Summary
This paper considers a few frequency models, in the deterministic, nonoverlapping generations case, for traits affecting familial behavior. It is assumed that a Mendelian mutant decreases the drive of offspring of either or both sexes to seek reproduction, so that they will be of more help in raising their sibs. The diploid mode of inheritance has been considered in the case of sex limited expression and equal selective effect in both sexes. In the haplodiploid case only expression limited to either sex is worked out. A selectionist interpretation in terms of different modes of inheritance had been proposed mainly by Hamilton, at a semi-quantitative level, to explain the higher incidence of social behavior in hymenopterans.
There is only some limited qualitative agreement between Hamilton’s tentative results and the more orthodox treatment presented in this paper. Thus an “inclusive fitness” of genes can be defined, but only in a very special approximate case. However exactly the opposite conclusions as Hamilton’s are reached by interpreting our models both from Hamilton’s and from other, more plausible, points of view.
Alternative explanations based on biological preconditions rather than the mode of inheritance are proposed for hymenopteran societies. On the other hand the reasoning in this paper might help to explain systematic differences in social behavior between mammals and birds, especially if they were determined by sex linked characters (points on which no information is available).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. 1974. The Role of Plasticity in Biological and Cultural Evolution.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 231: 43–59.
Crozier, R.H. 1970. Coefficients of Relationship and the Identity by Descent of Genes in Hymenoptera.Am, Nat., 104: 216–217.
Darlington, P. J. 1971. Interconnected Patterns of Biogeography and Evolution,Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 68: 1254–1258.
Darwin, C. 1859 to 1882.The Origin of Species. John Murray, London.
Darwin, C. 1871 and 1874.The Descent of Man and Selection in. Relation to Sex. John Murray, London.
Eshel, I. 1972. On the Neighborhood Effect and the Evolution of Altruistic Genes.J. Theor. Pop. Biol., 3: 258–277.
Ghiselin, M. T. 1974.The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex. Berkeley, U.C. Press.
Haldane, J.B.S. 1924. The Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection, I.Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., 23: 19–41.
Haldane, J. B. S. 1932.The Causes of Evolution. 1966 reprint, Cornell Un. Press, Ithaca.
Hamilton, W.D. 1964. The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior.J. Theor. Biol., 7: I, 1–16 and II, 17–52.
Hamilton, W.D. 1971. Selection of Selfish and Altruistic Behavior in Some Extreme Models, inMan and Beast: Comparative Social Behavior, Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C.
Jayakar, S.D. and Spurway, H. 1966. Sex Ratios in some Mason Wasps.Nature, 212: 306–307.
Jayakar, S.D. and Spurway, H. 1967. Reuse of Cells and BrotherSister Mating in Indian Species ofStenodynerus miniatus.J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc., 63: 378.
Kostitzin, V.A. 1934.Symbiose, Parasitisme at Evolution. Herman, Paris.
Kostitzin, V.A. 1937.Biologie Mathematique. Armand Colin, Paris.
Kroptkin, P. 1904.Mutal Aid, a Factor of Evolution. Heinemann, London.
Lamarck, J. B. 1809.Phylosophie Zoologique. 1968 reprint, Union Generale, Paris.
Levin, B. and Kilmer, W.I. (MS) Interdemic Slection and the Evolution of Altruism: a Computer Simulation Study. Submitted toEvolution.
Lin, N. and Michener, C. D. 1972. Evolution of Sociality in Insects.Quart. Rev. Biol., 47: 131–159.
Lorenz, K. 1965.The Evolution and Modification of Behavior. Chicago Un. Press.
Maynard-Smith, J. 1964. Group Selection and Kin Selection.Nature, 201: 1145–1147.
Mainardi, D. 1974.L’Animale Culturale. Rizzoli, Milano.
Michener, C. D. and Brothers, D. J. 1974. Were Workers of Eusocial Hymenoptera Initially Altruistic or Oppressed?Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71: 671–674.
Montel, G. 1957.Lecons sûr les recurrences. Gautier-Villars, Paris.
Orlove, M. J. 1974. A Model of Kin Selection not Invoking Coefficients of Relationship.J. Theor. Biol., 48: 557–577.
Orlove, M. J. (MS) Some Further Insights into Kin Selection. In Press inJ. Theor. Biol.
Ponce de Leon, A. and Scudo, F. M. (MS) Observational Learning of Alpaca from Sheep.
Scudo, F. M. 1967a. L’Accoppiamento Assortative basato sul Fenotipo di Parenti.Ist. Lomb. (Rend. Sci.) B.101: 435–455.
Scudo, F. M. 1967b. Selection on both Haplo-and Diplophase.Genetics, 56: 693–704.
Scudo, F. M. 1968. On Mixtures of Inbreeding Systems.Heredity, 23: 142–143.
Scudo, F.M. 1971. Vito Volterra and Theoretical Ecology.J. Theor. Biol., 2: 1–23.
Scudo, F.M. 1975. Genetics and Behavior. History of the Theories on and Variation. In press inProc. XX Meeting It. Genet. Soc.
Scudo, F.M. (MS) Vadim A. Kostitzin and Evolutionary Models.
Trivers, R. M. 1971. The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.Quart. Rev. Biol., 46: 35–57.
Waddington, C. H. 1974, A Catastrophe Theory of Evolution.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 231: 32–42.
Wallace, A. R. 1889.Darwinism.1905 edition, Macmillan, London.
Wickler, W. 1972,The Sexual Code. Doubleday, London.
Wilson, E.O. 1971.Insect Societies. Belknap, Cambridge.
Wright, S. 1945. A Critical Review.Ecology, 26: 415–419.
Wright, S. 1960, Physiological Genetics, Ecology and Populations and Natural Selection. InEvolution after Darwin, Vol. 1, Chicago Un. Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Scudo, F.M., Ghiselin, M.T. Familial selection and the evolution of social behavior. J Genet 62, 1–31 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984178
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984178