Skip to main content
Log in

Cassava leaves as human food

  • Published:
Economic Botany Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The use of cassava leaves as human food is reviewed and their value as a source of protein and vitamins for supplementing predominantly starchy diets reemphasized. The problem of the toxicity of the leaves is considered, and the effects on both nutritive value and toxicity of the traditional methods of preparing the leaves, such as drying, pounding, and long periods of boiling, are described and discussed. Loss of nutrients, particularly vitamins, occurs during processing but remaining levels can still make an important contribution to the diet. HCN levels are reduced considerably by the processing methods, although the toxic effects of residual levels need further investigation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Abbes, D. 1956. Solucao fluminense de ambito nacional; farelo integral de mandioca. Bol. Fluminense Agric. 5: 49–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adriaens, E.L. 1951. Recherches sur l’alimentation des populations au Kwango. Bull. Agric. Congo Beige 42: 227–270, 473’552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, J., and F. Peyrot. 1970. Role de la feuille de manioc dans les rations alimentaires de type tropical. Medicine Trop. 30: 263–275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and —. 1971. Possible use of the cassava leaf (Manihot utilissima) in human nutrition. Pl. Foods Human Nutr. 2: 61–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, —, J. S. Oliveira, and M. F. de Carvalho. 1969.Etude nutritionelle de la feuille de manioc,Manihot utilissima. Rev. Cienc. Agron. Lourenco-Marques 2: 43–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, M. I. 1973. Potential fodder and tuber yields of two varieties of tapioca. Malayan Agric. J. 49: 166–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akinrele, I. A. 1963. The manufacture and utilisation of leaf protein. J. W. African Sci. Assoc. 8: 74–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberto, J. 1958. A mandioca HI Sues derivados, prepares e usos. Gaz. Agric. Angola 3: 128–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anazonwu-Bello, J. N. 1978. Forms and quality of root crops in human nutrition.In Proc. First Natl. Seminar on Root and Tuber Crops, Umudike, Nigeria, 1977, L. S. O. Ene, H. E. Okereke, S. O. Odurukwe, O. O. Okoli, and O. B. Arene, p. 166-177. Natl. Root Crops Res. Inst., Umudike.

  • Anonymous. 1969. New protein source found in Biafra. Food Manufacture 44: 56.

  • Anonymous. 1973. Pratos feitos a bas de mandioca. Brazil, unpubl.

