Skip to main content
Log in

Halophyte seed germination

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Literature Cited

  • Abel, G. andA. J. Mackenzie. 1964. Salt tolerance of soybean varieties (Glycine max L. Merrill) during germination and later growth. Crop Sci.4: 157–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahi, S. M. andW. L. Powers. 1938. Salt tolerance of plants at various temperatures. Plant Physiology13: 767–789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albregts, E. E. andC. M. Howard. 1973. Influence of temperature and moisture stress from sodium chloride salinization on okra emergence. Agronomy J.65: 836–847.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amen, R. D. 1968. A model of seed dormancy. Botan. Rev.34: 1–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —,G. E. Carter, andR. J. Kelly. 1970. The nature of seed dormancy and germination in the salt marsh grassDistichlis spicata. New Phytol.69: 1005–1013.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, S. M. 1973. Interactions of light and temperature on the germination ofPlantago maritima L. New Phytol.72: 583–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, A. D. 1952. Seed germination as affected by soil moisture and salinity. Agron. J.44: 82–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1953. Germination and emergence of several varieties of barley in salinized soil cultures. Agron. J.45: 68–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — andH. E. Hayward. 1948. A method for measuring the effects of soil salinity on seed germination with observations on several crop plants. Soil Sci.13: 224–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne, A. 1962. Tolerance of cereal crops to saline soils in Saskatchewan. Canadian J. Soil Sci.42: 61–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbour, M. G. 1968. Germination requirements of the desert shrubLarrea divaricata. Ecology49: 915–923.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1970. Germination and early growth of the strand plantCakile maritima. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club97: 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazzaz, F. A. 1973. Seed germination in relation to salt concentration in three populations ofProsopis farcta. Oecologia13: 73–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beadle, N. C. W. 1952. Studies in halophytes. I. The germination of the seed and establishment of the seedlings of five species ofAtriplex in Australia. Ecology33: 49–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, L. andH. A. Hayward. 1958. Physiology of salt tolerance. An. Rev. Plant Phys.9: 25–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhumbula, D. R., R. Singh, andN. T. Singh. 1968. Effects of salt on seed germination. Indian J. Agronomy13: 181–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binet, P. 1960a. La dormance des semences deSuaeda vulgaris Moq. et deSuaeda macrocarpa Moq. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.107: 159–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1960b. L’eau de mer et le froid, facteurs de levée de la dormance pour les semences deTriglochin maritimum L. C. R. Acad. Sci.251: 422–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1964. La germination des semences des halophytes. Bull. Soc. Fr. Physiol. Végét.10: 253–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1968. Dormances et aptitude a germer en milieu sale chez les halophytes. Bull. Soc. Fr. Physiol. Végét.14: 115–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andJ. Boucaud. 1968. Dormance, levée de dormance et aptitude á germer en milieu sale dans le genreSuaeda Forsk. Bull. Soc. Fr. Physiol. Végét.14: 125–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andM. R. Combes. 1961. Action de la température et de l’eau de mer sur la germination des graines deCochlearia anglica L. C. R. Acad. Sci.253: 895–897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boorman, L. A. 1968. Some aspects of the reproductive biology ofLimonium vulgare Mill. andLimonium humile. Ann. Bot.32: 803–824.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucaud, J. 1962. Étude morphologique et écophysiologique de la germination de trois variétés deSuaeda maritima Dum. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm.3: 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1972. Caractéristiques éco-physiologiques et aspects du métabolisme azoté de deux écotypes deSuaeda maritima (L.) Dum. en relation avec leur halophile. Thèse de Doctorat d’etat. Université de Caen, Caen, France. 207 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andI. A. Ungar. 