Skip to main content
Log in

The evolution of anaesthesia as a specialty in Canada

  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Since 1847 anaesthesia in Canada has evolved through six phases. In the first (1847–1898), it was a craft without an academic and professional base. The second (1899–1919) was marked by the first academic appointments and by Canadians’ wartime experiences of anaesthesia. The third phase (1920–1929) evidenced the professional satisfaction of anaesthesia and included the founding of the Canadian Society of Anaesthetists. In the fourth phase (1930–1943) the growth of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, the introduction of certification and the founding of the definitive professional society — the Canadian Anaesthetists’ Society — fostered the evolution of what was now becoming a recognizable specialty. The fifth phase (1944–1971) was one of resolution of problems affecting the status of anaesthesia: the first autonomous department of anaesthesia in a Canadian university was founded (at McGill in 1945), the Royal College Fellowship was approved for anaesthesia (in 1951), the Canadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal was launched (in 1954) and a single standard for certification of specialists was finally established (in 1971). In the sixth (1972–1989), the main elements were the assumption of responsibility for residency training by the universities and by the renaming of the journal as the Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. Through these years of increasing professionalism, it has, however, been the accomplishments of individual Canadian physicians, facing many challenges, that have made the specialty in Canada recognizably Canadian.

Résumé

Six étapes ont marqué l’évolution de l’anesthésie canadienne depuis 1847. Tout d’abord et jusqu’ en 1898, il s’agissait d’un travail d’artisan sans fondement academique ou professionnel. Entre 1899 et 1919, l’anesthésie d’ici entra à l’Université et vécu son baptême du feu avec la première guerre mondiale. De 1920 à 1929, l’anesthésie s ’ ajfirme en tant que profession et voit le premier regroupement des anesthésistes canadiens. Puis, la période 1930–1943 donne naissance au Collège Royal des Médecins et Chirurgiens du Canada, au premier certificat de spécialiste en anesthésie et la Société Canadienne des Anesthésistes actuelle, qui favorisa la reconnaissance de l’anesthésie en tant que spécialité à part entière. Pendant la période suivante (1944–1971), l’Université McGill fut la première, en 1945, à avoir un département d’anesthésie autonome. Le certificat de Compagnon du College Royal en Anesthésie créé en 1951 devint le standard unique de spécialité en 1971. Par ailleurs, le Journal de la Société Canadienne des anesthésistes vit le jour en 1954. Enfin, les années 1972 à 1987 furent surtout marquées par la prise en charge totale des programmes de formation de spécialiste par les universités et la transformation du journal de la société en Journal Canadien d’Anesthésie. Pendant toutes ces années où l’anesthésie devenait une profession, les anesthésistes canadiens, par leurs réalisations individuelles et collectives, ont donné à cette spécialité médicale une couleur nettement canadienne.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Griffith HR, Johnson GE. The use of curare in general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1942; 3: 418–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bain JA, Spoerel WE. A streamlined anaesthetic system. Can Anaesth Soc J 1972; 19: 426–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Roland CG. Bibliography of the history of anaesthesia in Canada: preliminary checklist. Can Anaesth Soc J 1968; 15: 202–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Matsuki A. A chronology of the very early history of inhalation anaesthesia in Canada. Can Anaesth Soc J 1974; 21: 92–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. MacDougall JA. The earliest ether anaesthetic in British North America — a first for Saint John, New Brunswick? Can J Anaesth 1987; 34: 496–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Vandam LD. Early American anesthetists: the origins of professionalism in anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1973; 38: 264–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Greene NM. Anesthesia and the development of surgery (1846–1896). Anesth Analg 1979; 58: 5–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hewitt FW. The past, present & future of anaesthesia. Practitioner 1896; 57: 347–56.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Dinnick OP. The London Society of Anaesthetists.In: Progress in Anaesthesiology, Proc 4th World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesia, London, Excerpta Media, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hewitt FW. Anaesthetics and their administration. London, 1893.

