Skip to main content
Log in

Survival of microbial plant pathogens in soil

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Literature Cited

  1. Abeygunawardena, D. V. W. andWood, R. K. S. 1957. Factors affecting the germination of sclerotia and mycelial growth ofSclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Trans. British Myc. Soc.40: 221–231.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson, E. J. 1951. A simple method for detecting the presence ofPhytophthora cinnamomi Rands in soil.Phytopathology41: 187–189.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson, P. J. 1924. Overwintering of tobacco wildfire bacteria in New England. Phytopathology14: 132–139.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Anwar, A. A. 1949. Factors affecting the survival ofHelminthosporium sativum andFusarium lini in soil. Phytopathology39: 1005–1019.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ark, P. A. 1932. The behavior ofB. amylovorus in soil. Phytopathology22: 7.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Armstrong, G. M., andJ. K. Armstrong. 1948. Non-susceptible hosts as carriers of wilt fusaria. Phytopathology38: 808–826.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Atkinson, R. G. 1953. Survival and pathogenicity ofAlternaria raphani after five years in dried soil cultures. Canadian Jour. Bot.31: 542–547.

    Google Scholar 

  8. —. 1954. Quantitative studies on the survival of fungi in five-year-old dried soil cultures. Canadian Jour. Bot.32: 673–678.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Baker, K. 1959. Soil microbiology and root disease fungi. Epilogue. In C. S. Holton, Ed., Plant pathology-problems and progress-1905-1958.

  10. Bakerspigel, A. 1953. Soil as a storage medium for fungi. Mycologia45: 596–604.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Barton, R. 1957. Germination of oospores ofPythium mamillatum in response to exudates from living seedlings. Nature180: 613–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Beaumont, A. 1954. Soil-borne diseases and crop rotation. N.A.A.S. Quart. Rev.1953: 108–111.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Berkeley, G. H. 1944. Root rots of certain non-cereal crops. Bot. Rev.10: 67–123.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Berry, S. Z., andG. N. Davis. 1957. Formation of oospores byPeronospora destructor and their possible relation to epiphytology. Plant Dis. Rep.41: 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Blair, I. D. 1942. Studies on the growth in soil and the parasitic action of certainRhizoctonia solani isolates from wheat. Canadian Jour. Res. C.20: 174–185.

    Google Scholar 

  16. —. 1943. Behaviour of the fungusRhizoctonia solani Kuhn in the soil. Ann. Appl. Biol.30: 118–127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Blank, L. M., andHunter, R. E. 1954. Soil carry-over ofXanihomonas malvacearum in New Mexico (Abs.). Phytopathology44: 331

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bliss, D. E. 1951. The destruction ofArmillaria mellea in citrus soils. Phytopathology41: 665–683.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bonde, R. 1939. Comparative studies of the bacteria associated with potato blackleg and seed-piece decay. Phytopathology29: 831–851.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Boosalis, M. G. 1952. The epidemiology ofXanihomonas translucens (J. J. and R.) Dowson on cereals and grasses. Phytopathology42: 387–395.

    Google Scholar 

  21. —. 1956. Effect of soil temperature and green-manure amendment of unsterilized soil on parasitism ofRhizoctonia solani byPenicillium vermiculatum andTrichoderma sp. Phytopathology46: 473–478.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Boyle, L. W. 1956. Fundamental concepts in the development of control measures for southern blight and root rot of peanuts. Plant Dis. Rep.40: 661–665.

    Google Scholar 

  23. —. 1956. The role of saprophytic media in the development of southern blight and root rot on peanuts. (Abs.) Phytopathology46: 7.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brian, P. W. 1960. Antagonistic and competitive mechanisms limiting survival and activity of fungi in soil. In D. Parkinson and J. S. Waid, eds., The ecology of soil fungi; An international symposium, 115–129.

  25. Burke, D. W. 1954. Pathogenicity ofFusarium solani f.phaseoli in different soils. Phytopathology (Abs.)44: 483.

    Google Scholar 

  26. —. 1955. Soil microflora relationships in the development of bean root rot in Columbia Basin soils. Diss. Abs.15: 2390–2391.

