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Hybridization in the genusCarex with special reference to North America

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Abstract

The first reports ofCarex hybrids in North America appeared in the middle and late 1800’s. By the early 1900’s and up to the middle 1900’s there was disagreement among the influential North American botanists regarding the extent to which hybrids existed. Those who recognized hybridization inCarex have been largely supported by recent studies, but only a small proportion of the reported hybrids are well documented. An understanding of hybridization in the genus is very important to systematic research and routine identification, as well as to the study of evolution and ecology. A total of 253Carex hybrids have been reported from North America, the greatest number of hybrids occurring in the northeast, where recent glaciation and overlapping flowering periods are probably among the causal factors. Based on current reports, hybrids are much more prevalent in subgenusCarex than in subgenusVignea. Field studies and cultivation have proven useful in determining hybrid parentage and delimiting morphological variation, respectively. Both reproductive and vegetative characters as well as anatomical and micromorphological characters have proven taxonomically useful. Cytological studies have documented meiotic irregularities inCarex hybrids and intermediate chromosome numbers. Variation in the meiotic anomalies is apparently associated with the relationship of the parents and with differences in chromosome number.Carex hybrids are largely sterile but some restoration of fertility is evident in backcrosses. Experimental hybridization, flavonoid chromatography, enzyme electrophoresis, phenological characteristics, developmental anomalies and host-parasite relationships have all been underexploited in the characterization of hybrids. A cross-referenced list of North AmericanCarex hybrids is included, along with a list of hybrids not yet reported for North America involving circumpolar species.

Résumé

Les premières mentions d’hybrides deCarex pour l’Amérique du Nord sont apparues surtout à la fin du siècle dernier. Depuis le début du 20e siècle jusqu’aux années 1950, les chefs de file des botanistes d’Amérique du Nord ont divergé d’opinion quant à l’existence et au nombre des hybrides. Ceux qui ont accepté d’emblée l’hybridation chezCarex, ont vu leurs idées corroborées par des études récentes. Cependant, une faible proportion des hybrides connus a fait l’objet d’études bien documentées. Une connaissance de l’hybridation chezCarex est essentielle non seulement pour la recherche systématique et l’identification routinière mais aussi pour les études d’évolution et d’écologie. En Amérique du Nord, on a signalé quelque 253 hybrides deCarex, la plupart dans le nord-est, probablement en raison de la récente glaciation et du chevauchement des différentes phénologies. Sur la base des références inventoriées, les hybrides sont beaucoup plus fréquents dans le sous-genreCarex que chezVignea. Les études deCarex hybrides tant sur le terrain qu’en milieux cultivés se sont avérées utiles pour en déterminer le parentage et l’étendue de leur variabilité morphologique. Les caractères reproducteurs, végétatifs, anatomiques ou micromorphologiques ont également servi à l’étude de la taxonomie desCarex hybrides. Des études cytologiques ont révélé plusieurs irrégularités méiotiques et des nombres chromosomiques intermédiaires. La diversité des anomalies méiotiques laisse croire qu’elles seraient associées à l’affinité des parents et aux différences entre les nombres chromosomiques. Les hybrides sont généralement stériles, mais un retour à la fertilité s’observe chez des cas de rétrocroisements. Des aspects comme l’hybridation expérimentale, la chromatographie des flavonoïdes, l’électrophorèse d’enzymes, les observations phénologiques, les anomalies dans le développement des inflorescences et les interrelations hôtes-parasites ont été sous-estimés dans la caractérisation des hybrides. Une liste à références croisées des hybrides deCarex d’Amérique du Nord apparaît en appendice, ainsi qu’une liste des hybrides entre espèces circumpolaires, qui n’ont pas encore été signalés pour l’Amérique du Nord.

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Cayouette, J., Catling, P.M. Hybridization in the genusCarex with special reference to North America. Bot. Rev 58, 351–438 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858773

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