1973. The role of hormones in controlling the mechanically induced dormancy ofSuaeda spp. Physiol. Plant.29: 97–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1976. Hormonal control of germination under saline conditions of three halophytic taxa in the genusSuaeda. Physiol. Plant.37: 143–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buffum, B. C. 1899. Alkali studies. III. Germinating experiments with alkali salts. Ann. Rept. Wyoming Agric. Expt.9: 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavers, P. B. andJ. L. Harper. 1967. The comparative biology of closely related species living in the same area. IX.Rumex: the nature of adaptation to the seashore habitat. J. Ecol.55: 73–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V. J. 1942. The new perspectives in the halophytes. Quart. Rev. Biol.17: 291–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1947.Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. J. Ecol.35: 293–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1974. Salt marshes and salt deserts of the world. Stechert-Macmillan, Pennsauken, New Jersey. 494 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterton, N. J. andC. M. McKell. 1969.Atriplex polycarpa. I. Germination and growth as affected by sodium chloride in water cultures. Agron. J.61: 448–450.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri, I. I. andH. H. Wiebe. 1968. Influence of calcium pretreatment on wheat germination on saline media. Plant and Soil28: 208–216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhuri, G. N. 1968. Effect of soil salinity on germination and survival of some steppe plants in Washington. Ecology49: 465–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, L. D. andN. E. West. 1969. Germination ofKochia americana in relation to salinity. J. Range Manag.22: 286–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby, D. H. 1963. Seed dispersal inSalicornia pusilla. Nature199: 197–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. 1857. On the action of sea-water on the germination of seeds. J. Linn. S.1: 130–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, D. R. 1960. Salt tolerance of twenty-five strains ofAgropyron. Agron. J.52: 631–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1962. Germination of crested wheatgrass in salinized soil. Agron. J.54: 353–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dotsenko, A. D. andJ. G. Dean. 1959. Germination of six alfalfa varieties at three levels of osmotic pressure. Agron. J.51: 308–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durrant, M. J., Draycott, A. P., andP. A. Payne. 1974. Some effects of sodium chloride on germination and seedling growth of sugar beet. Ann. Bot.38: 1045–1051.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EI-Zahab, A. A. 1971. Salt tolerance of eight Egyptian cotton varieties. Z. Acker- und Pflanzenbau133: 299–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feekes, W. 1936. De ontwikkeling van de natuurlijke vegetatie in de wieringermeer-polder, de eerste groote droogmakerij van der Zuiderzee. Nederl. Kruidk. Arch.46: 1–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francois, L. E. andL. Bernstein. 1964. Salt tolerance of safflower. Agron. J.56: 38–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — andJ. R. Goodin. 1972. Interaction of temperature and salinity on sugar beet germination. Agron. J.64: 272–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankland, B. andP. F. Wareing. 1966. Hormonal regulation of seed dormancy in hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). J. Exp. Bot.17: 596–611.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, C.E. 1973a. Some germination responses of Lechguilla (Agave lecheguilla Torr.). Southwestern Natur.18: 125–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1973b. Germination responses of a Texas population of Ocotillo (Pouqueria splendens Engelm.) to constant temperature, water stress, pH, and salinity. Amer. Midl. Natur.89: 252–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghorashy, S. R., N. Sionit, andM. Kheradnam. 1972. Salt tolerance of safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.) during germination. Agron. J.64: 256–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gifford, G. F. andE. D. Nelson. 1965. Uptake of22Na by intact seeds. New Phytol.64: 360–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, H. 1939. A preliminary study of salt effects in the germinationof Alienrolfea occidentalis. U.A. thesis, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City. 60 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grouzis, M. 1973. Exigences écologiques comparées d’une salicorne vivace et d’une salicorne annuelle: germination et croissance des stades jeunes. Oecol. Plant.8: 367–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, A. R. C. 1950. Effect of sodium chloride on Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indian avocado seedlings. Calif. Avocado Soc. Yearbook 153–160.

