Summary
This monograph surveys the literature on all species of the zoosporic fungal generaRozella (Chytridiales, Olpidiaceae) andRozellopsis (Lagenidiales, Olpidiopsidaceae), which are obligate intracellular parasites of other zoosporic fungi. The special characteristic of these parasites is that their zoosporangium (ZS) fills completely a “compartment,” such as a hyphal segment or a protuberance, in the host thallus. However, the truly distinctive feature of the zoosporangia ofRozella andRozellopsis appears to be the absence of a cell wall of their own. Thus far, this feature has been demonstrated only inRozella allomycis (A. A. Held, Canad. J. Bot.58: 959–979, 1980). However, the fact that in all other species the compartment of the host thallus is occupied just by a single ZS and is separated from the rest of the thallus by one or more septa indicates strongly that the wall which surrounds the ZS belongs entirely to the host. It is argued that since zoospore release is explosive, it is necessary that internal pressure be maintained temporarily in the ZS, and a container made of the host’s cell wall can provide the needed mechanical support only to one naked parasite ZS. (If several naked ZS. filled the container, after the first one released its zoospores the remainder might be unable to do so.) The septation, which the parasite apparently evokes in the host, delimits a ZS which in most cases resembles that of the host, and this phenomenon is referred to as host mimicry. In fact, this septation may in turn bring about the reproductive phase of the parasite. So-called monosporangiate parasite species, which form solitary, nonconjoined ZS, occur in hosts whose own ZS are single (monocentric chytrids) or nonconjoined (e.g.,Pythium spp.), whereas polysporangiate species, which form linear sori of conjoined ZS, occur in hosts which tend to form similarly arranged ZS or gemmae on their own (Allomyces spp., Saprolegniaceae). The naked parasite apparently also stimulates the host wall to form a discharge apparatus-a papilla or tube through which the parasite zoospores are released.
The need for morphogenetic cooperation between parasites and hosts is reflected in the fact that the latter are rarely or minimally deformed or swollen. Only in the delicate hyphae of hosts such asPythium spp. do the infected segments swell greatly thereby usually coming to resemble the sporangia of the host. The parasites develop primarily in relatively young host hyphae or in immature sporangia, elements whose morphogenesis they can probably subvert. Conversely, species of related walled parasites (Olpidium spp.,Olpidiopsis spp.) are not limited to one individual per infected portion of the host thallus and do not evoke host septation, presumably because they do not need the mechanical support of the host wall around their protoplasts. Species ofOlpidiopsis may cause extreme hypertrophy of fungal hosts, and those ofOlpidium frequently occur in dormant, resistant host sporangia. UnlikeRozella andRozellopsis, genera of walled parasites are not restricted to zoosporic fungi in their overall host range.
It is also suggested that host septation is a defense against foreign intracellular protoplasts. The fact that walled resistant sporangia ofRozella andRozellopsis frequently also cause host septation, as do also some parasites of the fungal class Plasmodiophoromycetes, is interpreted as reflecting their relatively prolonged development as naked protoplasts before they form a wall.
