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The systematics and ecology of soil algae

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Summary

Algae occur in nearly all terrestrial environments on earth and are invariably encountered both on and beneath soil surfaces. The algal flora of the soil includes members of the Cyanochloronta, Chlorophycophyta, Euglenophycophyta, Chrysophycophyta, and Rhodophycophyta. Thirty-eight genera of prokaryotic and 147 genera of eukaryotic algae include terrestrial species, the majority of which are edaphic. Whereas systematic nomenclature of blue-green algae adheres to traditional classification based upon morphological features, proper taxonomic treatment of eukaryotic soil algae is predicated on standard methods of culture and interpretation of physiological attributes, plant mass characteristics, and morphological properties of axenic clones.

While knowledge of the physiological ecology of soil algae is primarily based on laboratory evidence, it is well established that solar radiation, water, and temperature are the most important abiotic factors governing their distribution, metabolism, and life history strategies. Biotic interactions are often as important, whereas ionic factors (including pH), oxidation-reduction potential, and soil texture are less important, if only because their influences are less well understood.

Algae play an important role in primary and secondary plant community succession by acting as an integral part of the colonial synusium. The principal functional attributes of algal communities in soil include primary production, dinitrogen fixation, and stabilization of aggregates. Although as many as 108 algae per gram have been documented, soils commonly support between 103 and 104 per gram. As an avenue for the incorporation of carbon and nitrogen and for minimizing erosion through stabilization of aggregates, algae are valuable in agriculture. Although manipulation of edaphic algal populations in temperate countries is of novel occurence, their successful use in India as a means for reclaiming saline soils and as a source of fertilizer nitrogen is well documented.

Soil algae are affected by synthetic pesticides and pollutants. In general, most herbicides, fungicides, and soil fumigants are detrimental to soil algae while most insecticides are not. Algae have been utilized as biological assay organisms for anticipating crop response to both fertilizers and pesticides because of their biochemical similarity to higher plants and their quick generation time.

As future research with soil algae leads to a greater awareness of their importance in soil, it might be anticipated that manipulation of populations in agricultural systems of temperate regions will become more widespread with consideration of the potential benefits of soil algae made by scientists in other disciplines.

Zusammenfassung

Unter fast allen terrestrischen Bedingungen können Algen vorkommen, ganz besonders auf oder direkt unter den Bodenoberflächen. Die Algenflora auf den Böden umfaßt unter anderem Vertreter der Cyanochloronta, Chlorophycophyta, Euglenophycophyta, Chrysophycophyta und Rhodophycophyta. Acht und dreissig Gattungen prokaryotischer und 147 eukaryotischer Algen zeichnen sich durch terrestrische Arten aus, die meist edaphisch vorkommen.

Während die taxonomische Nomenklatur der Cyanochloronta noch an der auf morphologischen Kriterien beruhenden traditionellen Klassifikation festhält, basiert die beste taxonomische Behandlung der eukaryotischen Bodenalgen auf Standardmethoden der Kultur sowie der Auswertung physiologischer Kennzeichen. Morphologische Eigenschaften sollten nur von axenisch kultivierten Klonen herangezogen werden.

Obwohl unsere Kenntnis der physiologischen Ökologie der Bodenalgen weitgehend durch Laborbefunde erreicht wurde, ist doch gut belegt, daß die wichtigsten abiotischen Faktoren, die Verbreitung, Stoffwechsel und Lebensstrategie regulieren, Sonnenstrahlung, Wasser und Temperatur sind. Biotische Interaktionen sind oft von gleicher Bedeutung; Ionen-Bedingungen (einschließlich pH), Redox-Potentiale und Bodentextur erscheinen vielleicht nur deshalb weniger bedeutungsvoll, weil ihr Einfluß weniger gut verstanden wird.

Algen spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei den primären und sekundären Pflanzensukzessionen, da sie ein integraler Teil der beginnenden Besiedlung darstellen (Kleinlebensgemeinschaften). Die wichtigsten funktionellen Beiträge der Algengesellschaften umfassen u.a. Primärproduktion, N2-Fixierung und Stabilisierung des Bodens. Bis zu 108 Algen pro Gramm wurden nachgewiesen, doch enthalten Böden pro Gramm meist zwischen 103-104 Individuen.

Für die Agrikultur sind die Algen wegen des Einbaus von Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff wertvoll, ebenso wegen ihrer erosionsmindernden Eigenschaften. Obwohl die Manipulation von Populationen edaphischer Algen in temperierten Gebieten noch ganz neuartig ist, wird sie erfolgreich in Indien bei der Wiederbesiedlung saliner Böden und als Quelle gebundenen (Dünger-) Stickstoffs angewendet.

Bodenalgen werden von synthetischen Pestiziden und Verschmutzungen beeinflußt. Im allgemeinen gilt, daß die meisten Herbizide, Fungizide und Bodenräuchermittel starke Wirkungen haben, viele Insektizide jedoch heine. Algen werden auch als Testorganismen zur Abschätzung der Effekte von Düngemitteln und Pestiziden auf die Kulturpflanzen verwendet, da sie biochemisch sehr ähnlich wie die Höheren Pflanzen reagieren und zudem eine kurze Generationszeit haben.

Weitere Forschung an Bodenalgen wird zur verbesserten Kenntnis ihrer Bedeutung führen und es kann erwartet werden, daß ihre Nutzung sich auch in der Landwirtschaft temperierter Zonen ausbreitet, insbesondere wenn man auch ihre mögliche Verwendung berücksichtigt, die durch Forschungen anderer Disziplinen angeregt wird.

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    Blaine Metting

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Metting, B. The systematics and ecology of soil algae. Bot. Rev 47, 195–312 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02868854

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