  • Harris, F. S. 1915. The effect of alkali salts in soils on the germination and growth of crops. J. Agric. Res.5: 1–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harty, R. L. andT. J. McDonald. 1972. Germination behavior in beach spinifex (Spinifex hirsutus Labill.). Aust. J. Bot.20: 241–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, H. E. andL. Bernstein. 1958. Plant-growth relationships on salt-affected soils. Botan. Rev.24: 584–635.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henckel, P. 1967. Über die Determination neuer physiologischer Eigenschaften bei keimenden Samen. In “Physiologie, Okologie und Biochemie der Keimung” by H. Borriss. pp. 79–92. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, East Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heydecker, W., J. Higgins, andR. L. Gulliver. 1973. Accelerated germination by osmotic treatment. Nature246: 42–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1974. Instant germination—a method of brinkmanship. Commercial Grower4: 17–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, W. H. 1941. Effects of certain microecological factors on the germinability and early development ofEurotia lanata. Northw. Sci.15: 86–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, W. C. 1968. The effect of salinity on the germination of two inland halophytes. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Botany, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. 38 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyder, S. Z. andS. Yasmun. 1972. Salt tolerance and cation interaction in alkali sacaton at germination. J. Range Manag.25: 390–392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itai, C. andY. Vaadia. 1971. Cytokinin activity in water-stressed shoots. Plant Physiol.47: 87–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juntilla, O. 1970. Effect of gibberellic acid and germination temperatures on the germination ofBetula nana. Physiol. Plant.23: 425–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, A., J. A. Goss, andD. E. Smith. 1957. Effect of gibberellins on germination of lettuce seeds. Science125: 645–646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kassas, M. andM. A. Zahran. 1965. Studies on the ecology of the Red Sea coastal land. II. The district from El Galala, El Obeiya to Hurghada. Bull. Soc. Geogr.38: 155–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, M. R. 1969. Effects of water potential on germination of lettuce, sunflower, and citrus seeds. Can. J. Bot.47: 1761–1764.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andK. J. Ross. 1970. Water potential temperature, and kinetin effects on seed germination in soil and solute systems. Amer. J. Bot.47: 413–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaushik, D. K. 1963. The influence of salinity on the growth and reproduction of marsh plants. Ph.D. dissertation, Utah State Univ., Logan. 122 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keren, A. andM. Evanari. 1974. Some ecological aspects of distribution and germination ofPancratium maritimum L. Israel J. Bot.23: 202–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A. A. 1971. Cytokinins: permissive role in seed germination. Science171: 853–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiang, Y. T. 1972. Effects of de-icing salt on populations of roadside grass species. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer.53: 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingsbury, R. W., A. Radlow, P. J. Mudie, J. Rutherford, andR. Radlow. 1976. Salt stress responses inLasthenia glabrata, a winter annual composite endemic to saline soils. Can. J. Bot.54: 1377–1385.