Abstract
The major constraints to nutrient uptake by vascular plants in mediterranean South Africa and Western Australia are: very infertile soils, relatively low temperatures when water availability is high, and hot, dry summers. These constraints are partly overcome through increased efficiency of uptake, tapping novel sources of nutrients, and prolonging water uptake. Absorptive area per unit “cost” may be enlarged directly through increased fineness of the root system and proliferation of long root hairs. This reaches its greatest development in the root clusters of the Proteaceae (proteoid roots), Restionaceae (“capillaroid” roots) and Cyperaceae (dauciform roots). Absorptive area is increased indirectly through fungal hyphae which extend from hairless rootlets into the soil. Two major groups can be recognised: general (VA mycorrhizas) and host-specific (ericoid, orchid and sheathing mycorrhizas). Mycorrhizas are the most widespread specialised modes of nutrition and are probably universal in such major taxa here asPodocarpus, Acacia, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, terrestrial orchids, Ericales and Myrtaceae. General mycorrhizas are the least drought-adapted of mechanisms for maximising absorptive area. All have been implicated in enhancing P uptake through increasing access to inorganic P, solubilisation and shortening the diffusion path. However, selective uptake of other nutrients, especially N, by host-specific mycorrhizas may be equally important.
Included under novel sources of nutrients are free N2 (utilised by N2-fixing nodules), small-animal prey (carnivorous leaves) and persistent leaf bases (aerial roots ofKingia australis). Both legume and non-legume N2-fixing species are well-represented in these two regions, with stands of individual species in southwestern Australia estimated to contribute 2–19 kg N/ha/yr to the ecosystem. Free nitrogen fixation requires additional nutrients, especially Mo and Co, but is enhanced following fires and by supplementary uptake mechanisms, especially VA mycorrhizas. Southwestern Australia is particularly rich in carnivorous species. Nitrogen, P, K and S are important nutrients absorbed, with digestion aided by enzymes provided by bacteria and the glands. Parasitic plants both tap novel sources of nutrients and capitalise on any efficient water and nutrient uptake mechanisms of the hosts. Root parasites are better represented than stem parasites in mediterranean South Africa and Western Australia. Phosphorus and K in particular are absorbed preferentially by the haustoria, but much remains to be known about their modes of operation.
Maximum activity of all uptake mechanisms, except those attached to some deep-rooted plants, is restricted to winter-spring. Most new seasons’s rootlets and specialised roots are confined to the uppermost 15 cm of soil, especially in or near the decomposing litter zone. Nutrient uptake is further enhanced by the tendency for the rootlets to cluster, trapping water by capillary action and prolonging nutrient release. As an early product of decomposition, N tends to be available as NH4 (rather than NO3) and it is absorbed preferentially by almost all specialised modes of nutrition. Microorganisms are required in the formation and/or functioning of all these structures, except haustoria. Uptake mechanisms which are optional to the plant reach their peak contribution to the root system at soil nutrient levels well below those required for greatest plant growth, when they may be absent altogether. It is only over the narrow range of nutrient availability, where shoot content of a nutrient is greater in the presence of the mechanism than in its absence (other factors remaining constant), that specialised modes can be termed nutrient-uptake “strategies.”
For all specialised modes of nutrition, the component genera are better represented in these two regions than in the surrounding more fertile, arid to subtropical regions of much greater area. Endemism of species with each mode exceeds that for the two floras overall (75%). This is taken as preliminary evidence that specialised modes of nutrition are best represented in nutrient-poor soils. While they serve to limit nutrient loss from the ecosystem, their proliferation is therefore not necessarily a response to increasing “leaks” in the system.
A hierarchical scheme of the functional/structural relationships between the various mechanisms is presented, starting with the rootless, VA-mycorrhizal plant as the most primitive condition. Taxa with many of the specialised modes of nutrition at present in southwestern South Africa and Western Australia have been evident in the pollen record since the early Tertiary Period. The absence of ectomycorrhizal forests in mediterranean South Africa, in marked contrast to Western Australia, can be traced to differences in their paleohistory. In both regions, the combination of fluctuating, but essentially diminishing, nutrient and water availability that began with the first mediterranean climate < 5 million years ago resulted in decimation of the less-tolerant rainforest ancestors on the one hand, and remarkable rates of speciation of the pre-adapted sclerophyll nucleus on the other.
Abstrakt
Die Haupthindernisse der Nährstoffaufnahme der Kormophyten des Mittelmeerklimas Südafrikas und Westaustraliens sind sehr nahrungsarme Böden, relativ niedrige Temperaturen, wenn genügend Bodenwasser zur Verfügung steht und heisse, trockene Sommer. Diese Hindernisse werden zum Teil durch erhöhte Leistungsfähigkeit von Nährstoffaufnahme, Anzapfung verborgener Quellen von Nährstoffen und Erhöhung und Verlängerung der Wasseraufnahme überwunden. Die Absorptionsfläche kann direkt durch die Feinheit des Wurzelsystems und die Entwicklung langer Wurzelhaare vergrössert werden. Diese Situation ist am besten durch die Wurzelbüschel der Familie Proteaceae (proteoid Wurzeln), die Kapillarwurzeln der Familie Restionaceae und die dauciform Wurzeln der Familie Cyperaceae repräsentiert. Indirekte Erhöhung der Absorptionsfläche ist durch Pilzfäden, die sich von haarlosen Wurzeln im Boden ausbreiten, gewährleistet. Hierbei können zwei Hauptgruppen beobachtet werden: allgemeine (VA Mykorrhizen) und wirt-spezifische (Ericales-, Orchideen- und Hüllmykorrhizen). Mykorrhizen sind die am weitesten verbreiteten, spezialisierten Arten erhöhter Nährstoffaufnahme und sind wahrscheinlich universal inPodocarpus, Acacia, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Land Orchideen, Ericales und Myrtaceae. Der Nährstoffaufnahmemechanismus der VA Mykorrhyzen ist der am wenigsten trockenresistente. Alle Mykorrhyzen haben die Fähigkeit entwickelt, grössere Mengen von Phosphor durch vergrösserten Zugang, erhöhte Auflösung und Verkürzung des Aufnahmeweges von inorganischem Phosphor aufzunehmen. Im Falle der wirt-spezifischen Mykorrhyzen ist jedoch bevorzugte Aufnahme anderer Nährstoffe, vor allem Stickstoff, gleichgalls wichtig.
Andere Quellen der Nährstoffaufnahme sind freier Stickstoff (ausgenutzt von N2-Bakterien in Wurzelknollen), Kleintierbeute in Blättern von Carnivoren und beharrende Blattbasen (Luftwurzeln vonKingia australis). Beide Formen von Legume- und Nichtlegume-Fixierung von N2 sind in diesen beiden Gegenden gut vertreten. In Südwestaustralien können einzelne Formen zwischen 2–19 kg N/ha/Jahr dem Ökosystem zuführen. N2-Fixierung benötigt zusätzliche Nährstoffe, vor allem Mo und Co. Es ist erhöht nach Busch (Wald) bränden und durch spezielle Ergänzungsaufnahme, vor allem in VA Mykorrhizen.
Südwestaustralien im besonderen ist reich an Carnivoren Spezies: N, P, K und S sind wichtige Nährstoffe, die aufgenommen werden. Die Verdauung von Kleintieren wird durch Enzyme bewerkstelligt, die von Bakterien und Drüsen ausgeschieden werden. Parasitische Pflanzen zapfen neue Quellen von Nährstoffen an und werten auch alle Vorrichtungen des Wirtes in Bezug auf erhöhte Wasser- und Nährstoffaufnahme aus. In den Mittelmeerklimaten Südafrikas und Westaustraliens sind Wurzelparasiten häufiger als Stammparasiten. Besonders P und K werden von den Haustorien bevorzugt aufgenommen, jedoch mehr Forschung ist nötig, um den Aufnahmemechanismus zu verstehen.
Mit der Ausnahme von tief-wurzelnden Pflanzen, optimale Nährstoffaufnahme ist auf die Winter-Frühlingszeit beschränkt. Dabei entwickeln sich Fein- und Spezialwurzeln innerhalb der oberen 15 cm-Bodenschicht, vorzugsweise innerhalb oder nahebei der Verwitterungszone des Laubes. Nährstoffaufnahme ist weiterhin durch Büschelformation der Feinwurzeln—wobei Wasser durch Kapillaraktion festgehalten und die Dauer der Nährstoffaufnahme verlängert wird—gesteigert. Ein zeitiges Produkt der Verwesung ist NH4, welches von bald allen spezialisierten Formen eher aufgenommen wird als NO3. Mit Ausnahme der Haustorien der Parasiten alle oben erwähnten Aufnahmeformen von Nährstoffen benötigen die Gegenwart von Mikroorganism. Nährstoffaufnahmemechanismen, die nicht unbedingt für die Pflanze notwendig sind, erreichen ihre grösste Verbreitung in der Bodenschicht, die weniger Nährstoffe enthält. In Bodenschichten mit einem hohen Nährstoffgehalt sind diese Mechanismen oft abwesend. In bezug auf die Verfügbarkeit von Nährstoffen ist es nur ein enger Bereich, in dem der Stengelnährstoffgehalt in der Gegenwart eines Spezialaufnahmemechanismus grösser ist als in der Abwesenheit eines solchen (wenn andere Faktoren gleich sind). In solchen Fällen kann man von Nährstoff aufnahme ‘Strategien’ sprechen.