    Google Scholar 

  27. —. 1957. Bacterial wilt of pinto beans on soils of different types and cropping histories. Plant Dis. Rep.41: 671–673.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Burkholder, H. W. 1948. Bacteria as plant pathogens. Ann. Rev. Microbiol.2: 389–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Butler, F. C. 1953. Saprophytic behavior of some cereal root rotting fungi. I. Saprophytic colonization of wheat straw. Ann. Appl. Biol.40: 284–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. —. 1953. Saprophytic behavior of some cereal root rotting fungi. III. Saprophytic survival in wheat straw buried in soil. Ann. Appl. Biol.40: 305–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Buxton, E. W. 1956. Heterokaryosis and parasexual recombination in pathogenic strains ofFusarium oxysporum. Jour. Gen. Microbiol.15: 133–139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. —. 1957. Some effects of pea exudates on physiologic races ofFusarium oxysporum. Trans. British Myc. Soc.40: 145–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. -. 1959. Mechanisms of variation inFusarium oxysporum in relation to host-parasite interactions. In C. S. Holton, Ed., Plant Pathology-problems and progress-1908-1958.

  34. Campbell, W. P. 1956. The influence of associated microorganisms on the pathogenicity ofHelminthosporium sativum. Canadian Jour. Bot.34: 865–874.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Chesters, C. G. C. 1949. Concerning fungi inhabiting soil. Trans. British Myc. Soc.32: 197–216.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Chinn, S. H. F. 1953. A slide technique for the study of fungi and actinomycetes in soil with special reference toHelminthosporium sativum. Canadian. Jour. Bot.31: 718–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. —,R. J. Ledingham, B. J. Sallans andP. M. Simmonds. 1953. A mechanism for the control of common root rot of wheat. Phytopathology43: 701.

    Google Scholar 

  38. —, andR. J. Ledingham. 1957. Studies on the influence of various substances on the germination ofHelminthosporium sativum spores in soil. Canadian Jour. Bot.35: 697–701.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. ——. 1958. Applications of a new laboratory method for the determination of the survival ofHelminthosporium sativum spores in the soil. Canadian Jour. Bot.36: 289–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Chiu, W. F., Y. P. Dih, andC. S. Yuen. 1958. Studies on the longevity ofErwinia aroideae (Towns.) Holland under different soil conditions. Acta Phytopath. Sinica4: 16–24. [Chinese; English summary.]

    Google Scholar 

  41. Chona, B. L., andT. K. Nariani. 1953. Investigations on the survival ofColletotrichum falcatum Went in soil. Indian Phytopath.5: 152–157.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Clark, F. E. 1942. Experiments toward the control of the take-all disease of wheat and thePhymatotrichum root rot of cotton. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 835.

  43. Clayton, E. E., et al. 1944. Tobacco disease control by crop rotation. Phytopathology34: 870–883.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Coley-Smith, J. R., andC. J. Hickman. 1957. Stimulation of sclerotium germination inSclerotium cepivorum Berk. Nature180: 445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Cooley, J. S., andR. Davidson. 1940. A white root rot of apple trees caused byCorticium galactinum. Phytopathology30: 139–148.

    Google Scholar 

  46. ——. 1948. Natural infection of replanted apple trees by white root-rot fungus. Phytopathology38: 110–113.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Cormack, M. W. 1937.Cylindrocarpon ehrenbergi Wr., and other species as root parasites of alfalfa and sweet clover in Alberta. Canadian Jour. Res. C15: 403–424.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Diachun, S., andW. D. Valleau. 1946. Growth and overwintering ofXanthomonas vesicatoria in association with wheat roots. Phytopathology36: 277–280.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Dickson, J. G. 1947. Diseases of field crops.

  50. Dietz, S. M, A. P. Steenland, andC. E. Horner. 1951. Mint rust (Puccinia menthae) epiphytotic in the Northwest. (Abs.) Phytopathology41: 938.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Dillon-Weston, W. A. R., A. R. Loveless, andR. E. Taylor. 1946. Clover rot. Jour. Agr. Sci.36: 18–28.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Dobbs, C. G., andW. H. Hinson. 1953. A widespread fungistasis in soils. Nature172: 197–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. ——, andJ. Bywater. 1957. Mycostasis in soils. (Abs.) Jour. Gen. Microbiol.17: xi.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Dye, D. W. 1958. Host specificity inXanthomonas. Nature182: 1813–1814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Dykstra, T. P. 1942. Compilation of results in control of potato ring rot in 1941. Amer. Pot. Jour.19: 175–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ebben, M. H., andP. H. Williams. 1956. Brown rot of tomatoes. I. The associated fungal flora. Ann. Appl. Biol.44: 425–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Elmer, O. H. 1942. Effect of environment on the prevalence of soil-borneRhizoctonia. Phytopathology32: 972–977.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ezekiel, W. N. 1926. Fruit rotting sclerotinias. III. Longevity of buried brown-rot mummies. Maryland Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull.284: 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  59. —. 1939. Girdling of cotton plants as affecting survival ofPhymatotrichum omnivorum. (Abs.) Phytopathology29: 753.

