Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that the private costs of education occupy a substantial part of the overall education cost and thus they have implications for quality and equity in education. The case of Japan demonstrates that access to basic education at junior high school level is unequal and inequitable when considering private costs of education borne within and outside the school system. It was also found that household spending on supplementary education in public schools is likely to be determined by local implementation of education reforms. Current education reform with its absence of financial and technical support to schools under the guise of deregulation does not seem to generate good levels of choice nor does it seem to sustain quality and equity in education.
Similar content being viewed by others
Reference
Aramaki, S. (2000). Kyouiku-Kikai no Kakusa wa Shukushou shitaka [Has Disparity of Education Opportunity Diminished?]. In Kondou, H. (Ed.),Nihon-no Kisou-System 3: Sengo-Nihon no Kyouiku-Shakai [Japanese Stratification System 3: Education Society in Post-War Japan] (pp. 15–36). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Behrman, J. and King, E. (2001). Household Schooling Behaviors and Decentralization.Economics of Education Review, 20(4), 321–341.
Bray, M. and Kwok, P. (2003). Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Conceptual Considerations, and Socio-economic Patterns in Hong Kong.Economics of Education Review, 22, 611–620.
Bray, M. and Lillis, K. (1988).Community Financing of Education: Issues and Policy Implications in Less Developing Countries. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Bray, M. and Lillis, K. (1994). Community Financing of Education. In Husen, T. and Postlethwaite, N. (Eds.).International Encyclopedia of Education, 2nd Edition, (pp.430–433). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Central Council for Education. (1996).Nijuuisseiki wo Tenbou-shita Wagakuni no Kyouiku no Arikata nitsuite, Daiichiji Toushin [On How Our National Education Should be towards the 21st Century, the First Report]. Tokyo: MEXT.
The Central Council for Education. (2002).Atarashii Jidai ni okeru Kyouyou-Kyouiku no Arikata ni tsuite [On How Education should be in the New Era]. Tokyo: MEXT.
Dore, R. (1976).The Diploma Disease: Education, Qualification, and Development. Berkeley: University of California Press.
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). (1995).Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Achievement Report. Available from IEA website (http://timss. bc.edu/isc/isc.publications.html).
James, E. (1987). The Public/Private Division of Responsibility for Education: An International Comparison. In James, T. and Levin, H. M. (Eds.).Comparing Public and Private Schools, (Volume 1, pp. 95–127). New York: Falmer Press.
James, E. (1995). Public-Private Division of Responsibility for Education. In Carnoy, M. (Ed.).International Encyclopedia of Economics of Education, (2nd Ed). New York: Pergamon.
Kariya, T. (2001).Kaisouka-Nippon to Kyouiku-Kiki: Fubyoudou-Saiseisan kara Incentive Divide e [Stratified Japan and Educational Crisis: From Reproduction of Inequality to Incentive Divide]. Tokyo: Yuushindou- Koubun-sha.
Kariya, T. (2002).Kyouiku-Kaikaku no Gensou [Illusion of Education Reform]. Tokyo: Chikuma-Shobou.
Kariya, T., Shimizu, K. Shimizu, M., and Morota, Y. (2002).Gakuryoku-Teika no Jittai [The Actual Conditions of Achievement Decline]. (Iwanami Booklet, No. 578). Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten.
Kitaev, I. (2001).Private Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Re-Examination of Theories and Concepts Related to its Development and Finance. Paris: IIEP, UNESCO.
Levin, H. M. (2002). A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating Educational Vouchers.Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24(3), 159–174.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). (2000).Monbu kagaku hakusho 2000 [White Paper on Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 2000]. Tokyo: MEXT.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). (various years). Kodomo-no Gakushu-hi Chousa Houkokusho [Report on the National Survey on Lerning Expenditure of Household (NSLEH)]. Tokyo: MEXT.
Ministry of Pubic Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT). (1984–2003).Household Expenditure Survey 1984–2003 (each year). Tokyo: MPHPT.
Miyazaki, T. (2002). Sonnani Kyouiku-Jiyuuka ga Fuan nanoka [Is Education Deregulation So Worrying?]Bousei, June, 38-40.