Alle Spezialnährstoffaufnahmemechanismen sind in beiden Gegenden wohlvertreten. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu den umgebenden fruchtbareren ariden und subtropischen Gegenden. Endemismus von Spezies mit diesen spezialen Aufnahmeeinrichtungen übertrifft die anderen Spezies (75%). Diese Feststellung mag wohl zeigen, dass Spezialformen der Nährstoffaufnahme am besten in nährstoffarmen Böden gedeihen. Während diese dazu dienen, den Verlust von Nährstoffen vom Ökosystem zu vermindern, ist ihre Verbreitung innerhalb des Ökosystems nicht notwendigerweise eine Reaktion von zunehmenden ‘Lücken’ des Systems.
Ein Hierarchie-Schema der funktionalen/strukturalen Verwandtschaft der verschiedenen Mechanismen ist gegeben, beginnend mit der wurzellosen VA-mykorrhyzal Pflanze als die primitivste. Taxa mit vielen der verschiedenen Mechanismen der Nährstoffaufnahme sind in Südafrika und Westaustralien seit dem Früh-Tertiär—dokumentiert durch Pollenfunde—vertreten. Die Abwesenheit von ektotrophen Mykorrhyza Wäldern im Mittelmeerklima Südafrikas, im Gegensatz zu denen in Westaustralien, konnte durch die Verschiedenheit der Plaläohistorie erklärt werden. Die Kombination von Schwankungen, besonders der Abnahme der zur Verfügung stehenden Nährstoffe und des Wassers, die mit dem ersten Mittelmeerklima vor ungefähr 5 Million Jahren begann, resultierte in dem Verschwinden der weniger toleranten Regenwald Vorfahren auf der einen Seite und der Bemerkenswerten Fähigkeit zur Spezialisierung der Pro-sklerophyten auf der anderen Seite.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Abott, L. K. andA. D. Robson. 1977. The distribution and abundance of vesicular-arbuscular endophytes in some Western Australian soils. Austral. J. Bot.25: 515–522.
——. 1979. A quantitative study of the spores and anatomy of mycorrhizas formed by a species ofGlomus, with reference to its taxonomy. Austral. J. Bot.27: 363–375.
Adams, R. M. andG. W. Smith. 1977. An SEM survey of the five carnivorous pitcher plant genera. Amer. J. Bot.64: 265–272.
Adamson, R. S. 1931. Notes on some petrified wood from Banke, Namaqualand. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa19: 255–258.
—. 1956. The South African species of Aizoaceae. III,Galenia L. J. South African Bot.22: 87–127.
Ansiaux, J. R. 1958. Sur l’alimentation minérale des phanérogames parasites. Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., Cl, Sci. 5 sér.44: 787–793.
Armstrong, W. 1981. The water relations of heathlands: General physiological effects of waterlogging. Pages 111–122in R. L. Specht (ed.). Heathlands and related shrublands B. Analytical studies. Elsevier, Sci. Publ., Amsterdam.
Asai, T. 1944. Über die Mykorrhizenbildung der Leguminosen-Pflanzen. Jap. J. Bot.13: 463–485 + figs.
Aschmann, H. 1973. Distribution and peculiarity of mediterranean ecosystems. Pages 11–19in F. Di Castri and H. A. Mooney (eds.). Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, London.
Ashford, A. E., M. Ling-Lee andG. A. Chilvers. 1975. Polyphosphate in eucalypt mycorrhizas: A cytochemical demonstration. New Phytol.74: 447–453.
Ashton, D. H. 1976. Studies on the mycorrhizae ofEucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Austral. J. Bot.24: 723–774.
Atsatt, P. R. 1973. Parasitic flowering plants: How did they evolve? Amer. Naturalist107: 502–510.
—. 1977. The insect herbivore as a predictive model in parasitic seed plant biology. Amer. Naturalist111: 579–586.
—,T. F. Hearn, R. L. Nelson andR. T. Heineman. 1978. Chemical induction and repression of haustoria inOrthocarpus purpurescens (Scrophulariaceae). Ann. Bot.42: 1177–1184.
Axelrod, D. I. andP. H. Raven. 1978. Late Cretaceous and Tertiary vegetation history of Africa. Pages 77–130in M. J. Werger (ed.). Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa. W. Junk, The Hague.
Azcón, R., C. Azcón-G. De Aquilar andJ. M. Barea. 1978. Effects of plant hormones present in bacterial cultures on the formation and responses of VA endomycorrhiza. New Phytol.80: 359–364.
Bagyaraj, D. J., A. Manjunath andR. B. Patil. 1979. Interaction between vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza andRhizobium and their effects on soybean in the field. New Phytol.82: 141–145.
Baird, A. M. 1977. Regeneration after fire in King’s Park, Western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia60: 1–22.
Baker, E. G. 1921. Revision of South African species ofRhynchosia. Bothalia1: 113–138.
Baker, H. A. andE. G. Oliver. 1967. Ericas in southern Africa. Purnell, Cape Town. 180 pp.
Barlow, B. A. 1966. A revision of the Loranthaceae of Australia and New Zealand. Austral. J. Bot.14: 421–499.
— andD. Wiens. 1977. Host-parasite resemblance in Australian mistletoes: The case for cryptic mimicry. Evolution31: 69–84.
Barrow, N. J. 1977. Phosphorus uptake and utilization by tree seedlings. Austral. J. Bot.25: 571–584.
Bartlett, E. M. andD. H. Lewis. 1973. Surface phosphatase activity of mycorrhizal roots of beech. Soil Biol. Biochem.5: 249–257.
Baylis, G. T. 1967. Experiments on the ecological significance of phycomycetous mycorrhizas. New Phytol.66: 231–243.
—. 1970. Root hairs and phycomycetous mycorrhizas in phosphorus-deficient soils. Pl. &Soil33: 713–716.
—. 1972. Fungi, phosphorus and the evolution of root systems. Search3: 257–259.
—. 1975. The magnolioid root and mycotrophy in root systems derived from it. Pages 373–389in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
—,R. F. McNabb andT. M. Morrison. 1963. The mycorrhizal nodules of podocarps. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.46: 378–384.
Beadle, N. C. 1964. Nitrogen economy in arid and semi-arid plant communities. III. The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organisms. Proc. Linn. New South Wales89: 273–286.
—. 1966. Soil phosphate and its role in molding segments of the Australian flora and vegetation, with special reference to xeromorphy and sclerophylly. Ecology47: 992–1007.
—. 1968. Some aspects of the ecology and physiology of Australian xeromorphic plants. Austral. J. Sci.30: 348–355.
—. 1981. Origins of the Australian angiosperm flora. Pages 409–426in A. Keast (ed.). Ecological biogeography of Australia. W. Junk, The Hague.
Beard, J. S. (ed.). 1970. A descriptive catalogue of West Australian plants. Ed. 2. Surrey, Beatty &Sons, Chipping Norton, N.S.W. 142 pp.
—. 1977. Tertiary evolution of the Australian flora in the light of latitudinal movements of the continent. J. Biogeogr.4: 111–118.
Becking, J. H. 1970. Plant-endophyte symbiosis in non-leguminous plants. Pl. &Soil32: 611–654.
Beresford, R. T. 1979. Nutrient imbalances in tomato plants and acid phosphatase activity in the leaves. J. Sci. Food Agric.30: 275–280.
Bergersen, F. J. 1974. Formation and function of bacteroids. Pages 473–498in A. Quispel (ed.). The biology of nitrogen fixation. North-Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam.
—,G. S. Kennedy andW. Wittman. 1965. Nitrogen fixation in the coralloid roots ofMacrozamia communis L. Johnson. Austral. J. Biol. Sci.18: 1135–1142.
Bhat, K. K. andP. H. Nye. 1973. Diffusion of phosphate to plant roots in soil. 1. Quantitative autoradiography of the depletion zone. Pl. &Soil38: 161–175.
—— andJ. P. Baldwin. 1976. Diffusion of phosphate to plant roots in soil. IV. The concentration distance profile in the rhizosphere of roots with root hairs in low-P soil. Pl. &Soil44: 63–72.
Bint, A. N. 1981. An early Pliocene pollen assemblage from Lake Tay, South-Western Australia, and its phytogeographic implications. Austral. J. Bot.29: 277–291.
Boerd, G. andS. Thien. 1979. Phosphatase activity and phosphorus availability in the rhizosphere of corn roots. Pages 231–242in J. L. Harley and R. S. Russell (eds.). The soil-root interface. Academic Press, London.
Bond, G. 1957. The development and significance of the root nodules ofCasuarina. Ann. Bot.21: 373–380.
—. 1974. Root-nodule symbiosis with actinomycete-like organisms. Pages 342–378in A. Quispel (ed.). The biology of nitrogen fixation. South-Holland Publishers, Amsterdam.
—. 1976. The results of the IBP survey of root-nodule formation in non-leguminous angiosperms. Pages 443–474in P. S. Nutman (ed.). Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in plants. Cambridge University Press, London.
— andG. D. Scott. 1955. An examination of some symbiotic systems for fixation of nitrogen. Ann. Bot.19: 67–77.
Bowen, G. D. 1973. Mineral nutrient relations of ectomycorrhizae. Pages 151–205in G. C. Marks and T. T. Kozlowski (eds.). Ectomycorrhizae—Their ecology and physiology. Academic Press, New York.
—. 1981. Coping with low nutrients. Pages 33–64in J. S. Pate and A. J. McComb (eds.). The biology of Australian plants. University of Western Australian Press, Perth.
— andA. D. Rovira. 1966. Microbial factor in short term phosphate uptake studies with plant roots. Nature211: 665–666.