    Google Scholar 

  60. -. 1940. Survival of sclerotia of cotton root rot. Report Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. for 1939: 84–86.

  61. —. 1945. Effect of low temperatures on survival ofPhymatotrichum omnivorum. Phytopathology35: 296–301.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Fellows, H. 1941. Effect of certain environmental conditions on the prevalence ofOphiobolus graminis in the soil. Jour. Agr. Res.63: 715–726.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Fischer, G. W., andC. S. Holton. 1957. Biology and control of the smut fungi.

  64. Flentje, N. T., andH. K. Saksena. 1957. Studies onPellicularia filamentosa (Pat.) Rogers. II. Occurrence and distribution of pathogenic strains. Trans. British Myc. Soc.40: 95–108.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Foister, C. E. 1946. The relation of weather to fungus diseases of plants. II. Bot. Rev.12: 548–591.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Fulton, H. R. 1920. Decline ofPseudomonas citri in soil. Jour. Agr. Res.19: 207–223.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Gabrielson, R. L. 1962. Survival of the celery late blight organism. (Abs.) Phytopathology52: 361.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Garrett, S. D. 1938. Soil conditions and the take-all disease of wheat. III. Decomposition of the resting mycelium ofOphiobolus graminis in infected wheat stubble buried in the soil. Ann. Appl. Biol.25: 742–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. —. 1939. Soil-borne fungi and the control of root disease. Imp. Bur. Soil Sci. Tech. Comm.38: 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  70. -. 1944. Root disease fungi. 177 pp.

  71. —. 1944. Soil conditions and the take-all disease of wheat. VIII. Further experiments on the survival ofOphiobolus graminis in infected wheat stubble. Ann. Appl. Biol.31: 186–191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. —. 1950. Ecology of the root inhabiting fungi. Biol. Rev.25: 220–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. -. 1956. Biology of root infecting fungi. 293 pp.

  74. —. 1957. Effect of a soil microflora selected by carbon disulphide fumigation on survival ofArmillaria mellea in woody host tissues. Canadian Jour. Microbiol.3: 135–149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. -. 1957. The soil as a reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms. In C. Horton-Smith, Ed., Biological aspects of the transmission of disease.

  76. Gottlieb, D. 1950. The physiology of spore germination in fungi. Bot. Rev.16: 229–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Graham, D. C. 1958. Occurrence of soft rot bacteria in Scottish soils. Nature181: 61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Graham, J. H. 1953. Overwintering of three bacterial pathogens of soybean. Phytopathology43: 189–192.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Gregory, K. F., O. N. Allen, A. J. Riker, andW. H. Peterson. 1952. Antibiotics as agents for the control of certain damping-off fungi. Amer. Jour. Bot.39: 405–415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Griffiths, M. A. 1924. Experiments with flag smut of wheat and the causal fungusUrocystis tritici. Jour. Agr. Res.27: 425–449.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Hanna, W. F., andW. Popp. 1934. Bunt infection of spring wheat by soil-borne spores. Sci. Agr.14: 257–258.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Harter, L. L., andJ. L. Weimer. 1929. A monographic study of sweet potato diseases and their control. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 99.

  83. Heald, F. D. 1937. Introduction to plant pathology.

  84. Hedges, F. 1946. Experiments on the overwintering in the soil of bacteria causing leaf and pod spots of snap and lima beans. Phytopathology36: 677–678.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hendrix, F. F., Jr., andL. W. Nielsen. 1958. Invasion and infection of crops other than the forma suscept byFusarium oxysporum f.batatas and other formae. Phytopathology48: 224–228.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Henry, A. W. 1931. The natural microflora of the soil in relation to the foot-rot problem in wheat. Canadian Jour. Res.4: 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Holton, C. S., R. H. Bamberg, andR. W. Woodward. 1949. Progress in the study of dwarf bunt of winter wheat in the Pacific Northwest. Phytopathology39: 986–1000.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Hooker, W. J. 1949. Parasitic action ofStreptomyces scabies on roots of seedlings. Phytopathology39: 442–462.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hoppe, P. E. 1959. Pythium species still living in muck soil air-dried six years. Phytopathology49: 830–831.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Horner, C. E. Personal communication.

