Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

New aspects on the distribution and metabolism of essential trace elements after dietary exposure to toxic metals

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Under present environmental conditions, an increase in pollution owing to metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and methylmercury (MeHg) must be expected. The resulting effects would be seen particularly in the food chain. The daily intake of toxic metals in various parts of the world is different and depends on both the dietary habits and the concentration in foodstuffs. Oral ingestion of these toxic metals perturbs the metabolism of essential elements, especially zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and selenium (Se). The elemental composition of body tissues and fluids is an indicator of the nutritional and pathological status of humans.

This review will describe the dietary intake and gut absorption of essential and toxic elements. Furthermore, it will discuss threshold values, toxic effects in relation to body burden of toxic metals, the biological indices of exposure, and the interaction between toxic and essential elements. The overall ratio of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Se concentration to Cd in the human kidney is the lowest in comparison to Hg and Pb. Increased kidney copper and urinary losses may be common denominators in the manifestation of renal toxicity induced by heavy metals. Factors affecting availability and loss of copper should be identified and measured. The critical kidney concentration for Cd, Pb, and MeHg should be revised in relation to essential elements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Health Assessment Document for Cadmium, EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1979.

  2. WHO Environ. Health Criteria, 1. Mercury, Geneva, 1976.

  3. WHO Environ. Health Criteria, 3. Lead, Geneva, 1977.

  4. K. P. Junghans,Environ. Res. 31, 1 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. M. J. Inskip and J. K. Piotrowski,J. Appl. Toxicol. 5, 113 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Vhater,Assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. Nath, V. Lzall, R. Chopra, R. Prasad, V. Paliwal, S. Gulati, S. Sharma and R. Chandar,Bull. Post. Grad. Inst. 16, 202 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  8. J. C. Sherlock,Experientia 40, 152 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Bernard and R. Lauwerys,Experientia 40, 143 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Z. A. Shaikh and L. M. Smith,Experientia 40, 36 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Piscator,Environ. Health Perspect. 68, 127 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  12. J. Chmielnicka and M. G. Cherian,Biol. Trace Element Res. 10, 243 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. K. Piotrowski and B. J. O'Brien,Analysis of the effects of lead in tissues upon human helath using dose-reponse relationships, Technical Report MARC, London, 1980.

  14. W. R. Forth and W. Rummel,Int. Encycl. Pharmacol. Ther. 39B, 599 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. N. T. Criste and M. Costa,Biol. Trace Elem. Research 6, 139 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  16. H. A. Huebers, E. Huebers, E. Csiba, W. Rummel, and C. A. Finch,Blood 61, 283 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. M. C. Linder and K. C. Weiss,Fed. Proc. 41, 644 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  18. M. R. S. Fox, S. H. Tao, Ch. L. Stone, and B. E. F. Fry,Env. Health Persp. 54, 57 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. I. Bremner and J. K. Campbell,Ann. NJ Acad. Sci. 355, 319 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. W. Mertz,Science 213, 1332 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. C. F. Mills,Experta Medica 49, Ciba Foundation Symposium (1980).

  22. H. H. Sandstead,TEMA, 1985, pp. 10–16.

  23. A. S. Prasad,Clinical, Biochemical and Nutritional Aspects of Trace Elements, A. S. Prasad, ed., Liss, New York, NY (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. P. Buchet, R. Lauwerys, A. Vandervoorde, and J. M. Pycke,Fol. Chem. Toxic. 21, 19 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. T. Watanabe, A. Koizumi, H. Fujta, M. Kumai, and M. Ikeda,Environ. Res. 37, 33 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. M. Abdulla, Inorganic Chemical Elements in Prepared Meals in Sweden, University Lund, Sweden, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  27. L. Hallberg,Nutritional Adequacy, Nutrition Availability and Needs, J. Mauron, ed., Birkhauser, Basel, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  28. I. Quist, A. Norden, and T. Olofsson,Scan. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 40, 609 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  29. V. R. Edgerton, Y. Ohira, G. W. Gardner, and B. Senewizatne,Iron Deficiency and Brain Biochemistry and Behavior, E. Pollet and R. L. Leibel, eds., New York, NY, 1982, p. 41.