— andC. Theodorou. 1973. Growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi around seeds and roots. Pages 122–125in G. C. Marks and T. T. Kozlowski (eds.). Ectomycorrhizae—Their ecology and physiology. Academic Press, New York.
Bowyer, J. W. andV. B. Skerman. 1968. Production of axenic cultures of soil-borne and endophytic blue-green algae. J. Gen. Microbiol.54: 299–306.
Brook, P. J. 1952. Mycorrhiza ofPernettya macrostigma. New Phytol.51: 388–397.
Bruce, A. N. 1907. On the activity of the glands ofByblis gigantea, Lindl. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh4: 9–14.
Caldwell, M. M. 1979. Root structure: The considerable cost of below ground function. Pages 408–427in O. T. Solbrig, J. Subodh, G. B. Johnson and P. H. Raven (eds.). Topics in plant population biology. MacMillan Press, London.
Callow, J. A., L. C. Capaccio, G. Parish andP. B. Tinker. 1978. Detection and estimation of polyphosphate in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytol.80: 125–134.
Campbell, E. O. 1963.Gastrodia minor Petrie, an epiparasite of Manuka. Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand, Bot.2: 73–81.
—. 1964. The restiad peat bogs at Motumaoho and Moanatuatua. Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand, Bot.2: 219–227.
—. 1981. The water relations of heathlands: Morphological adaptation to waterlogging. Pages 107–109in R. L. Specht (ed.). Heathlands and related shrublands of the world. B. Analytical studies. Elsevier Sci. Pub., Amsterdam.
Carlquist, S. 1974. Island biology. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
Carr, D. J., S. G. M. Carr andW. R. Papst. 1979. Field studies on nitrogen fixation of Australian alpine soils and plants. Symposium in the biology of Australian native plants. University of Western Australia, Perth (abstract).
Carrodus, B. B. 1967. Absorption of nitrogen by mycorrhizal roots of beech. II. Ammonia and nitrate as sources of nitrogen. New Phytol.66: 1–4.
Chambers, C. A., S. E. Smith andF. A. Smith. 1980. Effects of ammonium and nitrate ions on mycorrhizal infection, nodulation and growth ofTrifolium subterraneum. New Phytol.85: 47–62.
Chandler, G. E. andJ. W. Anderson. 1976a. Studies on the origin of some hydrolytic enzymes associated with the leaves and tentacles ofDrosera species and their role in heterotrophic nutrition. New Phytol.77: 51–62.
——. 1976b. Studies on the nutrition and growth ofDrosera species with reference to the carnivorous habit. New Phytol.76: 129–141.
——. 1976c. Uptake and metabolism of insect metabolites by leaves on tentacles ofDrosera species. New Phytol.77: 625–634.
Chapin, F. S. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.11: 233–260.
Chapman, F. andI. Crespin. 1934. The palaeontology of the Plantagenet Beds of Western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia20: 103–136.
Chilvers, G. A. 1968. Low power electron microscopy of the root cap region of eucalypt mycorrhizas. New Phytol.67: 663–665.
—. 1973. Mycorrhizas and problems in association inEucalyptus L’Herit. Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
— andL. D. Pryor. 1965. The structure of eucalypt mycorrhizas. Austral. J. Bot.13: 245–259.
Chippendale, G. M. 1981. Distribution density ofEucalyptus species in Australia. Search12: 131–133.
Chippindall, L. K. 1955. A guide to the identification of grasses in South Africa.In D. Meredith (ed.). The grasses and pastures of South Africa. Central News Agency, Cape Town.
Christensen, P. 1979. Mycophagy (fungus consumption) by mammals in the southwest of Western Australia. Symposium on the biology of Australian native plants, University of Western Australia, Perth (abstract).
Churchill, D. W. 1961. The Tertiary and Quaternary vegetation and climate in relation to the living flora in south western Australia. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Western Australia. Perth.
Clarkson, D. T. 1969. Metabolic aspects of aluminium toxicity and some possible mechanisms for resistance. Pages 381–397in I. H. Rorison (ed.). Ecological aspects of the mineral nutrition of plants. Blackwell, Oxford.
Coates-Palgrave, K. 1977. Trees of southern Africa. C. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
Codd, L. E. 1956. TheScholia species of southern Africa. Bothalia6: 515–533.
Coetzee, J. A. 1978. Climatic and biological changes in south-western Africa during the late Cainozoic. Pages 13–29in E. M. van Zinderen Bakker and J. A. Coetzee (eds.). Palaeoecology of Africa and the surrounding islands. Vol. 10/11. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Coley, P. G. F. andD. T. Mitchell. 1980. Distribution of soil fungi in a CapeErica heathland community. S. African J. Sci.76: 185.
Cooke, T. 1912. Plantaginaceae. Pages 387–392in W. T. Thiselton-Dyer (ed.). Flora Capensis 5. Reeve, London.
Cookson, I. C. 1954. The occurrence of an older Tertiary microflora in Western Australia. Austral. J. Sci.17: 37–38.
Cooper, K. M. 1975. Growth responses to the formation of endotrophic mycorrhizas inSolanum, Leptospermum, and New Zealand ferns. Pages 391–408in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
— andP. B. Tinker. 1978. Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytol.81: 43–52.
Cowling, R. M. andB. M. Campbell. 1980. Convergence in vegetation structure in the mediterranean communities of California, Chile and South Africa. Vegetatio43: 191–198.
Cox, G. andP. B. Tinker. 1976. Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizas. I. The arbuscule and phosphorus transfer: A quantitative ultrastructural study. New Phytol.77: 371–378.
Crush, J. R. 1974. Plant growth responses to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. VII. Growth and nodulation of some herbage legumes. New Phytol.73: 743–750.
Daft, M. J. 1979. Effects of calcium, phosphorus and potassium on mycorrhizal plants. Pages 420–421in J. L. Harley and R. S. Russell (eds.). The soil-root interface. Academic Press, London.
—,E. Hacskaylo andT. H. Nicolson. 1975. Arbuscular raycorrhizas in plants colonising cola spoils in Scotland and Pennsylvania. Pages 561–580in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press. London.
Dahlgren, R. 1963. Studies onAspalathus. Phytogeographical aspects. Bot. Not.116: 431–472.
—. 1970. Parallelism, convergence, and analogy in some South African genera of Leguminosae. Bot. Not.123: 551–568.
Dakin, W. J. 1919. The West Australian pitcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis) and its physiology. J. Proc. Roy. Soc. Western Australia4: 37–53.
Dart, P. J. 1974. The infection process. Pages 381–429in A. Quispel (ed.). The biology of nitrogen fixation. North-Holland Pub., Amsterdam.
Davison, J. D. 1927. Celastraceae. Bothalia2: 289–346.
Deacon, H. J. In press. Comparative evolution of mediterranean-type ecosystems: A southern perspective.In F. J. Kruger, D. T. Mitchell and J. N. Jarvis (eds.). Mediterranean ecosystems: The role of nutrients. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Dell, B. 1977. Distribution and function of resins and glandular hairs in West Australian plants. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia59: 119–123.
— andA. H. Burbidge. 1981. Notes on the biology ofPilostyles (Rafflesiaceae) in Western Australia. Western Australian Herbarium Research Notes5: 71–79.
—,J. Kuo andG. J. Thomson. 1980. Development of proteoid roots inHakea obliqua R. Br. (Proteaceae) grown in water culture. Austral. J. Bot.28: 27–37.
De Luca, P., S. Sabato, A. Balduzzi andR. Nazzaro. 1980. Coralloid root regeneration onMacrozamia megagametophytes. Giorn. Bot. Ital.114: 271–275.
De Winter, B. 1962. The South African Stipeae and Aristideae (Gramineae). Bothalia8: 201–404.
—. 1963. Ebenaceae. Pages 54–99in R. A. Dyer, L. E. Codd and H. B. Rycroft (eds.). Flora of southern Africa 26. Dept. Agri. Tech. Serv., Pretoria, S. Africa.
Dexheimer, J. 1978. Study of mucilage secretion by the cells of the digestive glands ofDrosera capensis L. Ultrastructural localization of neutral phosphatases and ATPases. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.86: 189–201.
Diem, H. G., I. Gueye, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, J. A. Fortin andF. R. Dommergues. 1981. Ecology of VA mycorrhizae in the tropics: The semi-arid zone of Senegal. Acta Oecol./ Oecol. Plant.2: 53–62.
Dixon, K. W., J. S. Pate andW. J. Bailey. 1980. Nitrogen nutrition of the tuberous sundewDrosera erythrorhiza Lindl. with special reference to catch of arthropod fauna by its glandular leaves. Austral. J. Bot.28: 283–297.
Dodd, J. and E. M. Heddle. 1981. Root systems of some swamp and banksia woodland plants of the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Austral. 11,4 (abstract).
Dörr, I. 1975. Development of transfer cells in higher parasitic plants. Pages 177–186in S. Aronoff, J. Dainty, P. R. Gorham, L. M. Srivastava and C. A. Swanson (eds.). Phloem transport. Plenum Press, New York.
Drew, M. C. andP. H. Nye. 1969. The supply of nutrient ions by diffusion to plant roots in soil. II. The effects of root hairs on the uptake of potassium by roots of rye grass (Lolium multiflorum). Pl. &Soil31: 407–424.
Doyle, J. A. 1978. Origin of angiosperms. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.9: 365–392.
Dyer, R. A. 1963. Myrsinaceae. Pages 1–9in R. A. Dyer, L. E. Codd and H. B. Rycroft (eds.). Flora of southern Africa 26. Dept. Agri. Tech. Services, Pretoria, South Africa.