  91. Houston, B. R. 1945. Culture types and pathogenicity of isolates ofCortirium solani. Phytopathology35: 371–393.

    Google Scholar 

  92. —, andP. F. Knowles. 1949. Fifty-year survival of flax fusarium wilt in the absence of flax culture. Plant Dis. Rep.33: 38–39.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Hrushovetz, S. B. 1957. Effect of amino acids on the virulence ofHelminthosporium sativum to wheat seedlings. Phytopathology47: 261–264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Jackson, R. M. 1957. Fungistasis as a factor in the rhizosphere phenomenon. Nature180: 96–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. —. 1958. An investigation of fungistasis in Nigerian soils. Jour Gen. Microbiol.18: 248–258.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Jefferys, E. G., andH. G. Henning. 1953. Fungistasis in soils. Nature180: 46–47.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Jinks, J. L. 1952. Heterocaryosis, a system of adaptation in wild fungi. Roy. Soc. London Proc, Scr. B140: 83–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Johnson, T., andW. F. Hanna. 1951–52. Variability in microorganisms in relation to disease control. Agr. Res. in Canada: 9–17.

  99. Jones, L. R., andJ. C. Gilman. 1915. The control of cabbage yellows through disease resistance. Wisconsin Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 38.

  100. -,J. Johnson, andJ. G. Dickson. 1926. Wisconsin studies upon the relation of soil temperature to plant disease. Wisconsin Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 71.

  101. Katznelson, H. 1940. Survival of microorganisms inoculated into sterilized soil. Soil Sci.,49: 211–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. —. 1940. Survival of organisms introduced into soil. Soil Sci.49: 283–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kaung, Z. 1956. Persistence and movement ofPhytophthora infestans in soil. Trans. British. Myc. Soc.39: 385.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Kelman, A. 1953. The bacterial wilt caused byPseudomonas solanacearum. North Carolina Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull.99: 194 pps.

  105. Kerr, A. 1953. A method of isolating soft-rotting bacteria from soils. Nature172: 1155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. —, andN. T. Flentje. 1957. Host infection ofPellicularia filamentosa controlled by chemical stimuli. Nature179: 204–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. King, C.J., H. F. Loomis, andC. Hope. 1931. Studies on sclerotia and mycelial strands of the cotton root rot fungus. Jour. Agr. Res.42: 827–840.

    Google Scholar 

  108. -. 1937. A method for the control of cotton root rot in the irrigated Southwest. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 425.

  109. Kommedahl, T., andH. C. Young. 1956. Effect of host and soil substrate on the persistence ofFusarium andRhizoctonia in soil. Plant Dis. Rep.40: 28–29.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kornfeld, A. 1937. Bekämpfung des Maisbeulenbrandes auf biologischer Grundlage. Zeit. Pflanzenk.47: 277–297.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Kovoor, A. T. A. 1954. Some factors affecting the growth ofRhizoctonia bataticola in the soil. Jour. Madras Univ., Scct. B.24: 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Krebs, J. 1936. Untersuchungen über den Pilze des Mutterkorns,Claviceps purpurea Tul. Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Gesell.47: 71–165.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Kreitlow, K. W. 1945.Ustilago striaeformis. III. A further study of factors that influence after-ripening of smut chlamydospores fromPoa pratensis. Phytopathology35: 152–158.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Krupka, L. R., andD. F. Crossman. 1956. Overwintering and control ofXanthomonas vesicatoria. (Abs.) Phytopathology46: 17.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Leach, J. G. 1930. Potato blackleg. The survival of the pathogen in the soil and some factors influencing infection. Phytopathology20: 215–228.

    Google Scholar 

  116. -. 1940. Insect transmission of plant diseases.

  117. Leach, L. D. 1931. Downy mildew of the beet, caused byPeronospora schachtii Fuckel. Hilgardia6: 207–251.

    Google Scholar 

  118. —, andA. E. Davey. 1938. Determining the sclerotial population ofSclerotium rolfsii by soil analysis and predicting losses of sugar beets on the basis of these analyses. Jour. Agr. Res.56: 619–631.

    Google Scholar 

  119. —. 1947. Growth rates of host and pathogen as factors determining the severity of pre-emergence damping-off. Jour. Agr. Res.75: 161–179.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Legge, B. J. 1951. APhytophthora crown rot ofCampanula. Trans. British Myc. Soc.34: 293–303.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Leyendecker, P. J. 1949. Effect of modified cultural practices onVerticillium wilt of cotton. Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci.24: 73–75.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Linford, M. B., andR. E. Vaughn. 1925. Root disease of peas. Some ways to avoid it. Ext. Cir. Wisconsin Coll. Agr. 188.

