Abstract
Multiple unique aspects of liver biology make this organ an excellent paradigm for novel cell and gene therapy applications. In recent years, insights were obtained into how transplanted cells engraft and proliferate in the liver, including in the context of pre-existing disease. Also, a variety of animal models were studied to establish the basis of cell and gene therapy applications in specific disorders. Through ongoing research activity, additional mechanisms in liver repopulation have been uncovered, where manipulation of specific cell compartments and cellular processes,e.g., those aimed at extracellular matrix component receptors or soluble signals in transplanted and native cells can be exploited for enhancing cell engraftment and proliferation. Such studies demonstrate the possibility of applying biotechnology and/or bioengineering principles to organ replacement aimed at cell and gene therapy. Joining of these disciplines with research in stem cell biology, particularly in efforts concerning targeting of transplanted stem cells to given organs with achievement of lineage-specific cell differentiation and function, will be particularly important for future cell and gene therapy applications. This review offers an overview of relevant mechanisms in liver repopulation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gupta, S. and V. Kumaran (2004) Hepatocytes. pp. 346–350. In: L. J. Johnson (ed.)Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology. Elsevier Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
Gupta, S. (2005) The therapeutic potential of liver repopulation for metabolic or endocrine disorders. pp. 165–181. In: L. B. Lester (ed.)Stem Cells in Endocrinology. The Humana Press Inc., NJ, USA.
Horslen, S. P. and I. J. Fox (2004) Hepatocyte transplantation.Transplantation 77: 1481–1486.
Millis, J. M. and J. E. Losanoff (2005) Technology insight: liver support systems.Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2: 398–405.
Laleman, W., A. Wilmer, P. Evenepoel, C. Verslype, J. Fevery, and F. Nevens (2006) Review article: non-biological liver support in liver failure.Aliment. Pharmaol. Ther. 23: 351–363.
Gupta, S., R. P. Vemuru, C. D. Lee, P. R. Yerneni, E. Aragona, and R. D. Burk (1994) Hepatocytes exhibit superior transgene expression after transplantation into liver and spleen compared with peritoneal cavity or dorsal fat pad: Implications for hepatic gene therapy.Hum. Gene Ther. 5: 959–967.
Sokhi, R. P., P. Rajvanshi, and S. Gupta (2000) Transplanted reporter cells help in defining onset of hepatocyte proliferation during the life of F344 rats.Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 279: G631-G640.
Gupta, S., H. Malhi, and G. R. Gorla (2000) Re-engineering the liver with natural biomaterials.Yonsei Med. J. 41: 814–824.
Ohashi, K., J. M. Waugh, M. D. Dake, T. Yokoyama, H. Kuge, Y. Nakajima, M. Yamanouchi, H. Naka, A. Yoshioka, and M. A. Kay (2005) Liver tissue engineering at extrahepatic sites in mice as a potential new therapy for genetic liver diseases.Hepatology 41: 132–140.
Demetriou, A. A., A. Reisner, J. Sanchez, S. M. Levenson, A. D. Moscioni, and J. R. Chowdhury (1988) Transplantation of microcarrier-attached hepatocytes into 90% partially hepatotectomized rats.Hepatology 8: 1006–1009.
Kobayashi, N., T. Fujiwara, K. A. Westerman, Y. Inoue, M. Sakaguchi, H. Noguchi, M. Miyazaki, J. Cai, N. Tanaka, I. J. Fox, and P. Leboulch (2000) Prevention of acute liver failure in rats with reversibly immortalized human hepatocytes.Science 287: 1258–1262.
Demetriou, A. A., S. M. Levenson, P. M. Novikoff, A. B. Novikoff, N. R. Chowdhury, J. Whiting, A. Reisner, and J. R. Chowdhury (1986) Survival, organization, and function of microcarrier-attached hepatocytes transplanted in rats.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 7475–7479.
Demetriou, A. A., J. F. Whiting, D. Feldman, S. M. Levenson, N. R. Chowdhury, A. D. Moscioni, M. Kram, and J. R. Chowdhury (1986) Replacement of liver function in rats by transplantation of microcarrier-attached hepatocytes.Science 233: 1190–1192.
Habibullah, C. M., I. H. Syed, A. Qamar, and Z. Taher-Uz (1994) Human fetal hepatocyte transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.Transplantation 58: 951–952.
Joseph, B., E. Berishvili, D. Benten, V. Kumaran E. Liponava, K. Bhargava, C. Palestro, Z. Kakabadze, and S. Gupta (2004) Isolated small intestinal segments support auxiliary livers with maintenance of hepatic functions.Nat. Med. 10: 749–753.
Gupta, S., M. Inada, B. Joseph, V. Kumaran, and D. Benten (2004) Emerging insights into liver-directed cell therapy for genetic and acquired disorders.Transpl. Immunol. 12: 289–302.
