit eines Stoffes (oder einer Stoffgruppe) eingenverantwortlich ggf. im Rahmen der Evaluierung vertieft werden müssen. Wichtig ist daher, dass die Basisanforderungen von REACH richtig ausgew’:ahlt sind. Hier zeigt diese Untersuchung entscheidende Defizite des Kommissionsvorschlags.

Schlussfolgerung

Der Basisdarensatz im niedrigtonnagigen Bereich (1–10 Mg/a) muss insbesondere um einen obligatorischen Test zur biologischen Abbaubarkeit ergänzt werden. Die im REACH-Dossier vorhandene Möglichkeit, Substanzen über Gruppenbetrachtungen bewerten zu können (SAR, QSAR u.a.) sind zu begrüßen.

Abstract

Background

The analysis of the intrinsic effects of perfluorinated organic surfactants shows the group to have a characteristic overall picture:

  • -high polarity

  • -high thermal and chemical stability

  • -ubiquitous distribution

  • -non-biodegradability

  • -multiple toxicity

In addition, certain substances belonging to this group (e.g. PFOS) exhibit a very long retention time in the human body. Toxic properties vary and, like the mechanisms for global distribution, have not been fully clarified.

In the meantime, individual members of this substance group have been (are being) removed from the market.

This report shows that in future the planned EU chemicals law (REACH) can be used to prevent such substances being regulated after they have been distributed in the environment and thus after damage has already occurred. To this end, however, the requirements for registration for low tonnage substances (1–10 tonnes/a) must be supplemented with specific tests (in particular on biodegradability)

Aim and Scope

The aim of the work was to analyse the intrinsic properties and risks of a subgroup of fluorinated organic substances.

Results

A summarising article describes the toxic effects and properties of a group of substances selected from the approximately 30,000 existing substances. With regard to the ongoing debate on revising the European regulations of existing substances (REACH). it is apparent that standardised test requirements cannot be applied to impact and risk analyses which are at times highly complex. For governments, REACH only provides the starting points for this process in the form of prescribed standard tests. If a substance (or a substance group) draws attention, more detailed tests must be carried out by the industry itself in the framework of responsible care and in the framework of the evaluation step of REACH. It is therefore important that the standard requirements of REACH are selected appropriately. In this respect, the study reveals some serious deficiencies in the Commission proposal.

Conclusion

The standard information for low tonnage substances (1–10 tonnes/a) must be supplemented in particular with an obligatory test on biodegradability. The possibility provided by the REACH dossier to evaluate substances on the basis of group observarions (SAR, QSAR e.g.) is to be welcomed.

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  1. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Robert-Schuman-Platz 3, D-53175, Bonn

    Marc Fricke & Uwe Lahl

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Fricke, M., Lahl, U. Risikobewertung von Perfluortensiden als Beitrag zur aktuellen Diskussion zum REACH-Dossier der EU-Kommission. UWSF - Z Umweltchem Ökotox 17, 36–49 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03038694

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