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Rozella andRozellopsis: Naked endoparasitic fungi which dress-up as their hosts

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Summary

This monograph surveys the literature on all species of the zoosporic fungal generaRozella (Chytridiales, Olpidiaceae) andRozellopsis (Lagenidiales, Olpidiopsidaceae), which are obligate intracellular parasites of other zoosporic fungi. The special characteristic of these parasites is that their zoosporangium (ZS) fills completely a “compartment,” such as a hyphal segment or a protuberance, in the host thallus. However, the truly distinctive feature of the zoosporangia ofRozella andRozellopsis appears to be the absence of a cell wall of their own. Thus far, this feature has been demonstrated only inRozella allomycis (A. A. Held, Canad. J. Bot.58: 959–979, 1980). However, the fact that in all other species the compartment of the host thallus is occupied just by a single ZS and is separated from the rest of the thallus by one or more septa indicates strongly that the wall which surrounds the ZS belongs entirely to the host. It is argued that since zoospore release is explosive, it is necessary that internal pressure be maintained temporarily in the ZS, and a container made of the host’s cell wall can provide the needed mechanical support only to one naked parasite ZS. (If several naked ZS. filled the container, after the first one released its zoospores the remainder might be unable to do so.) The septation, which the parasite apparently evokes in the host, delimits a ZS which in most cases resembles that of the host, and this phenomenon is referred to as host mimicry. In fact, this septation may in turn bring about the reproductive phase of the parasite. So-called monosporangiate parasite species, which form solitary, nonconjoined ZS, occur in hosts whose own ZS are single (monocentric chytrids) or nonconjoined (e.g.,Pythium spp.), whereas polysporangiate species, which form linear sori of conjoined ZS, occur in hosts which tend to form similarly arranged ZS or gemmae on their own (Allomyces spp., Saprolegniaceae). The naked parasite apparently also stimulates the host wall to form a discharge apparatus-a papilla or tube through which the parasite zoospores are released.

The need for morphogenetic cooperation between parasites and hosts is reflected in the fact that the latter are rarely or minimally deformed or swollen. Only in the delicate hyphae of hosts such asPythium spp. do the infected segments swell greatly thereby usually coming to resemble the sporangia of the host. The parasites develop primarily in relatively young host hyphae or in immature sporangia, elements whose morphogenesis they can probably subvert. Conversely, species of related walled parasites (Olpidium spp.,Olpidiopsis spp.) are not limited to one individual per infected portion of the host thallus and do not evoke host septation, presumably because they do not need the mechanical support of the host wall around their protoplasts. Species ofOlpidiopsis may cause extreme hypertrophy of fungal hosts, and those ofOlpidium frequently occur in dormant, resistant host sporangia. UnlikeRozella andRozellopsis, genera of walled parasites are not restricted to zoosporic fungi in their overall host range.

It is also suggested that host septation is a defense against foreign intracellular protoplasts. The fact that walled resistant sporangia ofRozella andRozellopsis frequently also cause host septation, as do also some parasites of the fungal class Plasmodiophoromycetes, is interpreted as reflecting their relatively prolonged development as naked protoplasts before they form a wall.