Nakamura, T. Fujita, T. and Arita, S. (Eds.). (2002).Kyouiku kara miru Nihon to Kankoku: Gakureki, Senbatsu, Gakkou no Hikaku-Shakaigaku [Japan and Korea from Education Perspective: Comparative Sociology of Diplomatism, Screening, and Schooling]. Tokyo: Touyoukan-shuppansha.
Namikawa, Y. (2001). Kyouiku-Hakusho no Uso [Lies of Education White Paper]. In Nishimura, K. (Ed.),Gakuryoku-Teika to Shin-Shidou-Youryou [Achievement Decline and the New Course of Study] (Iwanami Booklet, No. 538, pp. 50–53). Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten.
NHK Hoso-bunka Kenkyu-jo (Ed.). (1995).Data book: Kokumin Seikatsu-jikan Chosa 1995 [Data book: A Survey on Living Time of the Population]. Tokyo: NHK-Shuppan.
Nishimura, K. (2003). Yutori-Kyouiku wo Keizaigaku de Hyouka-suru [Evaluating Yutori Education with Economics]. In Itou, T. and Nishimura, K. (Eds.),Kyouiku-Kaikaku no Keizaigaku [Economics of Education Reform], 13–28. Tokyo: Nihon-Keizai Shinbun-sha.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (1978).Education Policy in Japan. Paris: OECD.
Osano, H. (2003). Kyouiku no Keizai-Riron: Screening, Signaling, Jinteki-shihon [Economic Theory of Education: Screening, Signaling, and Human Capital]. In Itou, T. and Nishimura, K. (Eds.),Kyouiku-Kaikaku no Keizaigaku [Economics of Education Reform] (pp. 45–66). Tokyo: Nihon-Keizai Shinbun-sha.
Saito, T. (2002). Yutori-Kyouiku toha Elite-Kyouiku no koto-da [Yutori Education is Elite Education].Bousei, June, 30–36.
Sato, M. (2000).Manabi kara Tousou-suru Kodomo-tachi [Escaping Children from Learning] (Iwanami Booklet, No. 524). Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten.
Terawaki, K. (2002). Shin-Shidou-Youryou ha Kyouiku ni okeru Kouzou-Kaikaku da [The New Course of Study is the Structural Reform in Education].Bousei, June, 18-23. Tokyo Metropolitan Government (various years). Statistics available from the official website (http:// www. metro.tokyo.jp)
Tsang, M. C. (1994). Costs of Education in China: Issues of Resource Mobilization, Equality, Equity, and Efficiency.Education Economics, 2 (3), 287–312.
Tsang, M. C. (2002). Comparing the Costs of Public and Private Schools in Developing Countries. In Levin, H. and McEwan, P. (Eds.)Cost-effectiveness analysis in education: Progress and prospects, 2002 Yearbook of the American Education Finance Association. Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education.
Tsang, M. C. and Kidchanapanish, S. (1992). Private Resources and the Quality of Primary Education in Thailand.International Journal of Educational Research, 17 (2), 179–198.
Tsang, M. C., & Taoklam, W. (1992). Comparing the costs of government and private primary education in Thailand.International Journal of Education Development, 72(3), 177–190.
Watanabe, R. (Ed.). (2003).Gakkou no Jugyou-jikan ni kansuru Kokusai-hikaku-chousa [International Comparative Study on School Time]. Tokyo: Gakkou no Jugyou-jikan ni Kansuru Kokusai-hikaku-chousa Kenkyukai [Study Group on International Comparative Study on School Time].
World Bank (2002).Community Support for Basic Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Yano, M. (2001).Kyouiku-Shakai no Sekkei [Design of Education Society]. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press.
Yi, P. (2002).Household Spending on Private Tutoring in South Korea. A paper presented at the Comparative and International Education Society Conference in Orlando, Florida on March 9, 2002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nishimura, M. Considering equity in basic education reform in Japan from the perspective of private costs of education. Asia Pacific Educ. Rev. 7, 205–217 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03031544
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03031544