Zusammenfassung
Diese Monographie überblickt die Literatur über alle Arten von den GattungenRozella (Chytridiales, Olpidiaceae) undRozellopsis (Lagenidiales, Olpidiopsidaceae), zoosporische Pilze, die als obligate, intrazelluläre Parasiten von anderen zoosporischen Pilze vorkommen. Die Parasiten unterscheiden sich dadurch, dass ihre Zoosporangia (ZS) vollständig einen Abschnitt des Wirtsthallus, w. z. B. ein Hyphensegment oder einen Auswuchs, ausfüllen. Die wirklich spezifische Eigenschaft derRozella oderRozellopsis Zoosporangia scheint aber die vollständige Abwesenheit einer eigenen Zellwand zu sein. Diese Eigenschaft wurde bisher nur beiRozella allomycis demonstriert (A. A. Held, Canad. J. Bot. 58: 959–979; 1980). Die Tatsachen, dass in allen anderen Arten nur ein einziges ZS (und nicht mehrere) den Abschnitt des Wirtsthallus bewohnt, und dieser Abschnitt von dem Rest des Thallus mit einem Septum oder mehreren Septa abgesondert ist, weisen aber nachdrücklich darauf hin, dass die Wand, die das ZS umhüllt, ganz dem Wirt zugehört. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass, weil die Zoosporen explosiv entlassen werden, sich ein innerer Druck im ZS aufbauen muss, aber die Wirtszellwand jedoch kann nur für einen einzigen nackten Parasiten die notwendige mechanische Unterstützung schaffen. (Wenn mehrere ZS in dem “Behälter” erhalten wären, so würden die übriggebliebenen ZS nicht im Stande sein ihre Zoosporen auszuschlaudern, nachdem das erste ZS seine Zoosporen losgelassen hat.) Die Septierung, die offensichtlich der Parasit in dem Wirt hervorruft, grenzt ein ZS ab, das meistenteils dem des Wirtes ähnelt. Dieses Phänomen wird hier Wirtsmimikry genannt. Tatsächlich, mag diese Septierung ihrerseits die Reproduktionsphase des Parasiten verursachen. Sogenannte monosporangielle parasitische Arten, die einzelne, niemals zusammenhängende ZS herstellen, kommen in Wirtsgruppen vor, deren ZS auch einzeln oder nicht zusammenhängend sind (z. B. in monocentrische Chytridiales undPythium spp.), während Arten die Ketten von zusammenhängenden ZS herstellen in Wirten, deren ZS oder Gemmen oft ähnlich angeordnet sind (Allomyces spp. und Saprolegniaceae) vorkommen. Offensichtlich, stimuliert der nackte Parasit den Wirt auch einen Ausschlüpfungsapparat zu bilden, nämlich die Papille oder den Schlauch durch welche die Zoosporen entlassen werden.
Das Bedürfnis nach einer morphogenetischen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Parasiten und Wirten wiederspiegelt sich in der Tatsache, dass die letzteren selten und wenn, dann minimal, deformiert oder angeschwollen sind. Nur in den zarten Hyphen von Wirten w. z. B.Pythium spp., sind die infizierten Segmente häufig angeschwollen, wie es auch gewöhnlich bei der Bildung des ZS des Wirtes der Fall ist. Die Parasiten entwickeln sich hauptsächlich in verhältnismässig jungen Hyphen des Wirtes oder in unreifen ZS, d. h. in Elementen, deren Enwicklung sie wahrscheinlich noch beinflussen können. Dagegen, bilden Arten von verwandten zellwandbesitzenden Parasiten (w. z. B.Olpidium spp. undOlpidiopsis spp.) gewöhnlich mehr als ein Individuum per infizierten Teil des Wirtes aus und rufen keine Septierung in dem Wirt hervor. Wahrscheinlich braucht ihr Protoplast die umgebende mechanische Unterstützung der Wirtszellwand nicht. Arten vonOlpidiopsis mögen übermässige Hypertrophie in ihrem Wirt verursachen, während Arten vonOlpidium oft in rastenden Dauersporen vorkommen. Anders als beiRozella undRozellopsis, ist das Wirtsspektrum von verwandten zellwandbesitzenden Gattungen nicht nur auf zoosporische Pilze beschränkt.
Es gibt Hinweise, dass die Septumbildung des Wirtes eine Abwehr gegen fremde intrazelluläre Protoplasten ist. Die Tatsache, dass die zellwandbesitzenden Dauersporen vonRozella undRozellopsis, wie auch sämtliche Parasiten in der Klasse Plasmodiophoromycetes, öfters Septumbildung im Wirtspilz verursachen wird dadurch erklärt, dass sie verhaltnismässig lang als zellwandlose Protoplasten wachsen, ehe sie eine Zellwand bilden.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Ainsworth, G. C. 1971. Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, 6th ed. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.
Alexopoulos, C. J. andC. W. Mims. 1979. Introductory mycology, 3d ed. John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.
Arnaudow, N. 1925. Untersuchung über den Tiere fangenden PilzZoophagus insidians Som. Flora118: 1–16.
Barr, D. J. S. andR. Bandoni. 1979. A new species ofRozella on a basidiomycete. Mycologia71: 1261–1264.
Barrett, J. T. 1912. Development and sexuality of some species ofOlpidiopsis, (Cornu) Fischer. Ann. Bot. (London)26: 201–238, pI. XXIII–XXVI.
—. 1934. A chytridiaceous parasite ofPhytophthora. Phytopathology24: 1138.