  123. —. 1927. Additional hosts ofAphanomyces entiches, the pea root rot fungus. Phytopathology17: 133–134.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Lockhead, A. G., andG. B. Landerkin. 1949. Aspects of antagonisms between micro-organisms in soil. Plant and Soil1: 271–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Lucas, R. L. 1955. A comparative study ofOphiobolus graminis andFusarium culmorum in saprophytic colonization of wheat straw. Ann. Appl. Biol.43: 134–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Luck, J. V. 1954. Studies on theVerticillium wilt ofMentha piperita L., with special emphasis on the causal organism,Verticillium albo-atrum R. & B. Diss. Abs.14: 916–917.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Lutman, B. F. 1923. Potato scab in new land. Phytopathology13: 241–244.

    Google Scholar 

  128. —. 1941. The reappearance of potato scab in infested and its appearance in almost uninfested land. Amer. Potato Jour.18: 65–80.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Macfarlane, I. 1952. Factors affecting the survival ofPlasmodiophora brassicae Wor. in the soil and its assessment by a host test. Ann. Appl. Biol.39: 239–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Machacek, J. E. 1957. Prevalence ofHelminthosporium sativum, Fusarium culmorum and other fungi in experimental plots subjected to various cultural and manurial treatments. Canadian Jour. Plant Sci.37: 353–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Maloy, Otis. 1960. Physiology ofFusarium solani f.phaseoli in relation to saprophytic survival in soil. Phytopathology50: 56–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Martin, J. P. 1950. Use of acid, rose bengal, and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi. Soil Sci.69: 215–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Matturi, S. T. 1958. A technique for the investigation of the competitive saprophytic ability of soil fungi by the use of easily decomposed substrates. Nature182: 1248–1249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. McKay, R. 1939. Observations on onion downy mildew caused by the fungusPeronospora schleideniana W. G. Sm. Roy. Hort. Soc. Jour.64: 272–285.

    Google Scholar 

  135. McKee, R. K., andA. E. W. Boyd. 1952. Dry-rot disease of the potato. III. A biological method of assessing soil infectivity. Ann. Appl. Biol.39: 44–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Melhus, I. E., et al. 1926. Cabbage yellows caused byFusarium conglutinans in Iowa. Iowa Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull.235: 187–216.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Menzies, J. D. 1952. Observations on the introduction and spread of bean diseases into newly irrigated areas of the Columbia Basin. Plant Dis. Rep.36: 44–47.

    Google Scholar 

  138. —. 1955. A penicillium crown rot of asparagus. Phytopathology45: 527–530.

    Google Scholar 

  139. —, andC. E. Dade. 1959. A selective indicator medium for isolatingStreptomyces scabies from potato tubers or soil. Phytopathology49: 457–458.

    Google Scholar 

  140. —. 1962. Effect of anaerobic fermentation in soil on survival of sclerotia ofVerticillium dahliae. (Abs.) Phytopathology52: 743.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Millard, W. A., andC. B. Taylor. 1927. Antagonism of microorganisms as the controlling factor in the inhibition of scab by greenmanuring. Ann. Appl. Biol.14: 202–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Miller, J. J. 1945. Studies on the Fusarium of muskmelon wilt. I. Pathogenic and cultural studies with particular reference to the cause and nature of variation in the causal organism. Canadian Jour. Res., C23: 16–43.

    Google Scholar 

  143. —. 1945. Studies on theFusarium of muskmellon wilt. II. Infection studies concerning the host range of the organism and the effect of environment on disease incidence. Canadian Jour. Res., C23: 166–187.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Miller, P. R., andN. Nance. 1949. Preliminary estimates of acreages of crop lands in the United States infested with some organisms causing plant diseases. Plant Dis. Rep., Suppl.185: 207–252.

    Google Scholar 

  145. —. 1953. The effect of weather on diseases. U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook of Agriculture 1953: 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Mitchell, R. B., D. R. Hooton, andF. E. Clark. 1941. Soil bacteriological studies on the control ofPhymatotrichum root rot of cotton. Jour. Agr. Res.63: 535–547.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Moore, W. D. 1949. Flooding as a means of destroying the sclerotia ofSclerotinia sclerotiorum. Phytopathology39: 920–927.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Morton, D. J., andW. H. Stroube. 1955. Antagonistic and stimulatory effects of soil micro-organisms uponSclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology45: 417–420.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Munnecke, D. E. 1956. Survival ofXanthomonas pelargonii in soil. Phytopathology46: 297–298.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Nash, Shirley M., T. Christou, andW. C. Snyder. 1961. Existence ofFusarium solani f.phaseoli as chlamydospores in soil. Phytopathology51: 308–312.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Newhall, A. G. 1955. Disinfestation of soil by heat, flooding and fumigation. Bot. Rev.21: 189–250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Nielson, L. W. 1954. The longevity ofMonilochaetes infuscans in different types of soil (Abs.) Phytopathology44: 332–333.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Noble, R. J. 1924. Studies on the parasitism ofUrocystis tritici Koern., the organism causing flag smut of wheat. Jour. Agr. Res.27: 451–489.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Norton, J. B. S., W. N. Ezekiel, andR. A. Jehle. 1923. Fruit-rotting sclerotinias. I. Apothecia of the brown rot fungus. Maryland Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull.256: 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Oginsky, E. L., andW. W. Umbreit. 1955. An introduction to bacterial physiology.