  • Arnal-Peyrot, F., and J. Adrian. 1970. Role nutritionnel de certaines feuilles alimentaires tropicales (manioc, igname, baobab et fromager). Ann. Nutr. Aliment. 24: 137–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Autret, M. 1957. Racines et tubercules. Nutr. Aliment. Trop. 1957: 648–657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balasundaram, C. S., R. Chandramani, P. Muthuswamy, and K. K. Krishnamoorthy. 1976. Distribution of hydrocyanic acid in different fractions during the extraction of leaf protein from cassava leaves. Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. 13: 11–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, M.D.P., J. C. Alexander, and C. D. Hill. 1978. Effect of linamarin on thiocyanate production and activity in rats. J. Toxicol. Environmental Health 4: 735–740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrios, E.A., and R. Bressani. 1967. Composicion quimica de la raiz y de la hoja de algunas variedades de yuca,Manihot. Turrialba 17: 314–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boey, C.G., H. H. Yeoh, and M. Y. Chew. 1976. Purification of tapioca leaf rhodanese. Phytochemistry 15: 1343–1344.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruijn, G.H. de. 1971. Etude du caractere cyanogenetique du manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool 71-13: 1–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1973. The cyanogenic character of cassava (Manihot esculenta).In Chronic Cassava Toxicity, B. Nestel and R. Maclntyre, ed, p. 43–48. Proc. Interdisciplinary Workshop, London, 1973. Intl. Developm. Res. Centre, Ottawa. IDRC-0l0e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busson, F., and B. Bergeret. 1958. Contribution a l’etude chimique des feuilles de manioc,Manihot utilissima Pohl., Euphorbiacees. Medicine Trop. 18: 142–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byers, M. 1961. Extraction of protein from the leaves of some plants growing in Ghana. J. Sci. Food Agric. 12: 20–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, M. J. 1972. Ascorbic acid content of Malaysian leaf vegetables. Ecol. Food Nutr. 1: 313–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and I. C. Enoch. 1972. Riboflavin content of Malaysian leaf vegetables. Ecol. Food Nutr. 1: 309–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and Y. Gim-Sai. 1973. The effect of cooking method and storage on the ascorbic acid content of Malaysian leaf vegetables. Ecol. Food Nutr. 2: 35–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charavanapavan, C. 1944. Studies in manioc and lima-beans with special reference to their utilization as harmless food. Trop. Agric. Ceylon 100: 164–168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chew, M. Y. 1972. Cyanide content of tapioca (Manihot utilissima) leaf. Malayan Agric. J. 48: 354–356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and C. G. Boey. 1972. Rhodanese of tapioca leaf. Phytochemistry 11: 167–169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. 1936. Report on effects of certain poisons contained in food plants of West Africa upon health of native races. J. Trop. Med. Sci. 188: 767–781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collens, A. E. 1915. Bitter and sweet cassava-hydrocyanic acid contents. Trinidad and Tobago Bull. 14: 54–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, R.D. 1978. An enzymatic assay for the total cyanide content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). J. Sci. Food Agric. 29: 345–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and D. G. Coursey. 1981. Cassava: a major cyanide-containing food crop.In Cyanide in Biology, B. Vennesland, E. E. Conn, E. J. Knowles, E. Westley, and F. Wissing, ed, p. 93–115. Academic Press, London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, A. K. Howland, and S. K. Hahn. 1978. Screening cassava for low cyanide using an enzymatic assay. Exp. Agric. 14: 367–372.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and E. M. de la Cruz. 1982. The changes in cyanide content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tissues during plant development. J. Sci. Food Agric. 33: 269–275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coursey, D.G. 1973. Cassava as a food: toxicity and technology.In Chronic Cassava Toxicity, B. Nestel and R. Maclntyre, ed, p. 27–36. Proc. Interdisciplinary Workshop, London, 1973. Intl. Developm. Res. Centre, Ottawa. IDRC-0l0e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahniya, M. T. 1981. Effects of leaf harvests and detopping on the yield of leaves and roots of cassava and sweet potato.In Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s, E. R. Terry, K. A. Oduro, and F. Caveness, ed, p. 137–142. Proc. 1st Triennial Root Crops Symp., Intl. Soc. Trop. Root Crops-Africa Branch, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1980. Intl. Developm. Res. Centre, Ottawa. IDRC-163e.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, C. O. Oputa, and S. K. Hahn. 1981. Effects of harvesting frequency on leaf and root yields of cassava. Exp. Agric. 17: 91–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. C. 1979. Cyanide, cassava and diabetes. Lancet 2: 635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eggum, B.O. 1970. The protein quality of cassava leaves. British J. Nutr. 24: 761–768.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ermans, A.M., N. M. Mbulamoko, F. Delange, and R. Ahluwalia, ed. 1980. Role of cassava in the etiology of endemic goitre and cretinism. Intl. Developm. Res. Centre, Ottawa. IDRC- 136e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esquivel, T.F., and N. Maravalhas. 1973. Rapid field method for evaluating hydrocyanic acid toxicity of cassava root tubers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 21: 321–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fafunso, M., and O. Bassir. 1976a. Effect of cooking on the vitamin C content of fresh leaves and wilted leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 24: 354–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and —. 1976b. The disappearance of cyanide from cassava leaves during leaf protein extraction. W. African J. Biol. Appl. Chem. 19: 30–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and —. 1977. Variations in the loss of vitamin C in leafy vegetables with various methods of food preparation. Food Chem. 2: 51–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and O. L. Oke. 1976. Leaf protein from different cassava varieties. Nutr. Rep. Intl. 14: 629–632.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO. 1968. Food composition table for use in Africa. Food and Agric. Organisation, Rome and U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare.

  • FAO. 1972. Food composition table for use in East Asia. Food and Agric. Organisation, Rome and U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare.