  30. E. Pollet, F. Viteri, C. Saco-Pollet, and R. L. Leibel,Iron Deficiency and Brain Biochemistry and Behavior, (E. Pollet and R. L. Leibel, eds. Raven, New York, NY, 1982, p. 195.

    Google Scholar 

  31. D. M. Williams,Clinical, Biochemical and Nutritional aspects of trace elements, A. S. Prasad, ed., Liss, New York, NY, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  32. G. E. Cartwright and M. M. Wintrobe,Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 15, 94 (1964).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. M. L. Klevay,Metabolism of trace metals in man, vol. 1, O. W. Rennert and W. Y. Chan, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  34. K. E. Mason,J. Nutr. 109, 78 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  35. L. M. Klevay, S. J. Reek, A. A. Jakob, GM. Gr. Minoz, and K. H. Sandstead,Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33, 45 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. M. T. Lo and E. Sandi,J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4, 305 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  37. G. Kazantis,Environ. Health Persp. 40, 143 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  38. R. D. H. Stewart, N. M. Griffiths, C. D., Thomson, and M. F. Robinsson,Br. J. Nutr. 40, 45 (1978).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. C. D. Thompson and M. F. Robinson,Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33, 303 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  40. H. Sakurai and K. Tsuchiya,Environ. Res. Phys. Bioch. 5, 107 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. M. F. Robinson and C. D. Thompson,Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 53, 1 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  42. A. T. Diplock,Proceed. XII Inter. Congr. Nutrit., Brighton 1985, pp. 585–589.

  43. O. A. Levander,Fed. Proc. 42, 1721 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. O. A. Levander and V. C. Morris,Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 39, 809 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Mutanen,Ann. Clin. Res. 18, 48 (1986).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. G. N. Schrauzer, D. A. White, and C. J. Schneider,Bioinorg. Chem. 7, 23, 35 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. G. N. Schrauzer,Toxicology of Metals, S. S. Brown and Y. Kodama, eds., Ellis Horwood, New York, NY, 1987, pp. 91–98.

    Google Scholar 

  48. G. Nordberg, ed.,Effects and dose-response relationships of toxic metals, Elsevier, Oxford, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  49. K. R. Mahaffey,Environmental exposure to lead in the biogeochemistry of lead in the environment by Nriagu. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  50. K. Horiuchi,City Med. G. 18, 1 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  51. S. Iwao, M. Sugita, and K. Tsuchiya,Keio J. Med. 30, 17 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. G. H. Hirsch,Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 25, 84 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. D. R. Mouw, A. J. Vander, J. Cox, and N. Fleischer,Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46, 435 (1978).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. T. S. I. Barry,Brit. J. Ind. Med. 32, 119 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. L. Friberg, T. Kjellström, G. Nordberg, and M. Piscator,Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979, pp. 355–381.

    Google Scholar 

  56. K. Tsuchiya and S. Iwao,Environ. Health Perspect. 25, 119 (1978).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. K. J. Ellis, D. Vartsky, I. Zanzi, S. H. Cohn, and S. Yasumura,Science 205, 323 (1979).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. T. Kjellström,Environ. Health Perspect. 28, 167 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  59. C. G. Elinder, L. Friberg, B. Lind, and M. Jawaid,Environ. Res. 30, 233 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. G. A. Dracsh,Sci. Total Env. 111, 68 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  61. T. Kjellström and G. F. Nordberg,Env. Res. 16, 248 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  62. K. Nogawa, R. Honda, Y. Yamamoto, T. Kido, I. Tsuritani, M. Ishizaki, and H. Yamaya,Env. Res. 40, 251 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. C. Tohyama, Z. A. Shaikh, K. Nogawa, E. Kobayashi, R. Honda,Arch. Toxicol. 50, 159 (1982).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. K. Nogawa, Y. Yamada, R. Honda, I. Tsuritani, E. Kobayashi, and M. Ishizaki,Environ. Res. 33, 29 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. K. Nogawa,Environ. Health Perspect. 54, 163 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. H. A. Roels, R. R. Lauwerys, J. P. Buchet, and A. Bernard,Environ. Res. 24, 117 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. N. K. Mottet, Ch. M. Shaw, and T. M. Barbacher,Env. Health Persp. 63, 133 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. J. F. Beary,Science 206, 1260 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  69. T. W. Clarkson, L. Amin-Zaki, and S. K. Al-Tikriti,Fed. Proc. 35, 2395 (1976).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. J. K. Miettinen,Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, M. Miller and T. Clarkson, eds., Thomas, Springfield, 1973, pp. 223–243.