  156. Oswald, J. W., andO. A. Lorenz. 1956. Soybeans as a green manure crop for the prevention of potato scab. (Abs.) Phytopathology46: 22.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Papavizas, G. C, andC. B. Davey. 1959. Isolation ofRhizoctonia solani Kuehn from naturally infested and artificially inoculated soils. Plant Dis. Rep.43: 404–410.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Pape, H. 1937. Beiträge zur Biologie und Bekämpfung des Kleekrebses (Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss). Arb. Biol. Reichsanstalt für Landund Forstw.22: 159–247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Park, D. 1954. Chlamydospores and survival in soil fungi. Nature173: 454–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. —. 1957. Behavior of soil fungi in the presence of bacterial antagonists. Trans. British Myc. Soc.40: 283–291.

    Google Scholar 

  161. —. 1958. The saprophytic status ofFusarium oxysporum Scl. causing vascular wilt of oil palm. Ann. Bot.22: 19–35.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Patel, M. K. 1928. Longevity ofPseudomonas tumefaciens Sm. and Town. in various soils. (Abs.) Phytopathology18: 129.

    Google Scholar 

  163. —. 1929. Viability of certain plant pathogens in soils. Phytopathology19: 295–300.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Patrick, Z. A. 1954. The antibiotic activity of soil microorganisms as related to bacterial plant pathogens. Canadian Jour. Bot.32: 705–735.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Phillips, D. H. 1956. Soil-borne infection of tomatoes byDidymella lycopersici Kleb. Trans. British Myc. Soc.39: 330–340.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Pratt, O. A. 1916. Experiments with clean seed potatoes on new land in southern Idaho. Jour. Agr. Res.6: 573–575.

    Google Scholar 

  167. —. 1918. Soil fungi in relation to diseases of the Irish potato in southern Idaho. Jour. Agr. Res.13: 73–100.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Pratt, R., andJ. Dufrenoy. 1953. Antibiotics. Ed. 2.

  169. Radha, K 1956. Soil conditions and root diseases. XVI. Colonization and survival ofMacrophomina phaseoli (Maubl.) Ashby in trace element amended soils. Jour. Indian Bot. Soc.35: 47–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Ram, C. S. Venkata. 1953. Scnsitivity ofFusarium vasinfectum to antagonistic microorganisms in the soil (Abs.) Phytopathology43: 482.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Rand, F. V., andE. M. A. Enlows. 1916. Transmission and control of bacterial wilt of cucurbits. Jour. Agr. Res.6: 417–434.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Reid, J. J., J. Naghski, M. A. Farrell, andD. E. Harley. 1942. Occurrence and nature of the microorganism associated with wildfire. Pennsylvania Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.422.

  173. Richardson, L. T. 1957. Quantitative determination of viability of potato ring rot bacteria following storage, heat and gas treatments. Canadian Jour. Bot.35: 647–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Rishbeth, J. 1951. Observations on the biology ofFontes annosus, with particular reference to East Anglian pine plantations. III. Natural and experimental infection of pines, and some factors affecting severity of the disease. Ann. Bot.15: 221–246.

    Google Scholar 

  175. —. 1955. Root diseases in plantations, with special reference to tropical crops. Ann. Appl. Biol.42: 220–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Rogers, C. H. 1939. The relation of moisture and temperature to growth of the cotton root rot fungus. Jour. Agr. Res.58: 701–709.

    Google Scholar 

  177. -. 1942. Cotton root rot studies with special reference to sclerotia, cover crops, rotations, tillage, seeding rates, soil fungicides and effects on seed quality. Bull. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. 614.

  178. Rouatt, J. W., andR. G. Atkinson. 1950. The effect of the incorporation of certain cover crops on the microbiological balance of potato scab infested soil. Canadian Jour. Res., C28: 140–152.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Sanford, G. B. 1938. Studies onRhizoctonia solani Kuhn. III. Racial differences in pathogenicity. Canadian Jour. Res., C16: 53–64.