Barstow, W. E. 1978.Allomyces macrogynus. Pp. 49–50in M. S. Fuller (ed.). Lower fungi in the laboratory. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
Bartsch, A. F. 1945. The significance of zygospore character inPolyphagus euglenae. Mycologia37: 553–570.
Batko, A. 1971.Nellymyces megaceros gen. et sp. nov.-a new aquatic phycomycete related toAqualinderella andAraiospora. Acta Mycol.7: 251–268.
—. 1977. Further observations onNellymyces megaceros and its parasite—Rozellopsis uliginosa sp. nov. Acta Mycol.13: 313–324.
Butler, E. J. 1907. An account of the genusPythium and some Chytridiaceae. Mem. Dept. Agric. India Bot. Ser.1: 1–160, p1. 1–10.
Canter, H. M. 1950. Studies on British chytrids XI.Chytridium oedogonii Couch. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.33: 354–358.
Coker, W. C. 1923. The Saprolegniaceae, with notes on other water molds. Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, N.C.
Constantineanu, M. J. C. 1901. Contributions a la flore mycologique de la Roumanie. Rev. Gen. Bot.13: 369–389.
Cook, I. W. R. andW. H. Nicholson. 1933. A contribution to our knowledge ofWoronina polycystis Cornu. Ann. Bot. (London)188: 851–859.
Cornu, M. 1872. Monographie des Saprolégniées; étude physiologique et systematique. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. V.15: 1–198.
Couch, J. N. 1935. New or little known chytridiales. Mycologia27: 160–175.
—,J. Leitner andA. Whiffen. 1939. A new genus of the Plasmodiophoraceae. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.55: 399–408.
Dangeard, P-A. 1889. Mémoirs sur Les Chytridinées. Le Botaniste1: 39–73, p1. 1–3.
—. 1890. Recherches histologiques sur les champignons. Le Botaniste2: 63–149, p1. III–VII.
—. 1896. Note sur une nouvelle espèce de Chytridinée. Le Botaniste5: 21–26.
de Wildeman,E. 1895. Notes mycologiques VI. Ann. Soc. Belge Micro. (Mém.)19: 191–232, p1. VI–IX.
Dick, M. W. 1973a. Saprolegniales. Pp. 113–144in G. C. Ainsworth, F. K. Sparrow and A. S. Sussman (eds.). The fungi, An advanced treatise, Vol. IV B. Academic Press, N.Y.
—. 1973b. Leptomitales. Pp. 145–163in G. C. Ainsworth, F. K. Sparrow and A. S. Sussman (eds.). The fungi, An advanced treatise, Vol. IV B. Academic Press, N.Y.
Diehl, H. 1935. Beiträge zur Biologie vonOlpidiopsis saprolegniae Barrett. Zentralbl. Bakteriol., 2 Abt.92: 229–249.
Dogma, I. J. 1978. Philippine zoosporic fungi: The algal parasiteMyzocytium megastomum and itsRozella hyperparasite. Kalikasan, Philipp. J. Biol.7: 47–62.
Dylewski, D. P. andC. E. Miller. 1978.Woronina pythii. Pp. 173–174in M. S. Fuller (ed.). Lower fungi in the laboratory. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
—— andJ. P. Braselton. 1978. Sporangial development inWoronina pythii. Micron9: 35–36.
Emerson, R. 1941. An experimental study of the life cycles and taxonomy ofAllomyces. Lloydia4: 77–144.
—. 1958. Mycological organization. Mycologia50: 589–621.
Fischer, A. 1882. Untersuchungen uber die parasiten der saprolegnieen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.13: 286–371, p1. 13–15.
—. 1892. Phycomycetes. Die Pilze Deutchlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora1(4): 1–505.
Foust, F. K. 1937. A new species ofRozella parasitic onAllomyces. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.53: 197–204, p1. 22, 23.
Fuller, M. S. 1977. The zoospore, hallmark of the aquatic fungi. Mycologia69: 1–20.
Gauriloff, L. P. andM. S. Fuller. 1978.Rhizophydium sphaerocarpum. Pp. 7–8in M. S. Fuller (ed.). Lower fungi in the laboratory. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
Gisi, U., D. E. Hemmes andG. A. Zentmyer. 1979. Origin and significance of the discharge vesicle inPhytophthora. Exp. Mycol.3: 321–339.
Goldie-Smith, E. K. 1951. A new species ofSorodiscus onPythium. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.67: 108–121, p1. 1–2.