—. 1975, 1976. The genera of South African flowering plants. Vol. 1,2. Dept. Agric. Tech. Services, Pretoria.
Engin, M. andJ. I. Sprent. 1973. Effects of water stress on growth and nitrogen-fixing activity ofTrifolium repens. New Phytol.72: 117–126.
Erickson, R. 1968. Plants of prey in Australia. Lamp Paterson, Perth, West. Australia.
Fineran, B. A. 1974. A study of “phloeotracheids” in haustoria of santalaceous root parasites using scanning electron microscopy. Ann. Bot.38: 937–946.
—. 1979. Ultrastructure of differentiating graniferous tracheary elements in the haustorium ofExocarpus bidwillii (Santalaceae). Protoplasma98: 199–221.
— andS. Bullock. 1979. Ultrastructure of graniferous tracheary elements in the haustorium ofExocarpus bidwillii, a root hemi-parasite of the Santalaceae. Proc. Roy. Soc. London. Ser. B, Biol. Sci.204: 329–343.
Finlayson, M. andA. J. McComb. 1978. Nitrogen fixation in wetlands of southwestern Australia. Search9: 98–99.
Fitter, A. H. 1977. Influence of mycorrhizal infection on competition for phosphorus and potassium by two grasses. New Phytol.79: 119–125.
Forbes, H. M. 1930. The genusPsoralea Linn. Bothalia3: 116–136.
—. 1948. A revision of the South African species of the genusTephrosia Pers. Bothalia4: 951–1006.
Fraser, L. 1932. An investigation ofLobelia gibbosa andLobelia dentata. 1. Mycorrhiza, latex system and general biology. Linn. Soc. New South Wales57: 497–525.
Gadgil, R. L. andP. W. Gadgil. 1971. Mycorrhiza and litter decomposition. Nature233: 133.
Gardner, C. A. 1948. Contributions florae australiae occidentalis XII. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia34: 75–81.
Gardner, W. R. 1960. Dynamic aspects of water availability in plants. Soil Sci.89: 63–73.
George, A. S. 1980.Rhizanthella gardneri R. S. Rogers—The underground orchid of Western Australia. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.49: 631–646.
—. 1981. The genusBanksia L.f. (Proteaceae). Nuytsia3: 239–473.
—,A. J. Hopkins andN. G. Marchant. 1979. The heathlands of Western Australia. Pages 211–320in R. L. Specht (ed.). Heathlands and associated shrublands. A descriptive study. Elsevier, Sci. Pub., Amsterdam.
Gianinazzi, S., V. Gianinazzi-Pearson andJ. Dexheimer. 1979. Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. III. Ultrastructural localization of acid and alkaline phosphatase in onion roots infected byGlomus mosseae (Nicol. &Gerd.). New Phytol.82: 127–132.
Gibson, A. H. 1976. Recovery and compensation by nodulated legumes to environmental stress. Pages 405–420in P. S. Nutman (ed.). Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Giddy, C. 1974. Cycads of South Africa. Purnell, Cape Town.
Giessler, A. 1928. Einfluss von Salzlösungen auf die Stärheverarbeitung beiDrosera. Flora23: 133–190.
Glassford, D. K. andL. P. Killigrew. 1976. Evidence for Quaternary extension of the Australian desert into south-western Australia. Search7: 394–396.
——. 1979. Evidence for repeated glacial-age aridities throughout southwestern Australia during late Cainozoic times. Page 82in Symposium on the biology of Australian native plants. University of Western Australia, Perth. (abstract)
Glyphis, J., E. J. Mell andB. M. Campbell. 1978. Phytosociological studies on Table Mountain, South Africa: I. The Back Table. J. South African Bot.44: 281–289.
Gobel, T. 1975. Some field observations onNuytsia floribunda (Labill.) R. Br. Western Australian Nat.29: 50–60.
Goldblatt, P. 1978. An analysis of the flora of southern Africa: Its characteristics, relationships, and origins. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.65: 369–436.
Gray, L. E. andJ. W. Gerdemann. 1973. Uptake of sulphur-35 by vesicular-arbuscular myycorrhizae. Pl. &Soil39: 687–689.
Green, P. S. 1976. Ecological and nutritional aspects of proteoid roots. Hons. Thesis, University Adelaide, S. Aust.
Greenland, D. J. 1979. The physics and chemistry of the soil-root interface: Some comments. Pages 83–98in J. L. Harley and R. S. Russell (eds.). The soil-root interface. Academic Press, London.
Grieve, B. J. andW. E. Blackall. 1975. How to know Western Australian wildflowers. Part 4. University Western Australian Press, Perth.
— andE. O. Hellmuth. 1970. Eco-physiology of Western Australian plants. Oecol. Pl.5: 33–68.
Grobbelaar, N. andB. Clarke. 1972. A qualitative study of the nodulating ability of legume species: List 2. J. South African Bot.35: 241–247.
——. 1974. A qualitative study of the nodulating ability of legume species: List 4. Agroplantae6: 57–64.
——. 1975. A qualitative study of the nodulating ability of legume species: List 3. J. South African Bot.41: 29–36.
-J. M. Strauss and E. G. Groenewald. 1971. Non-leguminous seed plants in southern Africa which fix nitrogen symbiotically. Pl. &Soil Special Vol. 325–334.
-,M. E. van Beyma and C. M. Todd. 1967. A qualitative study of the nodulating ability of legume species: List 1. Publication of the University of Pretoria 38.
— andM. W. van Rooyen. 1979. A qualitative study of the nodulating ability of legume species: List 5. J. South African Bot.45: 267–272.
Grove, T. S. andN. Malajczuk. 1980. Nitrogen inputs toEucalyptus marginata andE. diversicolor forests. Pages 1–7in Proceedings of workshop on nitrogen in natural forest ecosystems. CSIRO, Perth.
—,A. M. O’Connell andN. Malajczuk. 1980. Effects of fire on the growth, nutrient content and rate of nitrogen fixation of the cycadMacrozamia riedlei. Austral. J. Bot.28: 271–281.
Grundon, N. J. 1972. Mineral nutrition of some Queensland heath plants. J. Ecol.60: 171–181.
Gillian, P. K. 1975. Vegetation at Cranbourne. Vol. 2. Ph.D. Thesis, Monash Univ., Victoria.
Hadley, G. 1975. Organization and fine structure of orchid mycorrhiza. Pages 335–351in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
Hall, I. R. 1975. Endomycorrhizasof Metrosideros umbellata andWeinmannia racemosa. New Zealand J. Bot.13: 463–472.
—. 1977. Species and mycorrhizal infections of New Zealand Endogonaceae. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.68: 341–356.
Halliday, J. andJ. S. Pate. 1976. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by coralloid roots of theMacrozamia riedlei: Physiological characteristics and ecological significance. Austral. J. Plant Physiol.3: 349–358.
Hansen, D. H. 1977. Physiology and microclimate in a hemi-parasiteCastilleja chromosa (Scrophulariaceae). Amer. J. Bot.66: 477–484.
Hardy, R. W., R. C. Burns andR. D. Holsten. 1973. Applications of the acetylene-ethylene assay for measurement of nitrogen fixation. Soil Biol. Biochem.5: 47–81.
Harley, J. L. 1969. The biology of mycorrhiza. Leonard Hill, London.
—. 1975. Problems in mycotrophy. Pages 1–24in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
Härtel, O. 1937. Über den Wasserhaushelt vonViscum album L. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.55: 310–321.
—. 1941. Über die Ökologie einiger Halbparasiten und ihrer Wirtspflanzen. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.59: 136–148.
Harvey, W. H., O. W. Sonder, W. T. Thiselton-Dyer andA. W. Hill (eds.). 1859–1933. Flora Capensis. 7 vols. Reeve &Co., London.
Hatch, A. B. 1977. Some effects of external factors on nutrient cycling in the jarrah forest ecosystem. Pages 105–111in Nutrient cycling in indigenous forest ecosystems. CSIRO, Div. Land Resources Management, Perth.
Hattingh, M. J. 1972. A note on the fungusEndogone. J. South African Bot.38: 29–31.
Hayman, D. S. 1974. Plant growth responses to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. New Phytol.73: 71–80.
Haxen, P. G. 1978. Aspects of nodule physiology of some southwestern Cape leguminous species. Hons. Thesis, Univ. Cape Town.
Head, G. C. 1964. A study of “exudation” from the root hairs of apple roots by timelapse cine-photomicrography. Ann. Bot.28: 495–498.
Heddle, E. M. andR. L. Specht. 1975. Dark island heath (Ninety-mile Plain, South Australia). VIII. The effect of fertilisers on composition and growth, 1950–1972. Austral. J. Bot.23: 151–164.
Hellmuth, E. O. 1971. Eco-physiological studies on plants in arid and semi-arid regions in Western Australia IV. Comparison of the field physiology of the host,Acacia grasbyi and its hemiparasite,Amyema nestor under optimal and stress conditions. J. Ecol.59: 351–363.
Herbert, D. A. 1919.Nuytsiafloribunda (the Christmas tree)-Its structure and parsitism. J. Proc. Roy. Soc. Western Australia5: 72–88.
—. 1925. The root parasitism of western Australian Santalaceae. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia11: 127–149.
Herrera, R., T. Mérida, N. Stark andC. F. Jordan. 1978. Direct phosphorus transfer from litter to roots. Naturwissenschaften65: 208–209.
Heslop-Harrison, Y. 1978. Carnivorous plants. Sci. Amer.238: 104–115.
