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Below-replacement fertility: Determinants and prospects in South Asia

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Abstract

Although 10 countries and two of China’s special administrative areas, totalling 1,528 million people or 44 per cent of Asia’s total population, are now characterized by fertility rates below long-term replacement levels, no such countries are yet found in South Asia. This paper first examines the characteristics of 12 Asian administrations with very low fertility at various stages of their fertility declines and then compares the findings with the present situation in three South Asian countries, Sri Lanka, India and Bangladesh. This allows a prediction of when the South Asian countries will reach replacement fertility in accord with the trends in two key criteria, the percentage of girls in secondary school and the infant mortality rate. These conclusions are then buttressed for each country by the findings of anthropological demographic research programs in which the authors were involved. The predictions are that all three countries will attain a total fertility rate of 2.1 within the next 30 years and that the UN2000 Revision of the medium population projection is plausible in that regard. However, the authors part company with the UN projection in their assessment that the nature of these societies means that they will all subsequently fall to still lower fertility levels.

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  1. Bruce K. Caldwell

    Present address: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, 0200, Canberra, ACT, Australia

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  1. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, 0200, Canberra, ACT, Australia

    John C. Caldwell

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Caldwell, B.K., Caldwell, J.C. Below-replacement fertility: Determinants and prospects in South Asia. Journal of Population Research 20, 19–34 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03031793

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