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Fossile Hydrozoen — Kenntnisstand und Probleme

Fossil Hydrozoa — knowledge and problems

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Zusammenfassung

Ein Überblick über den Kenntnisstand fossiler Hydrozoen zeigt, daß derzeit folgende Fragen offen oder nicht eindeutig geklärt sind:

  1. a)

    Mikrostruktur, Skelettbildung und Morphologie: Erfolgt die Bildung des ektodermalen Basisskelettes bei allen polypoiden Hydrozoen nach dem vonKazmierczak (1971) für paläozoische Stromatoporen entwickelten Modell einer sich verstärkenden Coenosark-Faltung? Welche im Schliff-Bereich typisierbaren »Mikrostrukturen« entsprechen den primären Bauelementen, welche »Mikrostrukturen« entsprechen diagenetischen Veränderungen und sind damit taxonomisch wertlos?

  2. b)

    Bestimmungsmerkmale und Systematik: Welche morphologischen Merkmale können zur Unterscheidung von Gattungen und Arten paläozoisdier und mesozoischer Stromatoporen verwendet werden, welche taxonomische Bedeutung kommt den Astrorhizen und den quantitativen Merkmalen zu? Ungewöhnlich hohe Arten-Zahlen (über 2000 »Arten« bei paläozoischen, über 500 Arten bei mesozoischen Stromatoporen) sowie das Fehlen einer allgemein anerkannten Klassifikation charakterisieren die Situation.

  3. c)

    Paläobiogeographie: Polypoide Hydrozoen sind seit dem Ordovicium (Llanvirn/Llandeilo) aus Riff- und Schelf-Karbonatplattformen bekannt; aus dem Mittelkambrium beschriebene Stromatoporen sind in ihrer systematischen Stellung umstritten. Tab. 3 zeigt die zeitliche Verbreitung der Hydrozoen-Gruppen. Auffallende Kenntnislücken bestehen für das Jungpaläozoikum, für die untere Trias, den Lias und Dogger sowie für das Tertiär.

  4. d)

    Palökologie: Abiotische Okofaktoren können aus den Wuchsformen der Coenostea, aus dem Zonarbau (Latilaminae) und indirekt auch aus den in der Zeit wechselnden Assoziationen der Hydrozoen abgelesen werden. Wesentlich für die Verbreitung polypoider Hydrozoen dürften Substratbeschaffenheit, hydrodynamische Bedingungen und eventuell auch Salinitätsabweichungen gewesen sein. Inwieweit alle paläozoischen und mesozoischen sessilen Hydrozoen Warmwasserformen waren, ist unklar, da Abweichungen vom paläoäquatorialen Verbreitungs-Muster sowohl im Devon als auch im oberen Jura aufzutreten scheinen (Abb. 8 und 12).

Bedingt durch die oben skizzierten Probleme sind Angaben über stammesgeschichtliche Zusammenhänge weitestgehend spekulativ. Wesentlich erscheint dabei die Frage der systematischen Stellung der paläo- und mesozoischen Chaetetiden und das nach wie vor offene Problem der Beziehungen zwischen Sclerospongien und Hydrozoen (siehe Nachtrag, Seite 406).

Abstract

A critical review on fossil Hydrozoa reveals the following questions and problems:

  1. a)

    Microstructure, skeleton formation and morphology: According toKazmierczak’s morphogenetical model the formation of the ectodermal basal skeleton depends on a progressive folding of the coenosarc. Can this model be used for all polypoid hydrozoans? Another very important question deals with the possibility of distinctions between systematically important “primary” microstructures and taxonomically worthless “secondary” microstructures which are produced by diagenetical alteration effects.

  2. b)

    Determination and classification: There is no general agreement on the morphological elements which can be used for the definition of Paleozoic and Mesozoic stromatoporoid genera and species, special problems refer to the taxonomical value of the astrorhizae and of quantitative criteria. About 2000 “species“ from the Paleozoic and about 500 “species“ from the Mesozoic have been described within the Stromatoporoidea but there exists no generally recognized classification system for this group.

  3. c)

    Paleobiogeography: The oldest polypoid hydrozoans are known from Llanvirnian to Llandeiloverian reef- and shelf-carbonate-deposits; some species described from the Middle Cambrian of Western Sibiria may belong to Archaeocyatha. Tab. 3 shows the temporal distribution of hydrozoan groups. Stricking gaps of knowledge exist for Carboniferous and Permian, Lower Triassic, Liassic, Middle Jurassic and for Tertiary hydrozoan faunas.

  4. d)

    Palecology: Main factors governing the distribution of polypoid hydrozoans seem to be consistence of substrate, different types of water movement, and eventually differences in salinity. These ecofactors may be recognized by the interpretation of growth forms and growth patterns together with investigations of hydrozoan associations and communities. According to the problems mentioned above no sound evolutionary scheme of all hydrozoan groups is possible just now. Questions dealing with the systematical position of Paleozoic and Mesozoic Chaetetida and with the relationships between Hydrozoa and Sclerospongia have to be studied first (see page 406).

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Flügel, E. Fossile Hydrozoen — Kenntnisstand und Probleme. Paläont. Z. 49, 369–406 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986553

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