Hewitt, E. J. andT. A. Smith. 1975. Plant mineral nutrition. English University Press, London.
Hill, A. W. 1925. Santalaceae. Pages 135–213in W. T. Thiselton-Dyer (ed.). Flora Capensis. Vol. 5/2. Reeve &Co., London.
Hingston, F. J. 1977. Sources of, and sinks for, nutrients in forest ecosystems. Pages 41–53in Nutrient cycling in indigenous forest ecosystems. CSIRO, Div. Land Resources Management. Perth.
-,N. Malajczuk and T. S. Grove. In press. Acetylene reduction (N2-fixation) by jarrah forest legumes following fire and phosphate application. J. Appl. Ecol.
Hopper, S. D. 1979. Biogeographical aspects of speciation in the southwest Australian flora. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.10: 397–422.
— andB. R. Maslin. 1978. Phytogeography ofAcacia in Western Australia. Austral. J. Bot.26: 63–78.
Horak, O. 1974. Comparative analyses of mineral ion content of some Loranthaceae and their hosts. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.73: 461–466.
Hos, D. 1975. Preliminary investigation of the palynology of the Upper Eocene Werillup Formation, Western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia58: 1–14.
Hutchinson, J. 1917. XVI. Notes on African Compositae: IV.Matricaria. Kew Bull. Pp. 111–118.
Jackson, D. R., W. J. Selvidge andB. S. Ausmus. 1978. Behaviour of heavy metals in forced microcosms. I. Effects on nutrient cycling processes. Water Air Soil Poll.10: 13–18.
Jackson, N. E., R. H. Miller andR. E. Franklin. 1973. The influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on uptake of90Sr from soil by soybeans. Soil Biol. Biochem.5: 205–212.
Janos, D. P. 1980. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae affect lowland tropical rain forest plant growth. Ecology61: 151–162.
Jeffrey, D. W. 1967. Phosphate nutrition of Australian heath plants. I. The importance of proteoid roots inBanksia (Proteaceae). Austral. J. Bot.15: 403–411.
Jessop, J. P. 1966. The genusAsparagus in Southern Africa. Bothalia9: 31–96.
Johnson, L. A. andB. G. Briggs. 1975. On the Proteaceae—The evolution and classification of a southern family. J. Linn. Soc., Bot.70: 83–182.
Johnson, P. N. 1973. Mycorrhizae of coniferous-broadleaved forest. Ph.D. Thesis, Otago Univ., New Zealand.
Jones, F. R. 1924. A mycorrhizal fungus in the roots of legumes and some other plants. J. Agric. Res.29: 459–470.
Jongens-Roberts, S. M., G. J. Brown andD. T. Mitchell. 1980. Studies on phosphorus cycling processes in the fynbos biome. CSIR, S. Africa. Fynbos Biome Ann. Rep. No. 2.
Jooste, J. and L. Raitt. 1980. Na/K ratios and the Proteaceae. Report on seminar and discussion session on nutrient studies within the Fynbos Biome Project, CSIR, National Programme for Environmental Sciences. University of Cape Town.
Juniper, B. E., A. J. Gilchrist andA. J. Robins. 1977. Some features of secretory systems in plants. Histochem. J.9: 659–680.
Kana, T. M. andJ. D. Tjepkema. 1978. Nitrogen fixation associated withScirpus atrovirens and other non-nodulated plants in Massachusetts. Canad. J. Bot.56: 2636–2640.
Kepert, D. G., A. D. Robson andA. M. Posner. 1979. The effect of organic root products on the availability of phosphorus to plants. Pages 115–124in J. L. Harley and R. S. Russell (eds.). The soil-root interface. Academic Press, London.
Khan, A. G. 1967.Podocarpus root nodules in sterile culture. Nature215: 1170.
—. 1978. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in plants colonizing black wastes from bituminous coal mining in the Illawara region of New South Wales. New Phytol.81: 53–63.
Kies, P. 1951. Revision of the genusCyclopia and notes on some other sources of bush tea. Bothalia6: 161–173.
Killick, D. J. 1969. The South African species ofMyrica. Bothalia10: 5–17.
Kimber, P. C. 1974. The root system of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata). Res. Paper No. 14. Forests Dept., Perth.
Klaren, C. H. andG. Janssen. 1978. Physiological changes in the hemiparasiteRhinanthus serotinus before and after attachment. Physiol. Pl.42: 151–155.
— andS. J. van de Dijk. 1976. Water relations of the hemiparasiteRhinanthus serotinus before and after attachment. Physiol. Pl.38: 121–125.
Kruger, F. J. 1979. South African heathlands. Pages 19–80in R. L. Specht (ed.). Heathlands and associated shrublands. A descriptive study. Elsevier Sci. Pub., Amsterdam.
Knuckelmann, H. W. 1975. Effect of fertilizers, soil tillage, and plant species on the frequency ofEndogone chlamydospores and mycorrhizal infection in arable soils. Pages 511–525in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
Kuijt, J. 1969. The biology of flowering parasitic plants. University California Press, Berkeley.
Lamont, B. 1972a. The morphology and anatomy of proteoid roots in the genusHakea. Austral. J. Bot.20: 155–174.
—. 1972b. The effect of soil nutrients on the production of proteoid roots byHakea species. Austral. J. Bot.20: 27–40.
—. 1972c. “Proteoid” roots in the legumeViminaria juncea. Search3: 90–91.
—. 1973. Factors affecting the distribution of proteoid roots within the root systems of twoHakea species. Austral. J. Bot.21: 165–187.
—. 1974. The biology of dauciform roots in the sedgeCyathochaete avenacea. New Phytol.73: 985–996.
—. 1976a. The effects of seasonality and waterlogging on the root systems of a numberof Hakea species. Austral. J. Bot.24: 691–702.
—. 1976b. A biological survey and recommendations for rehabilitating portion of Reserve 31030 to be mined for heavy minerals during 1975–81. WAIT-AID Ltd., Perth.
—. 1977. Root parasitismof Hakea sulcata byNuytsia floribunda. Western Australian Nat.13: 201–202.
—. 1979. The root systems of Myrtaceae. Austral. Pl.10: 74–78.
-. 1980a. Proteoid roots in the South African Proteaceae. CSIR, S. Africa. Fynbos Biome Ann. Rep. 2 (Available from author.)
—. 1980b. Blue-green algae in nectar ofBanksia aff.sphaerocarpa. Western Australian Nat.14: 193–194.
—. 1981a. Specialized roots of non-symbiotic origin in heathlands. Pages 183–195in R. L. Specht (ed.). Heathlands and related shrublands of the world. B. Analytical Studies. Elsevier Sci. Pub., Amsterdam.
—. 1981b. A botanist in South Africa, 1980. Study Leave Report. School of Biology, WAIT, Bentley (available from author).
—. 1981c. Morphometrics of the aerial roots ofKingia australis (Liliales). Austral. J. Bot.29: 81–96.
—. 1981d. Autografting of roots and stems inEucalyptus and of rhizomes inNuytsia floribunda. Western Australian Nat.15: 26–28.
—. 1981e. Availability of water and inorganic nutrients in the persistent leaf bases of the grasstreeKingia australis and the uptake and translocation of labelled phosphate by the embedded aerial roots. Physiol. Pl.52: 181–186.
—. 1981f. Understorey suppression byEucalyptus wandoo. Page 4in Conf. on biology of eucalyptus. Austral. Syst. Bot. Soc., King’s Park and Botanic Garden, Perth (abstract).
—. 1982a. The reproductive biology ofGrevillea leucopteris (Proteaceae), including reference to its glandular hairs and colonizing potential. Flora172: 1–20.
—. 1982b. Host specificity and germination requirements of some South African mistletoes. South African J. Sci.78: 41–42.
-. In press. Mineral nutrition of mistletoes.In D. M. Calder and P. Bernhart (eds.). The biology of mistletoes. Academic Press, London.
—,S. Downes andJ. E. Fox. 1977. Importance-value curves and diversity indices applied to a species-rich heathland in Western Australia. Nature265: 438–441.
— andB. J. Lange. 1976. “Stalagmiform” roots in limestone caves. New Phytol.76: 353–360.
— andA. J. McComb. 1974. Soil micro-organisms and the formation of proteoid roots. Austral. J. Bot.22: 681–688.
— andM. Perry. 1977. The effects of light, osmotic potential and atmospheric gases on germination of the mistletoeAmyema preissii. Ann. Bot.41: 203–209.
— andR. A. Ryan. 1977. Formation of coralloid roots by cycads under sterile conditions. Phytomorphology27: 426–429.
— andK. J. Southall. 1982a. Biology of the mistletoeAmyema preissii on road verges and undisturbed vegetation. Search13: 87–88.
——. 1982b. Distribution of mineral nutrients between the mistletoeAmyema preissii and its hostAcacia acuminata. Ann. Bot.49: 721–725.
Lange, R. T. 1959. Additions to the known nodulating species of Leguminosae. Antoni van Leeuevenhoek J. Ned. Tijdschr. Hug.25: 272–276.
—. 1961. Nodule bacteria associated with the indigenous Leguminosae of southwestern Australia. J. Gen. Microbiol.61: 351–359.
—. 1978. Some Eocene leaf fragments comparable to Proteaceae. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia60: 107–114.
—. 1980. Evidence of lid-cells and host-specific micro-fungi in the search for TertiaryEucalyptus. Rev. Palaeobot. Palyn.29: 29–33.