    Google Scholar 

  180. —. 1946. Soil-borne diseases in relation to the microflora associated with various crops and soil amendments. Soil Sci.61: 9–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. —. 1947. Effect of various soil supplements on the virulence and persistence ofRhizoctonia solani. Sci. Agr.27: 533–544.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. —. 1952. Persistence ofRhizoctonia solani Kuhn in soil. Canadian Jour. Bot.30: 652–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. —. 1956. Factors influencing formation of sclerotia byRhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology46: 281–284.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Schreiber, L. R., andR. J. Green. 1962. Comparative survival of mycelium, conidia, and microsclerotia ofVerticillium albo-atrum in mineral soil. Phytopathology52: 288–289.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Schroth, M. N., andW. C. Snyder. 1961. Effect of host exudates on chlamydospore germination of the bean root rot fungus,Fusarium solani f.phaseoli. Phytopathology51: 389–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Scott, M. R. 1946. Studies on the biology ofSclerotium cepivorum. Ann. Appl. Biol.44: 576–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Scqueira, L. 1958. Bacterial wilt of bananas: Dissemination of the pathogen and control of the disease. Phytopathology48: 64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Simmonds, P. M. 1947. The influence of antibiosis in the pathogenicity ofHelminthosporium sativum. Sci. Agr.27: 625–633.

    Google Scholar 

  189. —. 1953. Root rots of cereals II. Bot. Rev.19: 131–146.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Smith, H. C. 1954. Microbiological effect of partial soil sterilization with formalin upon reintroduced damping-off fungi. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech. [In press, cited by Garret, q.v.]

  191. Smith, T. E., andK. J. Shaw. 1943. Pathogenicity studies with fusaria isolated from tobacco, sweet potato and cotton. Phytopathology33: 469–483.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Snieszko, S. F., andR. Bonde. 1943. Studies on the morphology, physiology, longevity, and pathogenicity ofCorynebacterium sepedonicum. Phytopathology33: 1032–1044.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Stevenson, I. L. 1956. Antibiotic activity of actinomycetes in soil and their controlling effects on root-rot of wheat. Jour. Gen. Microbiol.14: 440–448.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. —. 1956. Antibiotic activity of actinomycetes in soil as demonstrated by direct observation techniques. Jour. Gen. Microbiol.15: 372–380.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Stover, R. H. 1950. The black root disease of tobacco. II. Physiologic specialization ofThielaviopsis basicola onNicotiana tabacum. Canadian Jour. Res., C28: 726–738.

    Google Scholar 

  196. —. 1953. The effect of soil moisture onFusarium sp. Canadian Jour. Bot.31: 693–697.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. —. 1953. The effect of soil moisture on the growth and survival ofFusarium oxysporum f.cubense in the laboratory. Phytopathology43: 499–504.

    Google Scholar 

  198. —, andB. H. Waite. 1954. Colonization of banana roots byFusarium oxysporum f.cubense and other soil fungi. Phytopathology44: 689–693.

    Google Scholar 

  199. —. 1954. Flood-fallowing for eradication ofFusarium oxysporum f.cubense. II. Some factors involved in fungus survival. Soil Sci.77: 401–414.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. —. 1955. Flood-fallowing for eradication ofFusarium oxysporum f.cubense. III. Effect of oxygen on fungus survival. Soil Sci.80: 397–412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. —. 1956. Studies onFusarium wilt of bananas. I. The behaviour ofF. oxysporum f.cubense in different soils. Canadian Jour. Bot.34: 927–942.

    Google Scholar 

  202. —. 1958. Studies onFusarium wilt of bananas. II. Some factors influencing survival and saprophytic multiplication ofF. oxysporum f.cubense in soil. Canadian Jour. Bot.36: 311–324.

    Google Scholar 

  203. -. 1958. Growth and survival of root disease fungi in soil. In C. S. Holton, Ed., Plant pathology-problems & progress-1908-1958.

  204. Subramanian, C. V. 1946. Some factors affecting the growth and survival ofFusarium vasinfectum Atk., the cotton wilt pathogen in soil, with special reference to microbiological antagonism. Jour, Indian Bot. Soc.3: 89–101.

    Google Scholar 

  205. -. 1946. The saprophytic activity ofFusarium vasinfectum, the cotton wilt pathogen in soil. I. Colonization of cotton roots buried in the soil. Jour. Indian Bot. Soc. M.O.P. Iyengar Comm. Vol., 209–213.

