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Modern planktic foraminifera

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Abstract

Planktic foraminifers are marine protozoans with calcareous Shells and chambered tests. They first appeared in the mid-Jurassic and spread since the mid-Cretaceous over all the world’s oceans. Modern planktic foraminifers evolved since the early Tertiary, when the first spinose species occurred. Most species live in the surface to sub-thermocline layer of the open ocean, and in marginal seas like the Mediterranean, Caribbean, South China Sea, and Red Sea. Planktic foraminifers are absent in shallow marginal seas, for example, the North Sea. Planktic foraminifers respond to food, temperature and chemistry of the ambient seawater. Species abundance varies according to seasons, water masses, and water depths. Symbiont-bearing species depend on light and are restricted to the euphotic zone. Planktic foraminifers constitute a minor portion of total Zooplankton, but are major producers of marine calcareous particles (shells) deposited on the ocean floor where they form the so-called foraminiferal ooze.

Planktic foraminifers contribute substantially to the fossil record of marine Sediments and are of high ecologic, paleoceanographic, and stratigraphic significance since the mid-Cretaceous. Radiocarbon (14C) gives an absolute age of shell formation within late Pleistocene and Holocene Sediments. Factors that determine the modern faunal composition are applied to Interpretation of the fossil assemblages, for example, by multiple regression techniques (transfer functions) to yield an estimate on ancient environmental parameters. The chemical composition of the calcareous shell (stable isotopes and trace elements) holds clues to the chemical and physical State of the ambient seawater and is useful in the reconstruction of temperature, chemical State, and biological productivity of the ancient marine environment.

Kurzfassung

Planktische Foraminiferen sind kalkschalige, marine Protozoen mit gekammerten Gehäusen. Sie sind seit dem mittleren Jura (∼170 Millionen Jahre) fossil überliefert. Seit der mittleren Kreide sind planktische Foraminiferen im marinen Pelagial weit verbreitet. Die meisten Arten sind an der Kreide / Tertiär-Grenze ausgestorben. Die modernen Arten, mit den spinösen -stacheltragenden- Arten, haben sich seit dem Tertiär entwickelt. Der Lebensraum der meisten Arten ist die euphotische Deckschicht bis knapp unterhalb der saisonalen Thermokline. Wenige Arten leben in der Tiefsee. Auch in tiefen Randmeeren leben planktische Foraminiferen, wie etwa im Mittelmeer, der Karibik, dem Südchinesischen Meer und dem Roten Meer. In flachen Randmeeren, wie der Nordsee, sind planktische Foraminiferen nicht heimisch. Das Artenspektrum variiert entsprechend des Futterangebotes, der Temperatur und des Chemismus des umgebenden Wassers. Symbiontentragende Arten sind lichtabhängig und an die euphotische Zone gebunden. Planktische Foraminiferen bilden nur einen geringen Teil der planktischen Biomasse, sind aber hauptsächlich an der Produktion und Sedimentation des marin-pelagischen, partikulären Karbonates beteiligt.

Planktische Foraminiferen bilden den sogenannten Foraminiferen-Schlamm am Meeresboden und tragen substantiell zum fossilen Inhalt mariner Sedimente bei. Seit der mittleren Kreide sind planktische Foraminiferen stratigraphische Leitfossilien und wichtige ökologische und paläoozeanographische Indikatoren. Radiokohlenstoff (14C) der Foraminiferengehäuse wird zur absoluten Altersdatierung pleistozäner und holozäner Sedimente genutzt. Daten zur Ökologie rezenter Faunen werden mit multiplen Regressionsverfahren (Transferfunktionen) auf fossile Faunen übertragen und damit paläo-ökologische, -ozeanographische und -klimatologische Rekonstruktionen ermöglicht. Die chemische Zusammensetzung (stabile Isotope und Spurenelemente) der kalkigen Foraminiferenschale repräsentiert den chemischen und physischen Zustand des umgebenden Meerwassers und liefert wichtige Daten zur Rekonstruktion von Temperatur, chemischer Zusammensetzung und biologischer Produktivität vergangener Ozeane.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, S014 3ZH, Southampton, United Kingdom

    Ralf Schiebel

  2. Institute of Geo-sciences, Tübingen University, Sigwartstrasse 10, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Christoph Hemleben

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  1. Ralf Schiebel
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  2. Christoph Hemleben
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Schiebel, R., Hemleben, C. Modern planktic foraminifera. Paläontol Z 79, 135–148 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03021758

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