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Prostate Cancer Old Problems and New Approaches

Part II. Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers, Pathology and Biological Aspects

  • Seminar
  • Published:
Pathology & Oncology Research

Abstract

Diagnostic and prognostic markers for prostatic cancer (PCa) include conventional protein markers (e.g., PAP, PSA, PSMA, PIP, OA-519, Ki-67, PCNA, TF, collagenase, and TIMP 1), angiogenesis indicator (e.g., factor VIII), neuroendocrine differentiation status, adhesion molecules (E-cadherin, integrin), bone matrix degrading products (e.g., ICPT), as well as molecular markers (e.g., PSA, PSMA, p53, 12LOX, and MSI). Currently, only PSA is used clinically for early diagnosis and monitoring of PCa. The histological differential diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma includes normal tissues such as Cowper’s gland, Paraganglion tissue and seminal vesicle or ejaculatory duct as well as pathological conditions such as atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, atrophy, basal cell hyperplasia and sclerosing adenosis. A common PCa is characterized by a remarkable heterogeneity in terms of its differentiation, microscopic growth patterns and biological aggressiveness. Most PCa are multifocal with signi ficant variations in tumor grade between anatomically separated tumor foci. The Gleason grading system which recognizes five major grades defined by patterns of neoplastic growth has gained almost uniform acceptance. In predicting the biologic behavior of PCa clinical and pathological stages are used as the major prognostic indicators. Among the cell proliferation and death regulators androgens are critical survival factors for normal prostate epithelial cells as well as for the androgen-dependent human prostatic cancer cells. The androgen ablation has been shown to increase the apoptotic index in prostatic cancer patients and castration also promotes apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma grown in mice. The progression of PCa, similarly to other malignancies, is a multistep process, accompanied by genetic and epigenetic changes, involving phenomenons as adhesion, invasion and angiogenesis (without prostate specific features).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University, USA

    Kenneth V Honn, Amer Aref, Jeffrey D Forman, Xiang Gao, Arthur T Porter & Dean G Tang

  2. Departments of Pathology, Wayne State University, USA

    Kenneth V Honn, Yong Q Chen, John D Crissman, David Grignon & Wael Sakr

  3. Departments of Urology, Wayne State University, USA

    Miehael L Cher, J. Edson Pontes, Isaae Powell & David P Wood

  4. Departments of Medicine, Wayne State University, USA

    Maha Hussain & Bruce Redman

  5. Departments of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, USA

    Richard Severson

  6. Detroit Medical Center, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 48201, Detroit, Michigan, USA

    Kenneth V Honn, Amer Aref, Yong Q Chen, Miehael L Cher, John D Crissman, Jeffrey D Forman, Xiang Gao, David Grignon, Maha Hussain, Arthur T Porter, J. Edson Pontes, Isaae Powell, Bruce Redman, Wael Sakr, Richard Severson, Dean G Tang & David P Wood

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Additional information

Part I. of this review has been published in the previons issue, and Part HI. will be in the next issue of POR.

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Honn, K.V., Aref, A., Chen, Y.Q. et al. Prostate Cancer Old Problems and New Approaches. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 2, 191–211 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02903527

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