  206. Taubenhaus, J. J., andW. N. Ezekiel. 1930. Studies on the overwintering ofPhymatotrichum root rot. Phytopathology20: 761–785.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Thaung, M. M., andJ. C. Walker. 1957. Studies on bacterial blight of lima bean. Phytopathology47: 413–417.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Thorton, R. H. 1956.Rhizoctonia in natural grassland soils. Nature177: 230–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Toussoun, T. A., andZ. A. Patrick. 1962. Effect of substances produced in the soil during the decomposition of crop residues on the pathogenesis ofFusarium solani i. phaseoli (Abs.) Phytopathology52: 30.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Tribe, H. T. 1957. On the parasitism ofSclerotinia trifoliorum byConiothyrium minitans. Trans. British Myc. Soc.40: 489–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Tsao, P. H. 1958. Scrial dilution method for estimating disease potentials of citrusPhytophthoras in soils. (Abs.) Phytopathology48: 398–399.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Tyler, L. J. 1953. Survival of chlamydospores, ofTilletia brevifaciens G. W. Fischer, exposed outdoors on soil. (Abs.) Phytopathology43: 487.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Ullstrup, A. J. 1958. The occurrence of southern rust and other corn diseases in Indiana in 1957. Plant Dis. Rep.42: 373.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Valleau, W. D., E. J. Johnson, andS. Diachun. 1944. Root infection of crop plants and weeds by tobacco leaf-spot bacteria. Phytopathology34: 163–174

    Google Scholar 

  215. Voronkevitch, I. V. 1956. Influence du sol, en tant que milieu naturel, sur les propriétés des bactéries phytopathogenes. Zhur. Obshchei Biol.17: 302–310. [Quoted by GrabAR, P. 1957. Review of microbiological and immunological literature published in 1956 in the U.S.S.R. Ann. Rev. Microbiol.11: 43–76.]

    Google Scholar 

  216. Waite, B. H., andV. C. Dunlap. 1953. Preliminary host range studies withFusarium oxysporum f.cubense. Plant Dis. Rep.37: 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Wakimoto, T. 1956. Overwintering of the rice leaf blight bacteria in the soil. Agr. & Hort., Tokyo31: 1413–1415. [Japanese; Abs. in Biol. Abs.31: 1802. 1957.]

    Google Scholar 

  218. Walker, A. G. 1941. The colonization of buried wheat straw by soil fungi, with special reference toFusarium culmorum. Ann. Appl. Biol.28: 333–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  219. Walker, J. C. 1950. Plant pathology.

  220. -. 1952. Diseases of vegetable crops.

  221. Wardlaw, C. W. andL. P. McGuire. 1933. Cultivation and diseases of bananas in Brazil. Trop. Agr. [Trinidad]10: 192–197, 211–217, 255–259.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Warren, J. R. 1948. An undescribed species ofPapulospora parasitic onRhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Mycologia40: 391–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Waksman, S. A. 1932. Principles of soil microbiology. Ed. 2.

  224. —, andH. B. Woodruff. 1940. Survival of bacteria added to soil and the resultant modification of soil population. Soil Sci.50: 421–427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Weindling, R. 1932.Trichoderma Hgnorum as a parasite of other soil fungi. Phytopathology22: 837–845.

    Google Scholar 

  226. —, andH. S. Fawcett. 1936. Experiments in the control ofRhizoctonia damping-off of citrus seedlings. Hilgardia10: 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Wellman, F. L. 1943. Increase of pathogenicity in tomato-wiltFusarium. Phytopathology33: 175–193.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Wilhelm, S. 1955. Longevity of theVerticillium wilt fungus in the laboratory and field. Phytopathology45: 180–181.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Williams, P. H., andJ. Hack. 1957. The effect of certain soil treatments onDidymella stem rot of tomatoes. Ann. Appl. Biol.45: 304–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Wilson, K. S. 1954. The fate ofVerticillium albo-atrum R. & B. in muck soil as affected by various species of fungi. Diss. Abstr.14: 1516.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Wood, R. K. S., andTveit, M. 1955. Control of plant diseases by use of antagonistic organisms. Bot. Rev.21: 441–492.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Yarwood, C. E. 1946. Isolation ofThielaviopsis basicola from soil by means of carrot disks. Mycologia38: 346–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  233. Zaumeyer, W. J. 1930. The bacterial blight of beans caused byBacterium phaseoli. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 186: 36 pp.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Menzies, J.D. Survival of microbial plant pathogens in soil. Bot. Rev 29, 79–122 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860819

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860819

Keywords

Navigation