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On Ö. Winge and a Prayer: The origins of polyploidy

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Summary

  1. 1)

    Almost all polyploids arise by way of unreduced gametes; other mechanisms occur, but are negligible.

  2. 2)

    The most widespread and common event is (2n+n) reproduction.

  3. 3)

    Triploids so produced frequently yield 4X plants on backcrossing and 6X plants on selfing.

  4. 4)

    Spontaneous polyploids appear repeatedly, but their fate depends on vigor and competitive ability.

  5. 5)

    The polyploids most frequently produced are probably strict autoploids, but they often lack competitive ability and may not become successfully established.

  6. 6)

    Wide crosses occur in nature but not very often; if the hybrid is vigorous, it may yield a stable, fertile polyploid in the second or later generations via unreduced gametes.

  7. 7)

    Wide crosses by way of (2n+n) reproduction are probably more common and successful than the above (6) pathway.

  8. 8)

    The most likely pathway to a successful polyploid in nature involves neither wide crosses nor strict autoploidy but crosses between races, ecotypes and cytotypes within a biological species.

  9. 9)

    The more or less autoploids so produced may generate genuine alloploids by interspecific hybridization at polyploid levels.

  10. 10)

    The classic explanation of alloploidyvia “chromosome doubling” of a sterile diploid interspecific hybrid is misleading in most cases, and this route is probably negligible in the evolution of polyploid systems.

Zusammenfassung

  1. 1)

    Die meisten Polyploide enstehen durch Befruchtungen nicht reduzierter Gameten. Es gibt auch andere, aber unbedeutende Mechanismen.

  2. 2)

    Die am meisten vorkommende Art der Fortpflanzung ist 2n+n.

  3. 3)

    Solche Triploide bilden häufig 4X-Abkömmlinge wenn sie zurückgekreuzt werden, und 6X-Pflanzen wenn sie selbstbestäubt sind.

  4. 4)

    Polyploide entstehen oft spontan, aber ihr Schicksal ist abhängig von ihrer Vitalität und der Fähigkeit sich zu behaupten.

  5. 5)

    Die am häufigsten vorkommenden Polyploide sind wahrscheinlich reine Autopolyploide, aber diese sind oftmals weichlich und können sich dann möglicherweise nicht erfolgreich durchsetzen.

  6. 6)

    Die Natur erzeugt nur selten entfernt verwandte Kreuzungen; aber falls die Bastarde sich behaupten, mögen in den nachfolgenden Generationen stabilen und fruchtbaren Polyploide auftauchen via unreduzierten, Gameten.

  7. 7)

    Kreuzungen swischen entfernter verwandten Pflanzen durch 2n+n-Befruchtungen sind wahrscheinlich häufiger und erfolgreicher als die in der oben erwähnten (6) Weise.

  8. 8)

    Der warscheinlichste in der Natur vorkommende Weg zur Erzeugung einer erfolgreichen Polyploide ist weder durch Kreuzungen swischen entfernt verwandten Individuen, noch durch reine Autopolyploidie, sondern durch Kreuzungen innerhalb einer biologischen Art swischen Rassen, Oekotypen oder Cytotypen.

  9. 9)

    Hemi-Autopolyploide produziert in solcher Weise können wahre Allopolyploide bilden durch Kreuzungen zwischen Arten auf der Polyploid Stufe.

  10. 10)

    Die klassische Erklärung der Allopolyploidie via Verdoppeln der Chromosomenzahl einer sterilen diploiden Hybride verschiedener Arten ist in den meisten Fällen unzutreffend, und diese Route ist wahrscheinlich unbedeutend in der Entwickelung (Evolution) von polyploiden Systemen.

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  1. Crop Evolution Laboratory, Agronomy Department University of Illinois, 61801, Urbana

    Jack R. Harlan & J. M. J. deWet

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  1. Jack R. Harlan
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We thought the title rather clever, but our students soon made it clear that most of the people who read genetic literature today were born after World War II and have no recollection of a wartime song, “Coming in on a Wing and a Prayer”.

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Harlan, J.R., deWet, J.M.J. On Ö. Winge and a Prayer: The origins of polyploidy. Bot. Rev 41, 361–390 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860830

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