    Google Scholar 

  71. K. R. Reuhl and L. W. Chang,Neurotoxicology 1, 21 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. M. Berlin, J. Carlson, and T. Norseth,Arch. Environ. Health 30, 307 (1975).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. F. Bakir, S. F. Damley, L. Amiw-Zak, M. Muztadha, A. Khalidid, N. Y. Al-Rawi, S. Tikiti, K. Y. Dhahiz, T. W. Clarkson, J. C. Smith, and R. A. Doherty,Science 181, 230 (1973).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. R. Klein, S. P. Herman, and F. A. Talley,Arch. Pathol. 96, 83 (1973).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. B. A. Fowler,Am. J. Pathol. 69, 163 (1972).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. B. A. Fowler and J. S. Woods,Exptl. Mol. Pathol. 26, 403 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  77. E. A. Brzeznicka and J. Chmielnicka,Environ. Health Persp. 60, 423 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. P. H. Fair, W. J. Dougherty, and S. A. Braddon,Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 80, 78 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. J. K. Nickolson and D. Osborn,Envir. Res. 33, 195 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  80. M. D. Stonard and M. Webb,Chem.-Biol. Interact. 15, 349 (1976).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. K. Julshamn, F. Utne, and O. R. Brackkan,Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41, 515 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. H. G. Petering,Environ. Health Perspect. 25, 141 (1978).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. J. Chmielnicka, E. Bem, E. Brzeznicka, M. Kasperek,Environ. Res. 37, 419 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Y. Suzuki and H. Yoshikawa,Ind. Health 14, 25 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  85. J. Chmielnicka, J. A. Szymanska, and J. Tyfa,Environ. Res. 27, 216 (1982).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. D. R. Winge, R. Premakumar, and K. V. Rajagopalan,Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 170, 242 (1975).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. J. A. Szymanska and A. J. Zelazowski,Environ. Res. 19, 121 (1979).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. E. M. Mogilnicka and M. Webb,J. Appl. Toxicol. 1, 42 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. J. Chmielnicka, J. A. Szymanska, and J. Sniec,Arch. Toxicol. 47, 263 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. H. Nederbragt,Brit. J. Nutr. 43, 329 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. J. D. Bogden, F. W. Kemp, R. A. Toriano, B. S. Jortner, C. Timpone, and G. Giuliani,Environ. Res. 21, 350 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. J. Chmielnicka, E. Breznicka, and A. Sniady,Arch. Toxicol. 59, 16 (1986).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. A. M. Schenhammer and M. G. Cherian,J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 12, 61 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  94. R. Kishi, T. Ikeda, and H. Miyake,Jap. Jour. Hyg. 37, 836 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. H. Yoshikawa and H. Ohta,Biological Roles of Metallothionein, Foulkes, E. C., ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1982, pp. 11–23.

    Google Scholar 

  96. J. H. R. Kägi and H. J. Hapke,Changing Metal Cykles and Human Health, J. O. Nriagu, ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984, pp. 237–250.