—. 1954. The position ofWoronina polycystis in the Plasmodiophoraceae. Amer. J. Bot.4: 441–448.
—. 1956. A new species ofWoronina, andSorodiscus cokeri emended. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.72: 348–356.
Held, A. A. 1972a. Host-parasite relations betweenAllomyces andRozella. Parasite penetration depends on growth response of host cell-wall. Arch. Mikrobiol.82: 128–139.
—. 1972b. Improved culture methods forRozella and forOlpidiopsis. Mycologia64: 871–886.
—. 1973a. Encystment and germination of the parasitic chytridRozella allomycis on host hyphae. Canad. J. Bot.51: 1825–1836, p1. I–VI.
—. 1973b. Development of endoparasitic, zoosporic fungi. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club100: 203–216.
—. 1974. Attraction and attachment of zoospores of the parasitic chytridRozella allomycis in response to host-dependent factors. Arch. Microbiol.95: 97–114.
—. 1975. The zoospore ofRozella allomycis: Ultrastructure. Canad. J. Bot.53: 2212–2232.
—. 1978a.Rozella allomycis. Pp. 1–2in M. S. Fuller (ed.). Lower fungi in the laboratory. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
—. 1978b.Olpidiopsis varions. 1. Asexual and sexual reproduction.Pp. 113–114in M. S. Fuller (ed.). Lower fungi in the laboratory. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
—. 1978c.Olpidiopsis varions. 2. Encystment, germination, and host invasion. Pp. 115–116in M. S. Fuller (ed.). Lower fungi in the laboratory. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
—. 1980. Development ofRozella inAllomyces: A single zoospore produces numerous zoosporangia and resistant sporangia. Canad. J. Bot.58: 959–979.
Howard, K. L. andT. W. Johnson. 1969. Aquatic fungi of Iceland: Some filamentous, eucarpic, and holocarpic species. Mycologia61: 496–510.
Johnson, T. W. 1955a. Inoculation studies with a polysporangiateRozella parasitic inDictyuchus anomalus. Amer. J. Bot.42: 119–123.
—. 1955b. A species ofOlpidiopsis parasitic inAchlya glomerata. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.71: 58–64.
—. 1956. The genusAchlya: Morphology and taxonomy. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
—. 1966a.Rozella marina inChytridium polysiphoniae from Icelandic waters. Mycologia58: 490–494.
—. 1966b. ARhyzophydium and its hyperparasite onPolysiphonia. Amer. J. Bot.53: 945–950.
—. 1969. Aquatic fungi of Iceland:Olpidium (Braun) Rabernorst. Arch. Mikrobiol.69: 1–11.
Karling, J. S. 1937. The structure, development, identity, and relationship ofEndochytrium. Amer. J. Bot.24: 352–364.
—. 1941. Texas chytrids. Torreya41: 105–108.
—. 1942a. Parasitism among the chytrids. Amer. J. Bot.29: 24–35.
—. 1942b. A synopsis ofRozella andRozellopsis. Mycologia34: 193–208.
—. 1942c. The simple holocarpic biflagellate phycomycetes. J. S. Karling, New York.
—. 1942d. A new chytrid with giant zoospores:Septochytrium macrosporum sp. nov. Amer. J. Bot.29: 616–622.
—. 1944. Brazilian chytrids. IV. Species ofRozella. Mycologia36: 638–647.
—. 1945. Brazilian chytrids. VI.Ropalophlyctis andChytriomyces, two new chitinophyllic operculate genera. Amer. J. Bot.32: 362–369.
—. 1946. Two new chytrid parasites ofChytriomyces. Mycologia38: 103–109.
—. 1947. Keratinophilic chytrids. II.Phlyctorrhiza variabilis n. sp. Amer. J. Bot.34: 27–32.
—. 1948. AnOlpidium parasitic onAllomyces. Amer. J. Bot.35: 503–510.
—. 1949. A newOlpidiopsis parasite ofKarlingia rosea from Maryland. Mycologia41: 270–276.
—. 1958.Olpidium synchytrii sp. nov., a parasite ofSynchytrium namae. Mycologia50: 944–947.
—. 1964.Woronina pythii Goldie-Smith in India. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club91: 224–227.
—. 1965. Some zoosporic fungi of New Zealand. I. Sydowia19: 213–226, p1. XLVI.