Zusammenfassung

Diese Monographie überblickt die Literatur über alle Arten von den GattungenRozella (Chytridiales, Olpidiaceae) undRozellopsis (Lagenidiales, Olpidiopsidaceae), zoosporische Pilze, die als obligate, intrazelluläre Parasiten von anderen zoosporischen Pilze vorkommen. Die Parasiten unterscheiden sich dadurch, dass ihre Zoosporangia (ZS) vollständig einen Abschnitt des Wirtsthallus, w. z. B. ein Hyphensegment oder einen Auswuchs, ausfüllen. Die wirklich spezifische Eigenschaft derRozella oderRozellopsis Zoosporangia scheint aber die vollständige Abwesenheit einer eigenen Zellwand zu sein. Diese Eigenschaft wurde bisher nur beiRozella allomycis demonstriert (A. A. Held, Canad. J. Bot. 58: 959–979; 1980). Die Tatsachen, dass in allen anderen Arten nur ein einziges ZS (und nicht mehrere) den Abschnitt des Wirtsthallus bewohnt, und dieser Abschnitt von dem Rest des Thallus mit einem Septum oder mehreren Septa abgesondert ist, weisen aber nachdrücklich darauf hin, dass die Wand, die das ZS umhüllt, ganz dem Wirt zugehört. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass, weil die Zoosporen explosiv entlassen werden, sich ein innerer Druck im ZS aufbauen muss, aber die Wirtszellwand jedoch kann nur für einen einzigen nackten Parasiten die notwendige mechanische Unterstützung schaffen. (Wenn mehrere ZS in dem “Behälter” erhalten wären, so würden die übriggebliebenen ZS nicht im Stande sein ihre Zoosporen auszuschlaudern, nachdem das erste ZS seine Zoosporen losgelassen hat.) Die Septierung, die offensichtlich der Parasit in dem Wirt hervorruft, grenzt ein ZS ab, das meistenteils dem des Wirtes ähnelt. Dieses Phänomen wird hier Wirtsmimikry genannt. Tatsächlich, mag diese Septierung ihrerseits die Reproduktionsphase des Parasiten verursachen. Sogenannte monosporangielle parasitische Arten, die einzelne, niemals zusammenhängende ZS herstellen, kommen in Wirtsgruppen vor, deren ZS auch einzeln oder nicht zusammenhängend sind (z. B. in monocentrische Chytridiales undPythium spp.), während Arten die Ketten von zusammenhängenden ZS herstellen in Wirten, deren ZS oder Gemmen oft ähnlich angeordnet sind (Allomyces spp. und Saprolegniaceae) vorkommen. Offensichtlich, stimuliert der nackte Parasit den Wirt auch einen Ausschlüpfungsapparat zu bilden, nämlich die Papille oder den Schlauch durch welche die Zoosporen entlassen werden.

Das Bedürfnis nach einer morphogenetischen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Parasiten und Wirten wiederspiegelt sich in der Tatsache, dass die letzteren selten und wenn, dann minimal, deformiert oder angeschwollen sind. Nur in den zarten Hyphen von Wirten w. z. B.Pythium spp., sind die infizierten Segmente häufig angeschwollen, wie es auch gewöhnlich bei der Bildung des ZS des Wirtes der Fall ist. Die Parasiten entwickeln sich hauptsächlich in verhältnismässig jungen Hyphen des Wirtes oder in unreifen ZS, d. h. in Elementen, deren Enwicklung sie wahrscheinlich noch beinflussen können. Dagegen, bilden Arten von verwandten zellwandbesitzenden Parasiten (w. z. B.Olpidium spp. undOlpidiopsis spp.) gewöhnlich mehr als ein Individuum per infizierten Teil des Wirtes aus und rufen keine Septierung in dem Wirt hervor. Wahrscheinlich braucht ihr Protoplast die umgebende mechanische Unterstützung der Wirtszellwand nicht. Arten vonOlpidiopsis mögen übermässige Hypertrophie in ihrem Wirt verursachen, während Arten vonOlpidium oft in rastenden Dauersporen vorkommen. Anders als beiRozella undRozellopsis, ist das Wirtsspektrum von verwandten zellwandbesitzenden Gattungen nicht nur auf zoosporische Pilze beschränkt.

Es gibt Hinweise, dass die Septumbildung des Wirtes eine Abwehr gegen fremde intrazelluläre Protoplasten ist. Die Tatsache, dass die zellwandbesitzenden Dauersporen vonRozella undRozellopsis, wie auch sämtliche Parasiten in der Klasse Plasmodiophoromycetes, öfters Septumbildung im Wirtspilz verursachen wird dadurch erklärt, dass sie verhaltnismässig lang als zellwandlose Protoplasten wachsen, ehe sie eine Zellwand bilden.

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Held, A.A. Rozella andRozellopsis: Naked endoparasitic fungi which dress-up as their hosts. Bot. Rev 47, 451–515 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860539

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