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knipe, O. D. 1971. Effect of different osmotica on germination of alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides Torr.) at various moisture stresses. Bot. Gaz.132: 109–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoerr, A. 1959. Quelques essais de germination d’halophytes. Bull. Soc. Linn. Provence22: 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koller, D. 1957. Germination-regulating mechanisms in some desert seeds. IV.Atriplex dimorphostegia Kar. et Kir. Ecology38: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langlois, J. 1961. Aspects morphologiques et ecophysiologiques de la germination de trois variétés deSalicornia herbacea L. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm.2: 160–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1966. Étude comparée de l’aptitude a germer des graines deSalicornia stricta Dumort,Salicornia disarticulata Moss, andSalicornia radicans Moss. Rev. Gén. Botanique73: 25–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, H. R., A. M. Mayer andM. Evenari. 1959. The nature of the germination inhibitors present in dispersal units ofZygophyllum dumosum andTrigonella arabica. Physiol. Plant.12: 245–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesko, G. L. andR. B. Walker. 1969. Effect of seawater on seed germination in two Pacific atoll beach species. Ecology50: 730–734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, J. 1972. Responses of plants to environmental stress. Academic Press, New York. 732 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longenecker, D. E., E. L. Thaxton, Jr., andP. J. Lyerly. 1965. Salt tolerance of seed of six upland cotton varieties during germination as affected by salinity conditions during seed production. Texas Agric. Expt. Sta. Prog. Rept.2376: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, G. 1968. Germination capacity of seeds in saline soil.In Saline irrigation for agriculture and forestry. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague (H. Boyko) 11–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lotschert, W. 1970. Keimung, Transpiration, Wasser- und Ioneaufnahme bei Glycophyten und Halophyten. Oecol. Plant.5: 287–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKay, J. B. andV. J. Chapman. 1954. Some notes onSuaeda australis Moq. var.nova zelandica var. nov. andMesembryanthemum australe Sol. ex Forst F. Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand82: 41–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macke, A. andI. A. Ungar. 1971. The effect of salinity on seed germination and early growth ofPuccinellia nuttalliana. Can. J. Bot.49: 515–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magistad, O. C. 1945. Plant growth relations on saline and alkali soils. Botan. Rev.11: 181–230.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm, C. V. 1964. Effects of salt, temperature, and seed scarification on germination of two varieties ofArthrocnemum halocnemoides. J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust.47: 72–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malcoste, R. 1962. Germination des semences d’Obioneportulacoides Moq. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm.3: 9–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manohar, M. S. 1966. Effect of osmotic systems on germination of peas (Pisum sativum L.). Planta71: 81–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, A. M. andA. Poljakoff-Mayber. 1963. The germination of seeds. MacMillan Co., New York. 263 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, K. 1975. Population dynamics of the halophyteAtriplex triangularis Willd. M.S. Thesis, Ohio Univ., Athens, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • -and I. A. Ungar. 1977. Phenology, distribution and survival ofAtriplex triangularis Willd. in an Ohio salt pan. Amer. Midl. Nat. (in press).