Lau, N. S. 1968. Root anatomy ofBanksia spp.,Casuarina glauca and some members of Myrtaceae grown under controlled water conditions. Hons. Thesis, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
Lawrie, A. C. 1981. Nitrogen fixation by native Australian legumes. Austral. J. Bot.29: 143–157.
Lee, H. M. 1978. Studies of the family Proteaceae II. Further observations on the root morphology of some Australian genera. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic.90: 251–256.
Levyns, M. 1935. Veld burning experiments at Oakdale, Riversdale. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa23: 231–243.
—. 1937. A revision ofStoebe L. J. South African Bot.3: 1–35.
—. 1970. A revision of the genusParanomus (Proteaceae). Contr. Bolus Herb.2: 3–48.
Lewis, O. A. andW. D. Stock. 1978. A preliminary study of the nitrogen nutritional status of members of the South African Proteaceae. J. South African Bot.44: 143–151.
Lie, T. A. and E. G. Mulder (eds.). 1971. Biological nitrogen fixation in natural and agricultural habitats. Pl. &Soil Special Vol.
Ling-Lee, M., A. E. Ashford andG. A. Chilvers. 1977. A histochemical study of polysaccharide distribution in eucalypt mycorrhizas. New Phytol.78: 329–335.
—,G. A. Chilvers andA. E. Ashford. 1975. Poly-phosphate granules in three different kinds of tree mycorrhiza. New Phytol.75: 551–554.
Lloyd, F. E. 1942. The carnivorous plants. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Massachusetts.
Loneragan, J. F. 1972. The soil chemical environment in relation to symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Pages 17–54in Use of isotopes for study of fertilizer utilization by legume crops. Pub. 149. Internat. Atomic Energy Comm., Vienna.
Low, A. B. 1979. Phytomass and litter studies on the Cape Flats. CSIR, S. Africa. Fynbos Biome Rep. No. 1.
—. 1980. Preliminary observations on specialized root morphologies in plants of the western Cape Province. South African J. Sci.76: 513–516.
Lundeberg, G. 1970. Utilization of various nitrogen sources, in particular bound soil nitrogen, by mycorrhizal fungi. Stud. Forest. Suec. 79.
Lüttge, U. 1971. Structure and function of plant glands. Ann. Rev. Pl. Physiol.22: 23–44.
Main, A. R. 1979. The fauna. Pages 77–99in B. J. O’Brien (ed.). Environment and science. University of Western Australia Press, Perth.
—. 1981. Ecosystem theory and management. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia64: 1–4.
Malajczuk, N. andG. D. Bowen. 1974. Proteoid roots are microbially induced. Nature251: 316–317.
— andT. Grove. 1977. Legume understorey biomass, nutrient content and nitrogen fixation in eucalypt forests of southwestern Australia. Pages 36–39in Nutrient cycling in indigenous forest ecosystems. CSIRO, Div. Land Resources Management, Perth.
— andF. J. Hingston. 1981. Ectomycorrhizae associated with Jarrah. Austral. J. Bot.29: 453–462.
— andB. B. Lamont. 1981. Specialized roots of symbiotic origin in heathlands. Pages 165–182in R. L. Specht (ed.). Heathlands and related shrublands of the world. B. Analytical studies. Elsevier Sci. Pub., Amsterdam.
—,A. J. McComb andJ. F. Loneragan. 1975. Phosphorus uptake and growth of mycorrhizal and uninfected seedlings ofEucalyptus calophylla R. Br. Austral. J. Bot.23: 231–238.
Malloch, D. W., K. A. Pirozynski andP. H. Raven. 1980. Ecological and evolutionary significance of mycorrhizal symbioses in vascular plants (a review). Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A.77: 2113–2118.
Marais, W. 1970. Cruciferae. Pages 1–117in L. E. Codd, B. De Winter, D. J. Killick and H. B. Rycroft (eds.). Flora of southern Africa. Dept. Agri. Tech. Serv. Pretoria.
Marloth, R. 1913, 1925. The flora of South Africa. Vol. 1, 2/1 Darter Bros &Co., Cape Town.
Marsh, J. A. 1966. Cupressaceae. Pages 43–48in L. E. Codd, B. De Winter and H. B. Rycroft (eds.). Flora of southern Africa 1. Dept. Agri. Tech. Services, Pretoria.
Martin, H. A. 1978. Evolution of the Australian flora and vegetation through the Tertiary: Evidence from pollen. Alcheringa2: 181–202.
Martin, P. G. 1979. First approaches to the study of the Australian flora using protein sequencing. Page 14in Symposium on the biology of native Australian plants. University of Western Australia, Perth (abstract).
Marx, D. H. andW. C. Bryan. 1971. Influence of ectomycorrhizae on survival and growth of aseptic seedlings of loblolly pine at high temperature. Forest Sci.17: 37–41.
McLuckie, J. 1924. Studies in parasitism. I. A contribution to the physiology of the genusCassytha. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales49: 55–78.
Mejstrik, V. K. 1972. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas of the species of a molinietum coeruleae L. I. Association: The ecology. New Phytol.71: 883–890.
Menge, J. A., D. Steirle, D. J. Bagyaraj, E. L. Johnson andR. T. Leonard. 1978. Phosphorus concentrations in plants responsible for inhibition of mycorrhizal infection. New Phytol.80: 575–578.
Menzies, B. P. 1954. Seedling development and haustorial system ofLoranthus micranthus Hook. F. Phytomorphology4: 397–409.
Meredith, D. (ed.). 1955. The grasses and pastures of South Africa. Central News Agency, Cape Town.
Milewski, A. V. 1981. A comparison of vegetation height in relation to the effectiveness of rainfall in the mediterranean and adjacent arid parts of Australia and South Africa. J. Biogeog.8: 107–116.
Mitchell D. T. andD. J. Read. 1980. Utilization of inorganic and organic phosphates by the mycorrhizal endophytes ofVaccinium macrocarpon andRhododendron ponticum. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.76: 255–260.
Moore, C. W. andK. Keraitis. 1971. Effect of nitrogen source on growth of eucalypts in sand culture. Austral. J. Bot.19: 125–141.
Monk, D., J. S. Pate andW. A. Loneragan. 1981. Biology ofAcacia pulchella R. Br. with special reference to nitrogen fixation. Austral. J. Bot.29: 579–592.
Morrison, T. M. 1956. Mycorrhiza of silver beech. New Zealand J. Forest.7: 47–60.
Moss, C. E. andR. S. Adamson. 1954. The species ofArthrocnemum andSalicornia in Southern Africa. J. South African Bot.20: 1–22.
—. 1975. Specificity in VA mycorrhizas. Pages 469–484in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
—,C. L. Powell andD. S. Hayman. 1976. Plant growth responses to vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza. IX. Interactions between VA mycorrhiza, rock phosphate and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. New Phytol.76: 331–342.
Muir, B. G. 1977. Biological survey of the western Australian wheatbelt. Part 2: Vegetation and habitat of Bendering Reserve. Records Western Australian Mus. Suppl. No. 3.
Mullette, J. J., N. J. Hannon andA. G. Elliot. 1974. Insoluble phosphorus usage byEucalyptus. Pl. &Soil41: 199–205.
Munteanu-Deliu, C. 1974. Unele aspecte ale nutritiei minerale la plantele semi-paraziti. Continutul in compusi fosforici. Stud. Univ. Babes-Bolyai.1: 59–65.
Murdoch, C. K., J. A. Jacobs andJ. W. Gerdemann. 1967. Utilization of phosphorus sources of different availability by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal maize. Pl. &Soil27: 329–334.
Nakos, G. 1977. Acetylene reduction (N2-fixation) by nodules ofAcacia cyanophylla. Soil Biol. Biochem.9: 131–133.
Nambiar, E. K. 1976. Uptake of Zn65 from dry soil by plants. Pl. &Soil44: 267–271.
—. 1977. The effects of drying of the topsoil and of micro-nutrients in the subsoil on micro-nutrient uptake by an intermittently defoliated ryegrass. Pl. &Soil46: 185–193.
Nathanielsz, C. P. andI. A. Staff. 1975. A mode of entry of blue-green algae into the apogeotropic roots ofMacrozamia communis. Amer. J. Bot.62: 232–235.
Nelson, E. C. 1978. A taxonomic revision of the genusAdenanthos (Proteaceae). Brunonia1: 303–405.
Nicolson, T. H. 1960. Mycorrhiza in the Gramineae. II. Development in different habitats, particularly sand dunes. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.43: 132–145.
—. 1975. Evolution of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Pages 25–34in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
Nicoloff, T. 1923. Contribution à la physiologie de la nutrition des parasites végéteaux supérieurs. Rev. Gen. Bot.35: 545–552.
Nieuwdorp, P. J. 1972. Some observations with light and electron microscope on the endotrophic mycorrhiza of orchids. Acta Bot. Neerl.21: 128–144.
Nordin, A. 1977. Effects of low root temperature on ion uptake and ion translocation in wheat. Physiol. Pl.39: 305–310.
Nutman, P. S. (ed.). 1976. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Nye, P. H. 1979. Soil properties controlling the supply of nutrients to the root surface. Pages 39–49in J. L. Harley and R. S. Russell (eds.). The soil-root interface. Academic Press, London.
Obermeyer, A. A. 1970. Droseraceae, Roridulaceae. Pages 187–204in L. E. Codd, B. De Winter, D. J. Killick and H. B. Rycroft (eds.). Flora of southern Africa. 13. Dept. Agri. Tech. Services, Pretoria.
Okahara, K. 1933. Physiological studies onDrosera, IV. On the function of micro-organisms in the digestion of insect bodies by insectivorous plants. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ., Ser. 4, Biol.8: 151–168.