  • Figueiredo, A. de A., and M. M. do Rego. 1973. Teor proteico e mineral em raizes e folhas de mandioca. Bol. Tecn. Centro Tecnol. Agric. Aliment. 5: 23–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floch, H. 1957. Sur la richesse exceptionnelle en vitamine C de feuilles de plantes Guyanaises. J. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 4: 385–391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gondwe, A.T.D. 1974. Studies on the hydrocyanic acid content of some local varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and some traditional cassava food products. E. African Agric. Forest. J. 40: 161–167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, N.T., S. Nagy, and R. E. Berry. 1975. Leaves for food: protein and amino acid contents of leaves from 23 tropical and subtropical plants. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 88: 486–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon, J. 1981. Staple diet turns poisonous. The Guardian, Oct 27.

  • Hill, D.C. 1973. Chronic cassava toxicity in domestic animals.In Chronic Cassava Toxicity, B. Nestel and R. Maclntyre, ed, p. 105–111. Proc. Interdisciplinary Workshop, London, 1973. Intl. Developm. Res. Centre, Ottawa. IDRC-0l0e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joachim, A.W.R., and D. G. Pandittesekere. 1944. Investigations of the hydrocyanic acid content of manioc (Manihot utilissima). Trop. Agric. 100: 150–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R.M.,and W. D. Raymond. 1968. The chemical composition of some tropical food plants. IV Manioc. Trop. Sci. 7: 109–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W.O. 1959. Manioc in Africa. Stanford Univ. Press, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, M.L., M. Albuquerque, and C. E. M. Ramos. 1979. Concentracao e metodos de eliminacao de acido cianidrico em folhas de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Tropico Umido, Belem-Para, Brasil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, C.R.M., and R. C. Mandal. 1975. Effect of topping and defoliation on tapioca (H-226). J. Root Crops 1: 86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, P.A., J. S. Ingram, M. Y. Lim, and D. G. Coursey. 1982. Traditional cassava-based foods: survey of processing techniques. Econ. Bot. 36: 12–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitāo, M. A. 1971. A mandioca na culinaria africana: algumas receitas. Gaz. Agric. 23: 69–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutaladio, N.B., and H. C. Ezumah. 1981. Cassava leaf harvesting in Zaire.In Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s, E. R. Terry, K. A. Oduro and F. Caveness, ed, p. 134–136. Proc. 1st Triennial Root Crops Symp., Intl. Soc. Trop. Root Crops-Africa Branch, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1980. Intl. Developm. Res. Centre, Ottawa. IDRC-163e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luyken, R., A. P. de Groot, and P. G. C. van Stratum. 1961. Nutritional value of foods from New Guinea II Net protein utilization, digestibility and biological value of sweet potatoes, sweet potato leaves and cassava leaves from New Guinea. Central Inst. Nutr. Food Res., Utrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahendranathan, T. 1971. The effect of feeding tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl) leaves to pigs. Malayan Agric. J. 48: 60–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, F.W., L. Telek, and R. Ruberte. 1977. Some tropical leaves as feasible sources of dietary protein. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico 61: 32–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massal, E., and J. Barrau. 1955. Pacific subsistence crops. Cassava. S. Pacific Bull. 5: 15–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masseyeff, R., and A. Cambon. 1955. Enquetes sur l’alimentation au Cameroun I Evodoula. Inst. Rech. Terr. Cameroun (IRCAM), Yaounde.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moh, C.C., and J. J. Allan. 1972. The use of Guignard test for screening cassava cultivars of low hydrocyanic acid content. Trop. Root Tuber Crops Newslett. 6: 29–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montaldo, A., and J. J. Montilla. 1977. Production of cassava foliage.In Proc. 4th Intl. Symp., Intl. Soc. Trop. Root Crops, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 1976, J. Cock, R. Maclntyre, and M. Graham, ed, p. 142–143. Intl. Developm. Res. Centre, Ottawa. IDRC-080e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, E.F. 1976. Manioc deserves more recognition. World Crops 28: 184–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosha, A. C. 1972. Cassava production, utilization and potential fortification in Tanzania. Paper presented at Mandioca Fortification Conf., Rio de Janeiro.

