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Cleistogamy: A tool for the study of floral morphogenesis, function and evolution

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Abstract

Cleistogamy—the production of open (chasmogamous—CH) and closed (cleistogamous—CL) floral forms by a species—is widespread among the angiosperms. While the CL flower is autogamous, the CH flower may provide a means for outcrossing. The term “cleistogamy” has also been used to describe other phenomena. A classification of types of cleistogamy is proposed. In this review, a restricted definition of cleistogamy is used to refer to species which show real floral dimorphisms, with divergent developmental pathways leading to CL and CH as well as intermediate floral forms. Reductions in the androecium and corolla are the most common feature of the CL flowers. The structural, developmental, and functional aspects of cleistogamy are reviewed. Evidence is presented to show that the CL flowers have modifications in their development which ensure self pollination. A proposal is made for using this phenomenon of dimorphic flower production as a system for the study of floral morphogenesis, function and evolution.

Zusammenfassung

Kleistogamie, die Produktion offener (chasmogamer—CH) und geschlossener (kleistogamer—CL) floraler Formen durch eine Spezies, ist weitverbreitet unter den Angiospermen. Während die CL Blüte autogam ist, kann die CH Blüte ein Medium bietin für Fremdbestäubung. Die Bezeichnung “Kleistogamie” ist auch benutzt worden zur Beschreibung anderer Phänomene. Eine Klassifikation von Arten der Kleistogamie wird vorgeschlagen. In diesem Überblick wird eine bergrenzte Definition von Kleistogamie benutzt bei der Bezugnahme auf Spezien, welche wirkliche florale Dimorphismen zeigen, wobei divergente Entwicklungswege zu CL, CH und auch dazwischenliegenden floralen Formen führen. Reduzierungen im Staubblatt und in der Blumenkrone sind die gewöhnlichste Charakteristik der CL Blüten. Die Struktur-, Wachstums- und Funktionsaspekte der Kleistogamie werden besprochen. Belege werden geboten, welche zeigen, daß die CL Blüten Modifikationen in ihrer Entwicklung aufweisen, welche die Selbstbestäubung garantieren. Ein Vorschlag wird unterbreitet, dieses Phänomen dimorpher Blütenproduktion als ein System für die Untersuchung floraler Morphogenese, Funktion und evolution zu benutzen.

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  1. Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521, Riverside, California

    E. M. Lord

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Lord, E.M. Cleistogamy: A tool for the study of floral morphogenesis, function and evolution. Bot. Rev 47, 421–449 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860538

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