    Google Scholar 

  97. R. J. Cousins,Physiol. Rev. 65, 238 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. D. H. Petering and B. A. Fowler,Environ. Health Persp. 65, 217 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. J. H. Freeland and R. J. Cousins,Nutr. Reports Internat. 8, 337 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. E. Prigge, H. P. Baumert, and H. Muhle,Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17, 585 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. V. W. Bunker, M. S. Lawson, H. T. Delves, and B. E. Clayton,Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 39, 803 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. S. A. Mayer, W. A. House, and R. W. Welch,J. Nutr. 112, 954 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  103. N. Sugawara, C. Sugawara, and Miyake,Arch. Toxicol. 56, 25 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. T. J. Solecki, A. Aviv, and J. D. Bogden,Toxicology 31, 207 (1984).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. J. Chmielnicka, E. Breznicka, B. Baranski, and K. Sitazek,Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 8, 191 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. E. Komsta-Szumska and M. Czuba,Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 10, 47 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. A. C. Dalgarno,J. Sci. Food Agric. 31, 1043 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. F. W. Bonner, L. J. King, and D. V. Parke,Toxicol. Letters 5, 105 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. H. A. Schroeder and A. P. Nason,J. Nutr. 104, 167 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. J. Chmielnicka, E. Bem, and P. Kaszubski,Environ. Res. 31, 266 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. S. L. Ashby, L. J. King, and D. V. W. Parke,Environ. Res. 21, 177 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. M. Sato and Y. Nagai,Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 54, 90 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. F. W. Bonner, L. J. King, and D. V. Parke,Chem.-Biol. Interact. 27, 343 (1979).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. F. N. Kotsanis and C. D. Klassen,Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46, 39 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  115. G. B. R. Wessenberg, G. Fosse, and R. Rasmussen,J. Environ. Stud. 17, 191 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  116. E. Aughey, G. S. Fell, R. Scott, and M. Black,Envir. Health Persp. 54, 153 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. J. Chmielnicka, T. Halatek, and J. Jedlinska,Ecotox. Envir. Sat. 18, 22 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  118. R. E. Dudley, L. M. Gammal, and C. D. KlaassenToxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 77, 414 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. A. V. Colucci, D. Winge, and M. D. Krasno,Arch. Environ. Health 30, 153 (1975).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. J. Chmielnicka, E. Brzeznicka, B. Baranski, and K. Sitarek,Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 8, 181 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. K. R. Mahaffey, Nutr. Rev.39, 353 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. N. W. Solomons and R. J. Cousins,Absorption and Malabsorption of Mineral Nutrients, Liss, New York, NY, 1984, pp. 125–197.

    Google Scholar 

  123. H. G. Petering,NYAS 298, (1980).

  124. K. T. Suzuki,Environ. Hlth. Persp. 54, 21 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Y. H. Lee, Z. A. Shaikh, and C. Tohyama,Toxicology 27, 337 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. E. Komsta-Szumska and J. Chmielnicka,Arch. Toxicol. 38, 217 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. G. M. Kyle, R. Luthra, J. V. Bruckner, and W. M. Mackenzie,J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 12, 99 (1983).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. W. M. Kluwe,Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 57, 414 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  129. D. J. Thomas and J. C. Smith,Toxicol. Appl. Pharmac. 62, 104 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. O. A. Levander, G. Alftham, H. Arvilomni, J. K. Huttenen, M. Kataja, P. Koivistoinen and J. Pikkarainen,Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37, 887 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. L. Chang and R. Suber,Bull. Envir. Cont. 29, 285 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. C. J. Cappon and J. C. Smith,J. Anal. Toxicol. 6, 10 (1982).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. L. Magos and M. Webb,CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 8, 1 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. T. A. Gasiewicz and J. C. Smith,Env. Health Res. 25, 133 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. T. A. Gasiewicz and J. C. Smith,Chem. Biol. Interactions 23, 171 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. A. Borkurt and J. C. Smith,Selenium in Biology and Medicine, J. E. Spallholz, J. L. Martin, and H. E. Ganther, eds., AVI Publishing, Westport, CT, 1981, pp. 331–335.