  • McMillan, C. 1959. Salt tolerance within aTypha population. Amer. J. Bot.46: 521–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWilliam, J. R. andP. J. Phillips. 1971. Effect of osmotic and matric potentials on the availability of water for seed germination. Aust. J. Biol. Sci.24: 423–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, B. V. andR. S. Desai. 1958. Effect of soil salinity on germination of some weeds. J. Soil Water Conserv. India6: 169–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millington, A. J., G. H. Burvill, andB. Marsh. 1951. Soil salinity investigations. Salt tolerance, germination and growth tests under controlled salinity conditions. J. Agric. West. Australia28: 198–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizrahi, Y., A. Blumenfeld, S. Bittner, andA. E. Richmond. 1971. Abscisic acid and cytokinin contents of leaves in relation to salinity and relative humidity. Plant Physiol.48: 752–755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montfort, C. 1927. Über Halobiose und ihre Aufstungen. Flora121: 434–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andW. Brandrup. 1926. Physiologische unde Pflanzengeographische Seesalzwirkungen. II. Ökologische Studien über Keimung und erste Entwicklung bei Halophyten. Jahr. Wiss. Botan.66: 902–946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooring, M. T., A. W. Cooper, andE. D. Seneca. 1971. Seed germination response and evidence for height ecophenes inSpartina alterniflora from North Carolina. Amer. J. Bot.58: 48–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narale, R. P., T. K. Subramanyam, andR. K. Mukherjee. 1969. Influence of salinity on germination, vegetative growth and grain yield of rice. Agron. J.61: 341–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odegbaro, O. A. andO. E. Smith. 1969. Effects of kinetin, salt concentration, and temperature on germination and early seedling growth ofLactuca sativa L. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.94: 167–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okusanya, O. T. 1977. The effect of sea water and temperature on the germination behavior ofCrithmum maritimum. Physiol. Plant.41: 265–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onnis, A. andR. Bellattato. 1972. Dormienza e alotolleranza in due specie spontanee diHordeum (H. murinum eH. marinum Huds.) G. Bot. Ital.106: 101–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — andM. Mazzanti. 1971. Effects of temperature and seawater on germination behavior ofAlthenia liliformis. G. Bot. Ital.105: 131–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, P. C. 1952. The relation of germination to wheat water potential. J. Exp. Bot.3: 188–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palfi, G. 1960. Seed germination of crop plants in saline media. Novenytermeles9: 359–368.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, G. A., A. D. Ayers, andD. L. Eberhard. 1966. Relative salt tolerance of rice during germination and early seedling development. Soil Sci.102: 151–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poma, G. 1922. L’influence de la salinité de l’eau sur la germination et la croissance des plantes halophytes. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. Sci.8: 81–99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redmann, R. E. 1974. Osmotic and specific ion effects on the germination of alfalfa. Can. J. Bot.52: 803–808.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reimold, R. J. andW. H. Queen. 1974. Ecology of halophytes. Academic Press, New York. 605 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, T. andP. A. Thompson. 1973. Effects of kinetin, gibberellins, and abscisic acid on the germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Physiol. Plant.28: 516–522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, R. andE. Libbert. 1967. Untersuchungen zum keimungsphysiologischen Verhalten eininger Ostseehalophyten.In H. Borriss (ed.) Physiologie Öcologie und Biochemie der Keimung. Ernst Moritz-Arndt Univ. Greifswald, East Germany. p. 459–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, W. G. andD. J. Weber. 1971. The influence of salinity and temperature on seed germination inSalicornia bigelovii. Physiol. Plant.24: 73–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozema, J. 1975. The influence of salinity, inundation and temperature on the germination of some halophytes and non-halophytes. Oecol. Plant.10: 341–353.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolfs, W. 1925. Influence of water and salt solution upon absorption and germination of seeds. Soil Sci.29: 15–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J., S. Miyamoto, andJ. L. Stroehlen. 1975. Salt and specific ion effects on the germination of four grasses. J. Range Manag.28: 61–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saini, G. R. 1972. Seed germination and salt tolerance of crops in coastal alluvial soils of New Brunswick, Canada. Ecology53: 524–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarin, M. N. 1961. Physiological studies on salt tolerance in crop plants. XIII. Influence of IAA on the deleterious effect of sodium sulphate on root growth in wheat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India31: 287–295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1962. Physiological studies on salt tolerance of crop plants. V. Use of IAA to overcome depressing effect of sodium sulphate on growth and maturity of wheat. Agra Univ. J. Res. Sci.11: 187–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — andA. Narayanin. 1968. Effects of soil salinity and growth regulators on germination and seedling metabolism of wheat. Physiol. Plant.21: 1201–1209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schratz, E. 1934. Beiträge zur Biologie der Halophyten. I. Zur Keimungsphysiologie. Jahrb. Wiss. Botan.80: 112–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seneca, E. D. 1969. Germination response to temperature and salinity of four dune grasses from the outer banks of North Carolina. Ecology50: 45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1972. Germination and seedling responses of Atlantic and Gulf coasts populations ofSpartina alterniflora. Amer. J. Bot.61: 947–956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalhevet, J. andB. Yaron. 1973. Effect of soil and water salinity on tomato growth. Plant and Soil39: 285–292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shive, J. W. 1916. The effect of salt concentrations on the germination of seeds. N. Jersey Agric. Exper. Sta. Ann. Rept.37: 455–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sionit, N., M. Kheradnam, andS. R. Ghorashy. 1973. Effect of different osmotic potentials of media on germination of three safflower varieties. Physiol. Plant.29: 272–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Springfield, H. W. 1966. Germination of fourwing saltbush seeds at different levels of moisture stress. Agron. J.58: 149–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1970. Germination and establishment of fourwing saltbush in the southwest. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Paper RM55: 1–48.