  • Muñoz, G.A., and P. I. Casas. 1972. Contenido de acido cianhidrico en raices y hojas de clones “amargos” de yuca. Turrialba 22: 221 -223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nandakumaran, M., C. R. Ananthasubramaniam, and P. A. Devasia. 1978. Isolation, characterization and chemical composition of tapioca (Manihot utilissima) leaf protein. Kerala J. Vet. Sci. 9: 221–227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nartey, F. 1968. Studies on cassava,Manihot utilissima Pohl. I Cyanogenesis: the biosynthesis of linamarin and lotaustralin in etiolated seedlings. Phytochemistry 7: 1307–1312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1978.Manihot esculenta (cassava). Cyanogenesis, Ultrastructure and Seed Germination. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nestel, B.L., and R. Maclntyre. 1973. Chronic cassava toxicity. Proc. Interdisciplinary Workshop, London, 1973. Intl. Developm. Res. Centre, Ottawa. IDRC-0l0e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nobre, A., E. Constantino, and W. de O. Nunes. 1973. Selecao de variedades e clones de mandioca visando un melhoramento proteico. Bol. Tecn. Centro Tecnol. Agric. Aliment. 5: 15–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, J.C. 1972. Tropical leafy vegetables in Ghana. World Crops 24: 217–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Normanha, E.S. 1966. As folhas de mandioca servem como alimento. Supl. Agric. J. Estado de Sao Paulo 3:4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obioha, F.C. 1972. Utilization of cassava as a human food.In A Literature Review and Research Recommendations on Cassava, C. H. Hendershott, J. C. Ayres, S. J. Brannen, A. H. Dempsey, P. S. Lehman, F. C. Obioha, D. J. Rogers, R. W. Seerley, and K. H. Tan, ed, p. 130–156. Univ. Georgia, Athens, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochse, J. J. 1932. Vegetables of the Dutch East Indies. Dept. Agric, Industry and Commerce, Netherlands, Buitenzorg. (Reprinted 1977. A. Asher and Co. B. V., Amsterdam).

  • Oke, O.L. 1971. Some aspects of amino acid composition of leaf protein. Indian J. Nutr. Diet. 8: 319–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1973. Leaf protein research in Nigeria: a review. Trop. Sci. 15: 139–155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oomen, H.A.P.C. 1964. Vegetable greens, a tropical underdevelopment. Chron. Hort. 4: 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otoul, E. 1973. Contribution a l’etude nutritionelle des feuilles de maniocManihot esculenta Crantz (Manihot utilissima Pohl). Bull. Inst. Agron. Etat. Gembloux 8: 117–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1974. Spectres des acides amines des feuilles de clones de manioc morphologiquement tres differents.Manihot esculenta Crantz (=M. utilissima Pohl). Bull. Inst. Agron. Etat. Gembloux 9: 159–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oyenuga, V.A. 1968. Nigeria’s Foods and Feedingstuffs. Their Chemistry and Nutritive Value. 3rd ed. Univ. Press, Ibadan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pages, A. 1955. Sur la composition minerale des feuilles de certaines plantes entrant dans la ration alimentaire habituelle de la population des Hauts-Plateaux de Madagascar. Naturaliste Malgache 7: 215–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pechnik, E., and L. R. Guimaraes. 1961. Sobre o aproveitamento da folha de mandioca (Manihot sp.) na alimentacao humana I Teor de acido cianidrico. Arq. Brasil Nutr. 17: 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and —. 1962. Sobre o aproveitamento da folha de mandioca (Manihot sp.) na alimentacao humana III Mandioca mansa. Arq. Brasil Nutr. 18: 25–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and —. 1963. Sobre o aproveitamento de folha de mandioca,Manihot sp., na alimentacao IV Efeito da suplementacao de amino-acidos sinteticos sobre o valor alimenticio de folha de mandioca-mansa secado ao ar e em refrigerador. Arq. Brasil Nutr. 19: 11–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, —, and A. Panek. 1962. Sobre o aproveitamento da folha de mandioca,Manihot sp., na alimentacao humana II Contribucao ao estudo do valor alimenticio. Arq. Brasil Nutr. 18: 11–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philbrick, D.J., D. C. Hill, and J. C. Alexander. 1977. Physiological and biochemical changes associated with linamarin administration to rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 42: 539–551.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilac, L.M., I. C. Abdon, and E. P. Mandap. 1971. Oxalic acid content and its relation to the calcium present in some Philippine plant foods. Philipp. J. Nutr. 24: 21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, N. 1978. Some nutritional considerations of cassava and sweet potato leaves. Paper presented, Regional Root and Tuber Crop Improvement Workshop, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