Gupta, S., S. R. G. Vasa, P. Rajvanshi, L. S. Zuckier, C. J. Palestro, and K. K. Bhargava (1997) Analysis of hepatocytes distribution and survival in vascular beds with cells marked by 99m-TC or endogenous dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity.Cell Transplant. 6: 377–386.
Gupta, S., P. Rajvanshi, R. Sokhi, S. Slehria, A. Yam, A. Kerr, and P. M. Novikoff (1999) Entry and integration of transplanted hepatocytes in rat liver plates occur by disruption of hepatic sinusoidal endothelium.Hepatology 29: 509–519.
Slehria, S., P. Rajvanshi, Y. Ito, R. P. Sokhi, K. K. Bhargava, C. J. Palestro, R. S. McCuskey, and S. Gupta (2002) Hepatic sinusoidal vasodilators improve transplanted cell engraftment and ameliorate microcirculatory perturbations in the liver.Hepatology 35: 1320–1328.
Koenig, S., C. Stoesser, P. Krause, H. Becker, and P. M. Markus (2005) Liver repopulation after hepatocellular transplantation: integration and interaction of transplanted hepatocytes in the host.Cell Transplant. 14: 31–40.
Joseph, B., H. Malhi, K. K. Bhargava, C. J. Palestro, R. S. McCuskey, and S. Gupta (2002) Kupffer cells participate in early clearance of syngeneic hepatocytes transplanted in the rat liver.Gastroenterology 123: 1677–1685.
Malhi, H., P. Annamaneni, S. Slehria, B. Joseph, K. K. Bhargava, C. J. Palestro, P. M. Novikoff, and S. Gupta (2002) Cyclophosphamide disrupts hepatic sinusoidal endothelium and improves transplanted cell engraftment in rat liver.Hepatology 36: 112–121.
Kim, K. S., B. Joseph, M. Inada, and S. Gupta (2005) Regulation of hepatocyte engraftment and proliferation after cytotoxic drug-induced perturbation of the rat liver.Transplantation 80: 653–659.
Gupta, S., P. Rajvanshi, and C. D. Lee (1995) Integration of transplanted hepatocytes into host liver plates demonstrated with dipeptidyl peptidase IV-deficient rats.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 5860–5864.
Gupta, S., P. Rajvanshi, H. Malhi, S. Slehria, R. P. Sokhi, S. R. Vasa, M. Dabeva, D. A. Shafritz, and A. Kerr (2000) Cell transplantation causes loss of gap junctions and activates GGT expression permanently in host liver.Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 279: G815-G826.
Benten, D., V. Kumaran, B. Joseph, J. Schattenberg, Y. Popov, D. Schuppan, and S. Gupta (2005) Hepatocyte transplantation activates hepatic stellate cells with beneficial modulation of cell engraftment in the rat.Hepatology 42: 1072–1081.
Kumaran, V., B. Joseph, D. Benten, and S. Gupta (2005) Integrin and extracellular matrix interactions regulate engraftment of transplanted hepatocytes in the rat liver.Gastroenterology 129: 1643–1653.
Kumaran, V., D. Benten, A. Follenzi, B. Joseph, R. Sarkar, and S. Gupta (2005) Transplantation on endothelial cells corrects the phenotype in hemophilia A mice.J. Thromb. Haemost. 3: 2022–2031.
Zhou, W., M. Inada, T. P. Lee, D. Benten, S. Lyubsky, E. E. Bouhassira, S. Gupta, and H. M. Tsai (2005) ADAMTS13 is expressed in hepatic stellate cells.Lab. Invest. 85: 780–788.
Benten, D., A. Follenzi, K. K. Bhargava, V. Kumaran, C. J. Palestro, and S. Gupta (2005) Hepatic targeting of transplanted liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in intact mice.Hepatology 42: 140–148.
Fausto, N. (2004) Liver regeneration and repair: hepatocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells.Hepatology 39: 1477–1487.
Thomson, J. A., J. Itskovitz-Eldor, S. S. Shapiro, M. A. Waknitz, J. J. Swiergiel, V. S. Marshall, and J. M. Jones (1998) Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts.Science 282: 1145–1147.
Shamblott, M. J., J. Axelman, J. W. Littlefield, P. D. Blumenthal, G. R. Huggins, Y. Cui, L. Cheng, and J. D. Gearhart (2001) Human embryonic germ cell derivatives express a broad range of developmentally distinct markers and proliferate extensivelyin vitro.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 113–118.
Malhi, H., A. N. Irani, S. Gagandeep, and S. Gupta (2002) Isolation of human progenitor liver epithelial cells with extensive replication capacity and differentiation into mature hepatocytes.J. Cell Sci. 115: 2679–2688.
Lazaro, C. A., E. J. Croager, C. Mitchell, J. S. Campbell, C. Yu, J. Foraker, J. A. Rhim, G. C. Yeoh, and N. Fausto (2003) Establishment, characterization, and longterm maintenance of cultures of human fetal hepatocytes.Hepatology 38: 1095–1106.