—. 1976. Additional zoosporic fungi of Africa. Nova Hedwigia27: 747–771.
—. 1977. Chytridiomycetarum iconographia. J. Cramer, Monticello, N.Y.
—. 1979. Ross biological reserve aquatic fungi 1.Olpidiopsis brevispinosa Whiffen. Nova Hedwigia31: 257–264.
Kobayashi, Y. andK. Kono. 1970. Watermoulds isolated from soil in Tsushima Island (1). J. Jap. Bot.45: 325–337.
Laibach, F. 1927. Zytologische Untersuchungen uber die Monoblepharideen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.66: 596–630.
McLarty, D. A. 1941a. Studies in the family Woroninaceae-I. Discussion of a new species including a consideration of the generaPseudolpidium andOlpidiopsis. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club68: 49–66.
—. 1941b. Studies in the Woroninaceae-II. The cytology ofOlpidiopsis achlyae sp. nov. (ad. int.) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club68: 75–99.
Middleton, J. T. 1943. The taxonomy, host range and geographic distribution of the genusPythium. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club20: 1–171.
Miller, C. E. 1962. A new species ofPetersenia parasitic onPythium. Mycologia54: 422–431.
—. 1965. Observations on some parasitic aquatic Phycomycetes. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.81: 4–9.
Nagai, M. 1931. Studies on the Japanese Saprolegniaceae. Jour. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ.32: 1–43, p1. I–VII.
Pendergrass, W. R. 1950. Studies on a Plasmodiophoraceous parasite,Octomyxa brevilegniae. Mycologia42: 279–289.
Perry, E. 1967. Host-parasite interactions betweenRozella allomycis andAllomyces. Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana University. Bloomington, IN.
Petersen, H. E. 1910. An account of Danish freshwater-Phycomycetes, with biological and systematic remarks. Ann. Mycologici8: 494–560.
Pringsheim, N. 1860. Beitrage zur Morphologie und Systematik der Algen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.2: 205–236, pl. XXII–XXV.
Prowse, G. A. 1951. OnRozellopsis septigena. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.34: 401–405.
—. 1954.Sommerstorffia spinosa andZoophagus insidians predacious on rotifers, andRozellopsis inflata the endoparasite ofZoophagus. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.37: 134–150.
Scherffel, A. 1926. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Chytridineen. III. Arch. Protistenk.54: 510–528.
Seymour, R. L. 1970. The genusSaprolegnia. Nova Hedwigia19: 1–124.
Shanor, L. 1939. Studies in the genusOlpidiopsis. II. The relationship ofPseudolpidium Fischer andOlpidiopsis (Cornu) Fischer. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.55: 179–195.
—. 1940. Studies in the genusOlpidiopsis. III. Some observations on the host range of certain species. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.56: 165–176.
—. 1942. A newRozella of the polysporangiate series. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.58: 99–101, pl. 17.
Shen, S. C. andW. N. Siang. 1948. Studies on the aquatic phycomycetes of China. Sci. Rep. Natl. Tsing Hua Univ., Ser. B, Biol.3: 179–206.
Sherwood, W. A. 1968. Extention of the host range ofOctomyxa brevilegniae. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.84: 52–55.
Sörgel, G. 1952. Dauerorganbildung beiRozella allomycis Foust, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Sexualität der niederen Phycomyceten. Arch. Mikrobiol.17: 247–254.
Sorokin, N. 1883. Apercu systematique des chytridiacees en Russie et dans l’Asie Centrale. Arch. Bot. N. France2: 1–42.
Sparrow, F. K. 1932. Observations on the aquatic Phycomycetes of Cold Spring Harbor. Mycologia24: 268–303.
—. 1933a. Inoperculate chytridiaceous organisms collected in the vicinity of Ithaca, N.Y., with notes on other aquatic fungi. Mycologia25: 513–525.
—. 1933b. New chytridiaceous fungi. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.18: 215–217.
—. 1934. Observations on marine Phycomycetes collected in Denmark. Dansk. Bot. Ark.8: 1–24, p1. 1–4.
—. 1936a. Biological observations on the marine fungi of Woods Hole waters. Biol. Bull.70: 236–263.
—. 1936b. A contribution to our knowledge of the aquatic Phycomycetes of Great Britain. J. Linn. Soc. Bot.50: 417–478.