  • Purseglove, J. W. 1968. Tropical Crops. Dicotyledons. Longmans, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramos-Ledon, L.J., and J. Popenoe. 1970. Comparative chemical composition of cultivars ofManihot esculenta Crantz and some related species. Proc. Trop. Reg. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 14: 232–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, W.D., W. Jojo, and Z. Nicodemus. 1941. The nutritive value of some Tanganyika foods II Cassava. E. African Agric. J. Kenya 6: 154–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, J.D., R. E. McDowell, P. J. van Soest, and P. J. Horvath. 1982. Condensed tannins: a factor limiting the use of cassava foliage. J. Sci. Food Agric. 33: 213–220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, D.J. 1959. Cassava leaf protein. Econ. Bot. 13: 261–263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and M. Milner. 1963. Amino acid profile of manioc leaf protein in relation to nutritive value. Econ. Bot. 17: 211–216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadik, S., O. U. Okerere, and S. K. Hahn. 1974. Screening for acyanogenesis in cassava. Tech. Bull. 4. Intl. Inst. Trop. Agric, Ibadan, Nigeria.

  • Schwerin, K.H. 1971. The bitter and the sweet. Some implications of techniques for preparing manioc. Paper, Annual Meeting, Amer. Anthropol. Assoc. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, S.K., and T. V. R. Nair. 1967. Influence of nutrition on the cyanoglucoside content in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz).In Subtropical and Tropical Horticulture, p. 539–547. Proc. Intl. Symp. Subtrop. Trop. Hort., New Delhi, 1967. Hort. Soc. India, Bangalore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smet, M. de. 1951. De Oarzaken der Kindesterfte in de Streek van Yangambi (1948-1950). Memo. XIX, Fasc. 3. Inst. Roy. Col. Beige, Sec. Sci. Nat. Med., Brussels.

  • Tallantire, A.C, and P. M. Goode. 1975. A preliminary study of the food plants of the West Nile and Madi districts of Uganda. The utilization of leaves and fruits of local and mainly indigenous plants in supplementing the staple foods. E. African Agric. Forest. J. 40: 233–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terra, G.J.A. 1964. The significance of leaf vegetables, especially of cassava, in tropical nutrition. Trop. Geogr. Med. 16: 97–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tupynamba, M.L.V.C., and E. C. Vieira. 1979. Isolation of cassava leaf protein and determination of its nutritive value. Nutr. Rep. Intl. 19: 249–259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ugochukwu, E.N., and I. U. W. Osisiogu. 1977. Hydrogen sulphide from leaves ofManihot utilissima. Pl. Med. 32: 105–109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Veen, A.G. 1938. Over cassave-bladeren, een hoogwaardige bladgroente. Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie 78: 2548–2552.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velcich, G. 1963. Bantu know secrets of cassava. Bantu 10: 492–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitti, P., I. B. Figueiredo, and E. Angelucci. 1971-1972. Folhas de mandioca desidratadas para fins de alimentacao humana. Colet. Inst. Tecnol. Aliment. (Brazil) 4: 117–125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J.D. 1976. Ascorbic acid content of plant foods in Ghana and the effects of cooking and storage on vitamin content. Ecol. Food Nutr. 4: 207–213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, P. 1972. Cassava. In Zambia Foods and Cooking, p. 25’54. Natl. Food Nutr. Prog., undertaken by U.N. Developm. Prog, and Gov. Zambia.

  • Williams, H.J. 1979. Estimation of hydrogen cyanide released from cassava by organic solvents. Exp. Agric. 15: 393–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, T. 1965. The cyanogenic glucoside content of cassava and cassava products. J. Sci. Food Agric. 16: 300–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyllie, D., and P. A. Huxley. 1976. Cassava research at the Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Veterinary Science, Morogoro, Tanzania. Univ. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeoh, H.H., and M. Y. Chew. 1976. Protein content and amino acid composition of cassava leaf. Phytochemistry 15: 1597–1599.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and H. Y. Oh. 1979. Cyanide content of cassava. Malayan Agric. J. 52: 24–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lancaster, P.A., Brooks, J.E. Cassava leaves as human food. Econ Bot 37, 331–348 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858890

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858890

Keywords

Navigation