    Google Scholar 

  137. S. J. S. Flora, J. R. Behari, M. Asquin, and S. K. Tandon,Chem.-Biol. Interact. 42, 345 (1982).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. R. M. Welch and W. A. House,Nutr. Rep. Int. 3, 129 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  139. U. Olsson,Drug Nutr. Inter. 3, 129 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. V. Eybl, J. Sykora, and F. Mertl,Nordic Symposium, Loen 1985, abstract, p. 42.

  141. J. Chmielnicka, E. Komsta-Szumuska, and G. Zareba,Arch. Toxicol. 53, 165 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. E. Komsta-Szumska and J. Chmielnicka,Toxicol. Lett. 53, 349 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  143. J. Chmielnicka, G. Zareba, M. Witasik, and E. Brzeznicka,Second Inter. Conference on Elements in Health and Disease, Karachi, Pakistan 1987, abstract, p. 76.

  144. K. Tsuchiya and S. Iwao,Environ. Health Perspect. 25, 119 (1978).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. T. Kjellström,Environ. Health Perspect. 28, 169 (1979).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. S. Iwao, M. Sugita, and K. Tsuchiya,Keio J. Med. 30, 17 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. S. Iwao, M. Sugita, and K. Tsuchiya,Keio J. Med. 30, 71 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. S. Iwao, M. Sugita, and K. Tsuchiya,Keio J. Med. 30, 89 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. S. Iwao, M. Sugita, and K. Tsuchiya,Keio J. Med. 30, 115 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. R. Scott, E. Aughey, M. Reilly, C. Cunningham, A. McClelland, and G. S. F. Fell,Urol. Res. 11, 285 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. S. Iwao, K. Tsuchiya, and M. Sugita,Arch. Environ. Health 38, 135 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  152. J. C. Schlerlock, G. A. Smart, B. Walters, W. H. Evans, D. J. McWeeny, and W. Cassidy,Sci. Total Environ. 29, 121 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  153. C. B. Pandya, D. J. Parikh, T. S. Patel, P. K. Kulkarni, N. G. Sathawara, G. M. Shah, and B. B. Chatterjee,Environ. Res. 36, 81 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. K. S. Subramanian, J. C. Meranger, and R. T. Burnett,Sci. Total Environ. 42, 223 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. G. V. Iyengar,Concentrations of 15 trace elements in some selected adult human tissues and body fluids of clinical interest from several countries: result from a pilot study for the establishment of reference values, Instit. Med. Juelich Nuclear Res. Center D-517, Juelich, Fed. Rep. Ger. (1985).

  156. E. I. Hamilton, M. J. Minski, and J. J. Cleary,Sci. Total Environ. 1, 341 (1972/1973).

    Google Scholar 

  157. N. E. Kowal, D. E. Johnson, D. F. Kraemer, and H. R. Pahren,J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 5, 995 (1979).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. D. Brune, G. Nordberg, and P. O. Wester,Sci. Total Environ. 16, 13 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. H. Teraoka,Arch. Environ. Health 36, 155 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. C. G. Elinder, T. Kjellström, L. Friberg, B. Lind, and L. Linnman,Arch. Environ. Health 31, 292 (1976).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. G. J. Miller, W. J. Wylie and D. McKeown,Med. J. Aust. 1, 20 (1976).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. K. Ohmori, Y. Ikemi, T. Tozawa, S. Koike, Y. Mori, and K. Toda,Jpn J. Ind. Health 27, 16 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Y. Mitane, Ch. Tohyama, and H. Saito,Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 6, 285 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqai Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan

    M. Abdulla

  2. Department of Toxicological Chemistry and Institute of Environmental Research and Bioanalyses, Lodz, Poland

    J. Chmielnicka

Authors
  1. M. Abdulla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Chmielnicka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Abdulla, M., Chmielnicka, J. New aspects on the distribution and metabolism of essential trace elements after dietary exposure to toxic metals. Biol Trace Elem Res 23, 25–53 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02917176

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02917176

Index Entries

Search

Navigation