—. 1937. Some chytridiaceous inhabitants of submerged insect exuviae. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.78: 23–53.
—. 1938. Remarks on the genusRozella. Mycologia30: 375–378.
—. 1943. The aquatic phycomycetes, exclusive of theSaprolegniaceae andPythium. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
—. 1948. Soil phycomycetes from Bikini, Eniwetok, Rongerik and Rongelap atolls. Mycologia40: 445–453.
—. 1960. Aquatic phycomycetes, 2d ed. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
—. 1973a. Chytridiomycetes, Hyphochytridiomycetes. Pp. 85–110In G. C. Ainsworth, F. K. Sparrow and A. S. Sussman (eds.). The fungi, An advanced treatise. Vol. IVB Academic Press, N.Y.
—. 1973b. Lagenidiales. Pp. 159–163in G. C. Ainsworth, F. K. Sparrow and A. S. Sussman (eds.). The fungi, An advanced treatise. Vol. IVB. Academic Press, N.Y.
—. 1976. The present status of classification of biflagellate fungi. Pp. 213–222in E. B. Gareth Jones (ed.). Recent advances in aquatic mycology. John Wiley, N.Y.
— andM. E. Barr. 1955. Additions to the phycomycete flora of the Douglas Lake Region. I. New taxa and records. Mycologia47: 546–556.
— andB. Ellison. 1949.Olpidiopsis schenkiana and its hyperparasiteEctrogella besseyi n. sp. Mycologia41: 28–35.
—R. A. Paterson andR. M. Johns. 1965. Additions to the phycomycete flora of the Douglas Lake Region. V. New or interesting fungi. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci.50: 115–123.
Thaxter, R. 1896. New or peculiar aquatic fungi. 3.Blastocladia. Bot. Gaz.21: 45–53, p1. III.
Tokunaga, Y. 1933a. Studies on the aquatic chytrids of Japan. I. Woroninaceae. Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc.13: 20–28.
—. 1933b. Studies on the aquatic chytrids of Japan. II. Olpidiaceae. Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc.13: 78–84.
Viégas, A. P. andA. R. Teixeira. 1943. Alguns fungos do Brasil (Phycomycetos). Bragantia3: 233–269.
von Minden, M. 1911. Pilze; Chytridineae. Kryptogamenfl. Mark Brandenburg,5(2): 193–352.
—. 1916. Beitrage zur Biologie und Systematik einheimischer submerser Phycomyceten. Pp. 146–255, p1. 1–8in R. Falck (ed.). Mykolog. Untersuch. Bericht. Vol. 2.
Ward, M. W. 1939. Observations onRhizophlyctis rosea. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.55: 353–359.
Waterhouse, G. M. 1940. A chytrid allied toPleolpidium inflatum Butler. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.24: 7–19.
—. 1942. Some water moulds of the Hogsmill River collected from 1937 to 1939. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.25: 315–325.
—. 1963. Key to the species ofPhytophthora de Bary. Mycol. Pap.92: 1–22.
—. 1970. The genusPhytophthora. Diagnoses and descriptions. 2d ed. Mycol. Pap.122: 1–59, p1. 1–21.
—. 1973a. Plasmodiophoromycetes. Pp. 75–82in G. C. Ainsworth, F. K. Sparrow and A. S. Sussman (eds.). The fungi, An advanced treatise, Vol. IV B. Academic Press, N.Y.
—. 1973b. Peronosporales. Pp. 165–183in G. C. Ainsworth, F. K. Sparrow and A. S. Sussman (eds.). The fungi, An advanced treatise, Vol. IV B. Academic Press, N.Y.
Whiffen, A. J. 1942. A discussion of some species ofOlpidiopsis andPseudolpidium. Amer. J. Bot.29: 607–611.
—. 1946. Two new terricolous Phycomycetes belonging to the generaLagenidium andBlastocladiella. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.62: 54–50, p1. 7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Reprints of this issue [47(4)] may be obtained from: Publications Office, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA. PRICE (includes postage and handling fee):U.S. ORDERS: $8.75;NON-U.S. ORDERS: $9.50. (Payment in U.S. currency drawn on a U.S. bank. Thank you.)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Held, A.A. Rozella andRozellopsis: Naked endoparasitic fungi which dress-up as their hosts. Bot. Rev 47, 451–515 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860539
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860539