  • Stewart, J. 1898. Effect of alkali on seed germination. Ann. Rept. Utah Agr. Col. Expt. St.9: 26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strogonov, B. P. 1964. Physiological basis of salt tolerance of plants. Israel Prog. Sci. Translation, Jerusalem. 279 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1974. Structure and function of plant cells in saline habitats. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 284 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhvits, R. 1946. Effect of osmotic pressure in water absorption and germination of alfalfa seeds. Amer. J. Bot.33: 278–285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, I. A. 1962. Influence of salinity on seed germination in succulent halophytes. Ecology43: 763–764.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1965. An ecological study of the vegetation of the Big Salt Marsh, Stafford County, Kansas. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.46: 1–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1967a. Influence of salinity and temperature on seed germination. Ohio J. Sci.67: 120–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1967b. Vegetation-soil relationships on saline soils in northern Kansas. Amer. Midland Natur.78: 98–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1968. Species-soil relationships on the Great Salt Plains of northern Oklahoma. Amer. Midland Natur.80: 392–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1971.Atriplex patula var.hastata (L.) Gray seed dimorphism. Rhodora73: 548–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • -.1974a. Inland halophytes of the United States in “Ecology of halophytes.” Academic Press (R. Reimold and W. Queen, Ed.) 235–305.

  • —. 1974b. The effect of salinity and temperature on seed germination and growth ofHordeum jubatum L. Can. J. Bot.52: 1357–1362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1977. Salinity, temperature, and growth regulator effects on seed germination ofSalicornia europaea L. Aquatic Botany3: 329–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andP. Binet. 1975. Factors influencing seed dormancy inSpergularia media (L.) C. Presl. Aquatic Botany1: 45–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — andJ. Boucaud. 1974. Comparison of seed proteins in the genusSuaeda (Chenopodiaceae) by means of disc gel electrophoresis. Amer. J. Bot.61: 325–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1975. Action des fortes teneurs en NaCl sur l’évolution des cytokinines au cours de la germination d’un halophyte: leSuaeda maritima (L.) Dum. var.macrocarpa Moq. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris281: 1239–1242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — andF. Capilupo. 1969. An ecological life history study ofSuaeda depressa (Pursh) Wats. Adv. Frontiers in Plant Sciences23: 137–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andW. Hogan. 1970. Seed germination inIva annua L. Ecology51: 150–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ——, andM. McClelland. 1969. Plant communities of saline soils at Lincoln, Nebraska. Amer. Midland Natur.82: 564–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uphof, J. C. T. 1941. Halophytes. Bot. Rev.7: 1–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villiers, T. A. andP. F. Wareing. 1964. Dormancy in fruits ofFraxinus excelsior L. J. Exp. Bot.15: 359–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1965. The possible role of low temperature in breaking dormancy of seeds ofFraxinus excelsior L. J. Exp. Bot.16: 519–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahab, A. 1961. Salt tolerance of various varieties of agricultural crops at the germination stage. UNESCO Arid Zone Research14: 185–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waisel, Y. 1958. Germination behavior of some halophytes. Bull. Res. Council Israel Sect.D6: 187–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1972. Biology of halophytes. Academic Press, New York. 395 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • — andS. Ovadia. 1972. Biological flora of Israel 3.Suaeda monoica Forsk. ex J. F. Gmel. Israel J. Botany21: 42–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. M. 1967. Studies in ecology of a shell barrier beach. III. Vegetatio15: 77–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wareing, P. F. andB. F. Saunders. 1971. Hormones and dormancy. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.22: 261–288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, D. P., J. Van Staden, andP. F. Wareing. 1973. Seed dormancy inAcer. J. Exp. Bot.24: 105–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P. V. 1959. An ecological investigation of two desert tobaccos. Ecology40: 626–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemsen, R. O. andE. L. Rice. 1972. Mechanism of seed dormancy inAmbrosia artemisiifolia. Amer. J. Bot.59: 248–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. D. andI. A. Ungar. 1972. The effect of environmental parameters on the germination, growth, and development ofSuaeda depressa (Pursh) Wats. Amer. J. Bot.59: 912–918.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, L. E. andH. A. MacDonald. 1971. The effects of temperature and osmotic moisture stress on the germination ofLotus corniculatus. J. Exp. Bot.22: 575–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Workman, J. P. andN. E. West. 1967. Germination ofEurotia lanata in relation to temperature and salinity. Ecology48: 659–661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadava, R. B. R., K. L. Mehra, M. L. Magoon, P. R. Sreenath, andR. M. Pandey. 1975. Varietal differences in salt tolerances during seed germination of guar. Indian J. Plant Physiol.18: 16–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Younis, A. F. andM. A. Hatata. 1971. Studies on the effects of certain salts on germination, on growth of root, and on metabolism. I. Effects of chlorides and sulphates of sodium, potassium, and magnesium on germination of wheat grains. Plant and Soil13: 183–200.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This research was supported by National Science Foundation Research Grant No. DEB76-00444

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ungar, I.A. Halophyte seed germination. Bot. Rev 44, 233–264 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02919080

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02919080

Keywords

Navigation