Dabeva, M. D., P. M. Petkov, J. Sandhu, R. Oren, E. Laconi, E. Hurston, and D. A. Shafritz (2000) Proliferation and differentiation of fetal liver epithelial progenitor cells after transplantation into adult rat liver.Am. J. Pathol. 156: 2017–2031.
Sierra, E., P. Maganto, J. Codesal, N. Mula, J. Cubero, E. Arza, J. L. Castillo-Olivares, and R. M. Arahuctes (2000) Liver gene expression and increase in albumin synthesis by fetal hepatocytes transplanted into analbuminemic rats.Life Sci. 67: 2417–2432.
Sandhu, J. S., P. M. Petkov, M. D. Dabeva, and D. A. Shafritz (2001) Stem cell properties and repopulation of the rat liver by fetal liver epithelial progenitor cells.Am. J. Pathol. 159: 1323–1334.
Cantz, T., D. M. Zuckerman, M. R. Burda, M. Dandri, B. Goricke, S. Thalhammer, W. M. Heckl, M. P. Manns, J. Petersen, and M. Ott (2003) Quantitative gene expression analysis reveals transition of fetal liver progenitor cells to mature hepatocytes after transplantation in uPA/RAG-2 mice.Am. J. Pathol. 162: 37–45.
Khan, A. A., A. Habeeb, N. Parveen, B. Naseem, R. P. Babu, A. K. Capoor, and C. M. Habibullah (2004) Peritoneal transplantation of human fetal hepatocytes for the treatment of acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a case report.Trop. Gastroenterol. 25: 141–143.
Saxena, R. and N. Theise (2004) Canals of Hering: recent insights and current knowledge.Semin. Liver Dis. 24: 43–48.
Muller-Borer, B. J., W. E. Cascio, P. A. Anderson, J. N. Snowwaert, J. R. Frye, N. Desai, G. L. Esch, J. A. Brackham, C. R. Bagnell, W. B. Coleman, J. W. Grisham, and N. N. Malouf (2004) Adult-derived liver stem cells acquire a cardiomyocyte structural and functional phenotypeex vivo.Am. J. Pathol. 165: 135–145.
Yasui, O., N. Miura, K. Terada, Y. Kawarada, K. Koyama, and T. Sugiyama (1997) Isolation of oval cells from Long-Evans Cinnamon rats and their transformation into hepatocytesin vivo in the rat liver.Hepatology 25: 329–334.
Wang, X., M. Foster, M. Al-Dhalimy, E. Lagasse, M. Finegold, and M. Grompe (2003) The origin and liver repopulating capacity of murine oval cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 Suppl 1: 11881–11888.
Terada, S., K. Matsuura, S. Enosawa, M. Miki, A. Hoshika, S. Suzuki, and N. Sakuragawa (2000) Inducing proliferation of human amniotic epithelial (HAE) cells for cell therapy.Cell Transplant. 9: 701–704.
Takashima, S., H. Ise, P. Zhao, T. Akaike, and T. Nikaido (2004) Human amniotic epithelial cells possess hepatocyte-like characteristics and functions.Cell Struct. Funct. 29: 73–84.
Yen, B. L., H. I. Huang, C. C. Chien, H. Y. Jui, B. S. Ko, M. Yao, C. T. Shun, M. L. Yen, M. C. Lee, and Y. C. Chen (2005) Isolation of multipotent cells from human term placenta.Stem Cells 23: 3–9.
Gordon, G. J., W. B. Coleman, and J. W. Grisham (2000) Temporal analysis of hepatocyte differentiation by small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells during liver regeneration in retrorsine-exposed rats.Am. J. Pathol. 157: 771–786.
Gordon, G. J., G. M. Butz, J. W. Grisham, and W. B. Coleman (2002) Isolation, short-term culture, and transplantation of small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells from retrorsine-exposed rats.Transplantation 73: 1236–1243.
Wu, Y. M., B. Joseph, and S. Gupta (2006) Immuno-suppression using the mTOR inhibition mechanism affects replacement of rat liver with transplanted cells.Hepatology 44: 410–419.
Bumgardner, G. L. and C. G. Orosz (2000) Unusual patterns of alloimmunity evoked by allogeneic liver parenchymal cells.Immunol. Rev. 174: 260–279.
Rajvanshi, P., A. Kerr, K. K. Bhargava, R. D. Burk, and S. Gupta (1996) Studies of liver repopulation using the dipeptidyl peptidase IV-deficient rat and other rodent recipients: Cell size and structure relationships regulate capacity for increased transplanted hepatocyte mass in the liver lobule.Hepatology 23: 482–496.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, YM., Kumaran, V., Benten, D. et al. Potential of bioengineering processes for therapeutic repopulation of the liver with cells. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 12, 1–8 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02931796
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02931796