Okonkwo, S. N. andF. I. Nwoke. 1978. Initiation, development and structure of the primary haustorium inStriga gesnerioides (Scrophulariaceae). Ann. Bot.42: 455–463.
O’Neill, R. V., B. M. Ross-Todd andF. G. O’Neill. 1980. Synthesis of terrestrial microcosm studies. Pages 239–257in W. F. Harris (ed.). Microcosms as potential screening tools for evaluating transport and effects of toxic substances. Final Rep. ORNL/TM-7028. Oakridge Nat. Lab., Tennessee.
Owusu-Bennoah, E. andA. Wild. 1979. Autoradiography of the depletion zone of phosphate around onion roots in the presence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. New Phytol.82: 133–140.
——. 1980. Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on the size of the labile pool of soil phosphate. Pl. &Soil54: 233–242.
Pairunan, A. K., A. D. Robson andL. K. Abbott. 1980. The effectiveness of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizas in increasing growth and phosphorus uptake of subterranean clover from phosphorus sources of different solubilities. New Phytol.84: 327–338.
Parkes, D. 1973. Adaptive mechanisms in the carnivorous habit of pitcher plants. Hons. Thesis, Monash University, Victoria.
Pate, J. S. andK. W. Dixon. 1978. Mineral nutrition ofDrosera erythrorhiza Lindl. with special reference to its tuberous habit. Austral. J. Bot.26: 455–464.
Pathmaranee, N. 1974. Observations on proteoid roots. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Sydney, N.S.W.
Pearson, V. andD. J. Read. 1973a. The physiology of the mycorrhizal endophyte ofCalluna vulgaris. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.64: 1–7.
——. 1973b. The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae. II. The transport of carbon and phosphorus by the endophyte and the mycorrhiza. New Phytol.72: 1325–1331.
Pillans, N. S. 1942. The genusPhylica. Linn. J. South African Bot.8: 1–164.
—. 1947. A revision of Bruniaceae. J. South African Bot.13: 121–206.
Pirozynski, K. A. andO. W. Malloch. 1975. The origin of land plants: A matter of mycotrophism. Bio Systems6: 153–164.
Pittman, H. A. 1929. Note on the morphology and endotrophic mycorrhiza ofRhizanthella gardneri Rogers, and certain other Western Australian orchids. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia15: 71–79.
Powell, C. L. 1975. Rushes and sedges are non-mycotrophic. Pl. &Soil42: 481–484.
—. 1976. Development of mycorrhizal infections fromEndogone spores and infected root segments. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.66: 439–445.
—. 1977. Effect of phosphate fertilizer and plant density on phosphate inflow into ryegrass roots in soil. Pl. &Soil47: 383–393.
Pringsheim, E. G. andO. Pringsheim. 1962. Axenic culture ofUtricularia. Amer. J. Bot.49: 898–901.
Puff, C. B. 1978. The genusGalium L. (Rubiaceae) in Southern Africa. J. South African Bot.44: 203–279.
Purnell, H. M. 1960. Studies of the family Proteaceae. I. Anatomy and morphology of the roots of some Victorian species. Austral. J. Bot.8: 38–50.
Purves, S. andG. Hadley. 1975. Movement of carbon compounds between the partners in orchid mycorrhiza. Pages 175–194in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
Read, D. J., H. K. Koucheki andJ. Hodgson. 1976. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in natural vetetation systems. I. The occurrence of infection. New Phytol.77: 641–653.
— andD. P. Stribley. 1973. Effect of mycorrhizal infection on nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of ericaceous plants. Nature (New Biol.)244: 81–82.
Reid, C. P. andG. D. Bowen. 1979. Effects of soil moisture on VA mycorrhiza formation and root development inMedicago. Pages 211–219in J. L. Harley and R. S. Russell (eds.). The soil-root interface. Academic Press, London.
Renaudin, S. 1975. Mise en évidence d’activités enzymatiques au niveau des sucoirs deLathraea clandestina L. Bull. Soc. Bot. France124: 419–425.
Renbuss, M. A., G. A. Chilvers andL. D. Pryor. 1972. Microbiology of an ashbed. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales97: 302–316.
Rice, E. L. 1971. Inhibition of nodulation of inoculated legumes by leaf leachates from pioneer plant species from abandoned fields. Amer. J. Bot.58: 368–371.
Riley, D. andS. A. Barber. 1971. Effect of ammonium and nitrate fertilization on phosphorus uptake as related to root-induced pH changes at the root-soil interface. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.35: 301–306.
Riopel, J. L. andL. J. Musselman. 1979. Experimental initiation of haustoria inAgalinis purpurea (Scrophulariaceae). Amer. J. Bot.66: 570–575.
Robinson, R. K. 1973. Mycorrhiza in certain Ericaceae native to Southern Africa. J. South African Bot.39: 123–129.
Robson, A. D., G. W. O’Hara andL. K. Abbott. 1981. Involvement of phosphorus in nitrogen fixation by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Austral. J. Plant Physiol.8: 427–436.
Rodríguez-Barrueco, C., A. H. Mackintosh andG. Bond. 1970. Some effects of combined nitrogen on the nodule symbioses ofCasuarina andAeanothus. Pl. &Soil33: 129–139.
Ross, J. P. andJ. A. Harper. 1973. Hosts of a vesicular-arbuscularEndogone species. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.89: 1–3.
Rourke, J. P. 1969. Taxonomic studies onSorocephalus andSpatalla Salisb. J. South African Bot. (Suppl.)7: 1–124.
—. 1972. Taxonomic studies onLeucospermum. J. South African Bot. (Suppl.)8: 1–194.
—. 1975. Proteaceae. Pages 40–47in R. A. Dyer (ed.). The genera of South African flowering plants 1. Dept. Agri. Tech. Services, Pretoria, South Africa.
—. 1980. The proteas of southern Africa. Purnell, Cape Town.
Rowell, D. L., M. W. Martin andP. H. Nye. 1967. The measurement and mechanism of ion diffusion in soils. III. The effect of moisture content and soil solution concentration on the self-diffusion of ions in soils. J. Soil Sci.18: 204–222.
Safir, G. R., J. S. Boyer andJ. W. Gerdemann. 1972. Nutrient status and mycorrhizal enhancement of water transport in soybean. Pl. Physiol.49: 700–703.
Salter, T. M. 1944. The genusOxalis in South Africa. J. South African Bot. (Suppl.)1: 1–355.
Sanders, F. E. andP. B. Tinker. 1973. Phosphate flow into mycorrhizal roots. Pesticide Sci.4: 385–395.
Schalke, J. H. 1973. The upper Quaternary of the Cape Flats area (Cape Province, South Africa). Scrip. Geol.15: 1–57.
Schnepf, E. 1974. Gland cells. Pages 331–359in A. W. Robards (ed.). Dynamic aspects of plant ultrastructure. McGraw Hill, London.
Schulze, R. E. andO. S. McGee. 1978. Climatic indices and classifications in relation to the biogeography of southern Africa. Pages 19–52in M. J. Werger (ed.). Biogeography and ecology of Southern Africa. W. Junk, The Hague.
Seddon, G. 1972. Sense of place. Western Australian University Press, Perth.
Shea, S. R. andB. Dell. 1981. Structure of the surface root system ofEucalyptus marginata Sm, and its infection byPhytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Austral. J. Bot.29: 49–58.
-and R. J. Kitt. 1976. The capacity of Jarrah forest native legumes to fix nitrogen. Forests Dept. West. Austr. Res. Paper 21.
Siddiqi, M. Y. andR. C. Carolin. 1976. Studies on the ecology of coastal heath in New South Wales. II. The effects of water supply and phosphorus uptake on the growth ofBanksia serratifolia, B. aspleniifolia andB. ericifolia. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales101: 38–52.
Skinner, M. F. andG. D. Bowen. 1974. The uptake and translocation of phosphate by mycelial strands of pine mycorrhizas. Soil Biol. Biochem.6: 53–56.
Small, E. 1973. Xeromorphy in plants as a genetic basis for migration between arid and nutrient deficient environments. Bot. Not.126: 534–539.
Small, J. G., A. Onraet, O. S. Grierson andG. Reynolds. 1977. Studies on insect-free growth, development and nitrate-assimilating enzymes ofDroseraaliciae Hamet. New Phytol.79: 127–133.
Smith, S. E. 1966. Physiology and ecology ofOrchis mycorrhizal fungi with reference to seedling nutrition. New Phytol.65: 488–499.
Snowball, K., A. D. Robson andJ. F. Loneragan. 1980. The effect of copper on nitrogen fixation in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). New Phytol.85: 63–72.
So, H. B. 1979. Water potential gradients and resistances of a soil-root system measured with the root and soil psychrometer. Pages 99–113in J. L. Harley and R. S. Russell (eds.). The soil-root interface. Academic Press, London.
Sorensen, D. andW. T. Jackson. 1968. Utilization ofParamecium byUtricularia gibba. Planta83: 166–170.
Specht, R. L. 1979. Heathlands and related shrublands of the world. Pages 1–19in R. L. Specht (ed.). Heathlands and related shrublands of the world. A. Descriptive studies. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
—. 1981. Nutrient release from decomposing leaf litter ofBanksiaornata, Dark Island Heathland, South Australia. Austral. J. Ecol.6: 59–63.
— andR. H. Groves. 1966. Comparison of the phosphate nutrition of Australian heath plants and introduced economic plants. Austral. J. Bot.14: 201–221.