  11. Clark-Kennedy AE. The London. London, Pitman Medical Publishing 1962; 2: 100.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Webster W. Notes on the development of anaesthesia in Canada. Can Med Ass J 1927; 17: 727–28.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Mitchell R. Dr. William Webster: Obituary. Can Med Ass J 1934; 13: 691.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Galloway HPH. Dr. William Webster: an appreciation. Can Med Ass J 1934; 31: 691.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Webster W. The Science and Art of Anaesthesia. St. Louis, C.V. Mosby and Company, 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Johnston S. The growth of the specialty of anaesthesia in Canada. Can Med Ass J 1927; 17: 163–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Betcher AM, Ciliberti BJ, Wood PM, Wright LH. Fifty years of organized anesthesiology. J Amer Med Ass 1955; 159: 766–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Waters RM. The development of anesthesiology in the United States: Personal observations 1913–1946. J Hist Med 1946; 1: 595–608.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gordon RA. A capsule history of anaesthesia in Canada. Can Anaesth Soc J 1978, 25: 75–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lewis DS. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 1929–1960. Montreal, McGill University Press, 1962, p. 28.

    Google Scholar 

  21. MacLeod JW. Cited by Shephard DAE p. 13. (See reference 24.)

  22. Ryerson ES. The qualification of specialists in Canada. Can Med Ass J 1933; 29: 72–3.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Lewis DS. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 1929–1960. Montreal, McGill University Press, 1962, p. 158.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Shephard DAE. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 1960–1980: The Pursuit of Unity. Ottawa: The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, 31–76.

  25. Shephard DAE. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 1960–1980: The Pursuit of Unity. Ottawa: The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, 20–54.

  26. Lucas GHW, Henderson, VE. A new anaesthetic gas: cyclopropane. Can Med Ass J 1929; 21: 173–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Brown WE. Preliminary report: experiments with ethylene as a general anaesthetic. Can Med Ass J 1923; 13: 210.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Humble RM. The first use of divinyl ether as an anaesthetic agent in humans.In: Atkinson RS, Boulton TB (Eds.). The History of Anaesthesia (Proc 2nd Intl Sympos Hist Med, London, July 1987), London: Royal Society of Medicine Services Ltd., 1987, 214–6.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Revell DG. A circulator to eliminate mechanical dead space in circle absorption systems. Can Anaesth Soc J 1958; 6: 98–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Gordon RA. A report on Canadian anaesthesia and the Canadian Anaesthetists’ Society. Can Anaes Soc J 1956; 3: 182–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Shephard DAE. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 1960–1980: The Pursuit of Unity. Ottawa: The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, 199–211.

  32. Beeson PB. The natural history of medical subspecialties. Ann Int Med 1980; 93: 624–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chase RA. Proliferation of certification in medical specialties: productive or counterproductive. New Engl J 1979; 294: 497–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. King LS. Medicine in the USA. Historical vignettes: XXI. Medical practice: specialization. JAMA 1984; 251: 1333–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Luce JM, Byyny RL. The evolution of medical specialism. Perspect Biol Med 1979; 22: 377–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rosen G. The Specialization of Medicine with Particular Reference to Ophthalmology. New York, Froben Press, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Schondelmeyer SW, Kirking DM. Perspectives on medical specialization. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1980; 14: 30–6.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Mushin W. Craft and intellect: The John Snow Memorial Lecture 1964. Br J Anaesth 1965; 37: 520–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Griffith HR. Anaesthesia in Canada: II. The development of anaesthesia in Canada. Can Anaesth Soc J 1967; 14: 510–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Griffith HR. The boundless realm of anaesthesiology. Can Med Ass J 1960; 82: 859–65.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Jacques A. Anaesthesia in Canada, 1847–1967: I. The beginnings of anaesthesia in Canada. Can Anaesth Soc J 1967; 14: 500–09.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Johnson TJ. Professions and Power. London, The Macmillan Press, Ltd., 1972, p. 53.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Himsworth H. The interaction of medicine: the endeavour of Thomas Linacre and its present significance. Br Med J 1955; 2: 212–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Griffith HR. Some Canadian pioneers in anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 1964; 11: 557–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Shields HJ. The history of anaesthesia in Canada. Can Anaesth Soc J 1955; 2: 301–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Steward DJ. The early history of anaesthesia in Canada: the introduction of ether in Canada, 1847. Can Anaesth Soc J 1977; 24: 153–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wright DJ. The early history of anaesthesia in Newfoundland. Can Anaesth Soc J 1979; 26: 231–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This is the first article in a series “History of Canadian Anaesthesia.” Manuscripts are requested which describe the early history of Anaesthesia in Canada — people, institutions, equipment.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shephard, D.A.E. The evolution of anaesthesia as a specialty in Canada. Can J Anesth 37, 134–142 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03007495

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03007495

Key words

Navigation