Abstract
Several lines of evidence implicateHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in gastroduodenal inflammation. However, the exact pathogenesis ofH. pylori infection is not fully understood. T-helper (TH) lymphocytes may be subdivided into TH1 and TH2 cells based on the distinct patterns of cytokine production. TH1 reaction is associated with immunity or resistance to infection, while TH2 reaction is associated with the progression or persistence of infection. The production of interferon-γ (INF-γ) and interleukin 2 (IL-2), which are type 1 cytokines, is decreased inH. pylori infection. Enhanced production of type 2 cytokines (IL-4) and (IL-6) is observed in individuals withH. pylori infection. Suppressed proliferative responses of peripheral blood and gastric lymphocytes have also been demonstrated in patients withH. pylori colonisation, suggesting that specific T-cell responses may be down-regulated by an enhanced TH2 reaction. Suppressed TH1 and enhanced TH2 responses inH. pylori infection may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of chronicH. pylori infection.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Blaser, M. J.Helicobacter pylori: microbiology of a ‘slow’ bacterial infection. Trends in Microbiology 1993; 1: 255–60.
Marshall, B. J.Helicobacter pylori. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1994; 89: s116–28.
Personnet, J.Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Gastrenterol. Clin. North Am. 1993; 22: 89–104.
Blaser, M. J. Hypotheses on the pathogenesis and natural history ofHelicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 720–7.
Moss, S., Calam, J. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcers: the present position. Gut 1992; 33: 289–92.
Fan, X. G., Chua, A., Fan, X. J., Keeling, P. W. N. Lipid peroxidation induced byHelicobacter pylori. Exp. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1994; 4: 29–340.
Ernst, P. B., Navarro, J. J., Reyes, V., Crowe, S. Overview of the immune response toH. pylori. In R. H. Hunt, G. N. T. Tytgat (eds):Helicobacter pylori: Basic mechanisms to clinical cure. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Lancaster, U.K., 1994: 295–305.
Mosmann, T. R., Cherwtnski, H. Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A., Coffman, R. I. Two types of murine helper T cell clones. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J. Immunol. 1986; 136: 2348–57.
Fiorentino, D. F, Bond, M. W., Mosmann, T. R. Two types of mouse T helper cell IV: Th2 clones secrete a factor that inhibits cytokine production by Thl clones. J. Exp. Med. 1989 70: 208198.
Martinez, O. M., Gibbons, R. S., Garovoy, M. R., Aronson, F. R. IL-4 inhibits IL-2 receptor expression and IL-2- dependent proliferation of human T cells. J. Immunol. 1990; 144: 2211–5.
Howard, M., O’Garra, A. Biological properties of interleukin 10. Immunol. Today 1992; 13: 198–200.
Modlin, R. L., Nutman, T. B. Type 2 cytokines and negative immune regulation in human infections. Curr. Opin. in Immunology 1993; 5: 511–7.
Clerici, M., Shearer, G. M. ATH1-TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol. Today 1993; 14: 107–11.
Croitoru, K. Down-regulation of the immune response toH. pylori. In R. H. Hunt, G. N. T. Tytgat (eds):Helicobacter pylori: Basic mechanisms to clinical cure. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Lancaster, U.K.. 1994: 333–341.
Blaser, M. J., Parsonnet, J. Parasitism by the slow bacteriumHelicobacter pylori leads to altered gastric homeostasis and neoplasia. J. Clin. Invest. 1994; 94: 4–8.
Karttunen, R., Andersson, G., Poikonen, K., Kosunen, T. U., Karttunen, T., Juutinen, K.Helicobacter pylori induces lymphocyte activation in peripheral blood cultures. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1990; 82: 485–8.
Fan, X. J., Chua, A., Shahi, C. N.,, McDevitt, J., Keeling, P. W. N., Kelleher, D. Gastric T lymphocyte responses toHelicobacter pylori in patients withH. pylori colonisation. Gut 1994; 35: 1379–84.
Fan, X. G., Yakoob, J., Fan, X. J., Kelleher, D., Keeling, P. W. N. Cytokine production in patients withH. pylori infection. I. J. Med. Sci. 1994; 163: 582.
Crabtree, J. E., Shallcross, T. M., Heatley, R. V., Wyatt, J. I. Mucosal tumour necrosis factor a and interleukin-6 in patients withHelicobacter pylori associated gastritis. Gut 1991; 32: 1473–7.
Vercelli, D., Jabara, H. H., Lauener, R. P., Geha, R. S. IL- 4 inhibits the synthesis of IFN-γ and induces the synthesis of IgE in human mixed lymphocyte cultures. J. Immunol. 1990; 144: 570–8.
Danzer, S. G., Kirchner, H., Rink, L. Cytokine interactions in Human mixed lymphocyte culture. Transplantation 1994; 57: 1638–42.
Marchant, A., Bruyns, C., Vandenabeele, P., Ducarme, M., Gerard, C., Delvaux, A. et al. Interleukin-10 controls interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor production during experimental endotoxemia. Eur. J. Immunol. 1994; 24: 1167–71.
Sieling, P. A., Abrams, J. S., Yamamura, M., Salgame, P., Bloom, B. R., Rea, T. H. et al. Immunosuppressive roles for IL-10 and IL-4 in human infection. In vitro modulation of T cell responses in Leprosy. J. Immunol. 1993; 150: 5501–10.
Karttunen, R. Blood lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine secretion and appearance of T cells with activation surface markers in cultures withHelicobacter pylori. Comparison of the responses of subjects with and without antibodies toH. pylori. Clin. Exp. Immuno. l 1991; 83: 396–400.
Newell, D. G., Stacey, A. R. B cell responses inH. pylori infection. In R. H. Hunt, G. N. T. Tytgat (eds):Helicobacter pylori: Basic mechanisms to clinical cure. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Lancaster, U.K., 1994: 309–320.
Tytgat, G. N. J., Lee, A, Graham, D. Y, Dixon, M. F, Rokkas, T. The role of infectious agents in peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterol international 1993; 6: 76–89.
Peura, D. A., Graham, D. Y.Helicobacter pylori: consensus reached: peptic ulcer is on the way to becoming an historic disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1994; 89: 1137–9.
Trinchieri, G. Interleukin-12 and its role in the generation of TH1 cells. Immunol today 1993; 14: 335–7.
Ho, A. S. Y., Moore, K. W. Interleukin-10 and its receptor. Therapeutic Immunol 1994; 1: 173–85.
Gately, M. K., Gubler, U., Brunda, M. J., Nadeau, R. R., Anderson, T. D., Lipman, J. M., Sarmiento, U. Interleukin- 12: a cytokine with therapeutic potential in oncology and infectious diseases. Therapeutic Immunol. 1994; 1: 187–96.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fan, X.G., Yakoob, J., Fan, X.J. et al. Enhanced T-helper 2 lymphocyte responses: Immune mechanism ofHelicobacter pylori infection. I.J.M.S. 165, 37–39 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02942800
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02942800