— andP. Rayson. 1957. Dark Island Heath (Ninety-Mile Plain, South Australia). III. The root systems. Austral. J. Bot.5: 103–114.
Speck, N. J. 1953. Atmospheric pollen in the city of Perth and environs. J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia37: 119–125.
Sperber, J. I. 1958. The incidence of apatite-solubilizing organisms in the rhizosphere and soil. Austral. J. Agric. Res.9: 282–287.
Sporne, K. R. 1980. A reinvestigation of character correlations among dicotyledons. New Phytol.85: 419–449.
Sprent, J. I. 1972. The effects of water stress on nitrogen-fixing root nodules. IV. Effects on whole plants ofVicia faba andGlycine max. New Phytol.71: 603–611.
Stewart, W. D. 1963. The effect of combined nitrogen on growth and nodule development ofMyrica andCasuarina. Z. Allg. Mikrobiol.3: 152–156.
Stock, W. and O. A. Lewis. 1980. An investigation on cycling and processing of nitrogen in the fynbos biome. CSIR, Fynbos Biome Ann. Rep. No. 2.
Straker, C. J. andD. T. Mitchell. 1980. Phosphatase activity and polyphosphate accumulation in ericoid mycorrhizas. Fourth international conference of mediterranean ecosystems. University of Stellenbosch, South Africa (abstract).
Stribley, D. P. andD. J. Read. 1974a. The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae. IV. The effect of mycorrhizal infection on uptake of15N from labelled soil byVaccinium macrocarpon Ait. New Phytol.73: 1149–1155.
——. 1974b. The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae. III. Movement of carbon-14 from host to fungus. New Phytol.73: 731–741.
——. 1975. Some nutritional aspects of the biology of ericaceous mycorrhizas. Pages 195–208in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
——. 1976. The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae. VI. The effects of mycorrhizal infection and concentration of ammonium nitrogen on growth of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in sand culture. New Phytol.77: 63–72.
Strzemska, J. 1975. Occurrence and intensity of mycorrhiza and deformation of roots without mycorrhiza in cultivated plants. Pages 537–543in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. E. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
Sward, R. J. 1978a. Studies on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas of some Australian heathland plants. Ph.D. Thesis, Monash University, Victoria, Aust.
—. 1978b. Infection of Australian heathland plants byGigaspora margarita (a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus). Austral. J. Bot.26: 253–264.
Sydenham, P. H. andF. P. Findlay. 1973. The rapid movement of the bladder ofUtricularia sp. Austral. J. Biol. Sci.26: 1115–1126.
Tacey, W. H. 1977. Nitrogen fixation rate ofAlbizia lophantha. Pages 59–63in Nutrient cycling in indigenous forest ecosystems. CSIRO, Div. Land Resources Management, Perth.
Taylor, H. C. 1961. Ecological account of a remnant coastal forest near Stanford, Cape Province. J. South African Bot.27: 153–165.
Taylor, P. 1964. The genusUtricularia L. in Africa (south of the Sahara) and Madagascar. Kew Bull.18: 1–245.
Thiergart, F., F. Franz andK. Baukopf. 1963. Palynologische Untersuchungen von Tertiärkohlen und einer Oberflächenprobe nahe Knysna, Südafrika. Advancing Frontiers Pl. Sci.4: 151–178.
Titze, J. F., G. Craig andB. B. Lamont. 1980. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in jarrah forest—A preliminary note. Mulga Res. Centre Ann. Rep.3: 29–33.
Torrey, J. G. 1976. Initiation and development of root nodules ofCasuarina (Casuarinaceae). Amer. J. Bot.63: 335–344.
Trappe, J. 1962. Fungus associates of ectotrophic mycorrhizae. Bot. Rev.28: 538–606.
Trinick, M. J. 1977. Vesicular-arbuscular infection and soil phosphorus utilizat: inLupinus spp. New Phytol.78: 297–304.
Tsivion, Y. 1978. Loading of assimilates and some sugars into the translocation system ofCuscuta. Austral. J. Pl. Physiol.5: 851–857.
Tyson, J. H. andW. S. Silver. 1979. Relationship of ultrastructure of acetylene reduction (N2 fixation) in root nodules ofCasuarina. Bot. Gaz.140 (Suppl.): 44–48.
UNESCO-FAO. 1963. Ecological study of the mediterranean zone. Bioclimatic map of the mediterranean zones: Explanatory notes. Arid Zone Res.21: 1–26.
van Daalen, J. C. 1980. The colonisation of fynbos and disturbed sites by indigenous forest communities in the Southern Cape. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
van Voris, P., R. V. O’Neill, W. R. Emanual andH. H. Shugart. 1980. Functional complexity and ecosystem stability. Ecology61: 1352–1360.
van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. 1976. The evolution of late Quaternary palaeoclimates of southern Africa. Pages 160–202in van Zinderen Bakker (ed.). Palaeoecology of Africa, the surrounding islands and Antarctica. IX. Balkema, Cape Town.
Walker, D. andG. Singh. 1981. Vegetation history. Pages 26–43in R. H. Groves (ed.). Australian vegetation. Cambridge Univeristy Press, Cambridge.
von Breitenbach, F. 1974. Southern Cape forests and trees. Govt. Printer, Pretoria.
Walters, C. M. andJ. H. Jooste. 1980. Aspekte van di minerale voeding van lede van die Proteaceae as verteenwoordigers van die fynbosgemeenskap. CSIR, S. Africa. Fynbos Biome Ann. Rep. No. 2.
Warcup, J. H. 1975. A culturableEndogone associated with eucalypts. Pages 53–63in F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. B. Tinker (eds.). Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London.
— andP. H. Talbot. 1971. Perfect states of rhizoctonias associated with orchids. II. New Phytol.70: 35–40.
Weatherley, P. E. 1979. The hydraulic resistance of the soil-root interface—A cause of water stress in plants. Pages 275–286in J. L. Harley and R. S. Russell (eds.). The soilroot interface. Academic Press, London.
Webb, L. J. 1954. Aluminium accumulation in the Australian-New Guinea flora. Austral. J. Bot.2: 176–196.
Weber, H. C. 1980. Untersuchungen an australischen und neuseelandischen Loranthaceae/Viscaceae 1. Zur Morphologie und Anatomie der unterirdischen Organe vonNuytsia floribunda (Labill.) R. Br. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen.55: 77–99.
Weijman, A. C. andH. L. Meuzelaar. 1979. Biochemical contributions to the taxonomic status of the Endogonaceae. Canad. J. Bot.57: 284–291.
Weimark, H. 1948. The genusCliffortia: A taxonomical survey. Bot. Not.90: 167–203.
Werger, M. J. (ed.). 1978. Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa. W. Junk, The Hague.
Westman, W. 1978. Evidence for the distinct evolutionary histories of canopy and understorey in theEucalyptus forest-heath alliance of Australia. J. Biogeog.5: 365–376.
White, F. 1978. The afromontane region. Pages 463–513in M. J. Werger (ed.). Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa. W. Junk, The Hague.
White, J. A. andM. F. Brown. 1979. Ultrastructure and X-ray analysis of phosphorus granules in a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Canad. J. Bot.57: 2812–2818.
Whitney, P. J. 1972. The carbohydrate and water balance of beans (Vicia faba) attacked by broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Ann. Appl. Biol.70: 59–66.
Wiens, D. andH. R. Tolken. 1979. Loranthaceae, Viscaceae. Pages 1–59in O. A. Leistner (ed.). Flora of southern Africa. Vol. 10. Dept. Agri. Tech. Serv., Pretoria, South Africa.
Wild, A. 1958. The phosphate content of Australian soils. Austral. J. Agric. Res.9: 193–204.
Williams, I. J. 1972. A revision of the genusLeucadendron (Proteaceae). Contr. Bolus Herb.3: 1–425.
Williams, S. E., A. G. Wollum andE. F. Aldon. 1974. Growth ofAtriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. improved by formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.38: 962–965.
Williamson, B. 1973. Acid phosphatase and esterase activity in orchid mycorrhiza. Planta112: 149–158.
Wolswinkel, P. 1974. Complete inhibition of setting and growth of fruits ofVicia faba L., resulting from the draining of the phloem system byCuscuta species. Acta Bot. Neerl.23: 48–60.
Wood, J. G. 1924. The relations between distribution, structure and transpiration of South Australian plants. Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia48: 226–235.
Woolhouse, H. W. 1969. Differences in the properties of acid phosphatases of plant roots and their significance in the evolution of edaphic ecotypes. Pages 357–380in I. H. Rorison (ed.). Ecological aspects of the mineral nutrition of plants. Blackwell, Oxford.
Wright, C. H. 1904. Solanaceae. Pages 87–121in W. T. Thiselton-Dyer (ed.). Flora Capensis. 5. Reeve, London.
—. 1912. Chenopodiaceae. Pages 433–454in W. T. Thiselton-Dyer (ed.). Flora Capensis. 5. Reeve, London.
Wullstein, L. H. andS. A. Pratt. 1981. Scanning electron microscopy of rhizosheaths ofOryzopsis hymenoides. Amer. J. Bot.68: 408–419.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Reprints of this issue [48(3)] may be obtained from: Publications Office, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA. PRICE (includes postage and handling fee): U.S.ORDERS: $9.25.NON- U.S. ORDERS: $10.00. (Payment in U.S. currency drawn on a U.S. bank. Thank you.)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lamont, B. Mechanisms for enhancing nutrient uptake in plants, with particular reference to mediterranean South Africa and Western Australia. Bot. Rev 48, 597–689 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860714
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860714