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Manganese in cell metabolism of higher plants

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Abstract

Manganese, a group VII element of the periodic table, plays an important role in biological systems and exists in a variety of oxidation states. The normal level of Mn in air surrounding major industrial sites is 0.03 μg/m3, in drinking water 0.05 mg/liter and in soil between 560 and 850 ppm.

Manganese is an essential trace element for higher plant systems. It is absorbed mainly as divalent Mn2+, which competes effectively with Mg2+ and strongly depresses its rate of uptake. The accumulation of Mn particularly takes place in peripheral cells of the leaf petiole, petiolule and palisade and spongy parenchyma cells.

Mn is involved in photosynthesis and activation of different enzyme systems. Mn deficiency may be expressed as inhibition of cell elongation and yield decrease.

Mn toxicity is one of the important growth limiting factors in acid soils. Plant tops are affected to a greater extent than root systems. The toxicity symptoms are, in general, similar to the deficiency symptoms.

Toxic effects of Mn on plant growth have been attributed to several physiological and biochemical pathways, although the detailed mechanism is still not very clear. Higher O2 uptake and loss of control in Mn activated enzyme systems have been associated with Mn toxicity.

Mn interferes with the uptake, transport and use of several essential elements including Ca, Fe, Cu, Al, Si, Mg, K, P and N. Excess of Mn reduces the uptake of certain elements and increases that of others.

pH plays an important role in Mn uptake. Acidic pH causes a lack of substantial amount of nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor and leads to a high amount of Mn in leaves. High microbial activity, water logging and poorly structured soils cause severe Mn toxicity even in neutral soils.

The molecular mechanism of Mn-tolerance is not yet clear. The level of tolerance is different in different species and seems to be controlled by more than one gene.

Further information is required on the factors affecting the distribution, accumulation and membrane permeability of the metal in different plant parts and different species. Understanding of the genetic basis of Mn-tolerance is necessary to improve adaptation of crops against acid soils, water logging and other adverse soil conditions.

Résumé

Le manganèse, un élément du groupe VII du tableau périodique, joue un rôle important au niveau des systèmes biologiques et existe sous différents états d’oxydation. Le niveau normal du manganèse dans l’air au voisinage de parcs industriels est de 0.03 μg/m3, de 0.05 mg/litre dans l’eau potable et entre 560 et 850 ppm dans le sol.

Le manganèse est un oligoélément essentiel pour les plantes supérieures. Il est surtout absorbé sous la forme bivalente Mn2+ qui entre efficacement en compétition avec l’ion Mn2+ et réduit substantiellement son taux d’absorption. L’accumulation du Mn a particulièrement lieu dans les cellules périphériques du pétiole, dans le pétiolule et les cellules du parenchyme palissadique et aérifère.

Le Mn est impliqué dans la photosynthèse et active aussi différents systèmes enzymatiques. Une déficience en Mn peut inhiber l’élongation des cellules et diminuer la croissance.

La toxicité du Mn est un des principaux facteurs réduisant la croissance en sol acide. Les parties aériennes des plantes sont beaucoup plus affectées que le système racinaire. Les symptômes de toxicité sont habituellement similaires à ceux d’une déficience.

Les effets toxiques du Mn sur la croissance des plantes interviennent dans plusieurs sentiers physiologiques et biochimiques, quoique les mécanismes ne soient pas encore connus de façon détaillée. Une assimilation plus élevée de l’oxygène ainsi qu’un dérèglement des systèmes enzymatiques dépendant du Mn ont été associés à la toxicité due à ce métal.

Le Mn perturbe l’absorption, le transport et l’utilisation de divers éléments essentiels, notamment le Ca, Fe, Cu, Al, Si, Mg, K, P et N. Un excès de Mn réduit l’apport de certains éléments et augmente celui d’autres éléments.

Le pH joue un rôle important dans l’absorption du Mn. Dans le cas d’un pH acide, il n’y a pas assez de nitrate agissant comme accepteur alternatif d’électrons, de sorte qu’une grande quantité de Mn se retrouve dans les feuilles. Une grande activité microbienne, la présence d’eau stagnante et un sol insuffisamment développé augmentent considérablement la toxicité, même en sol neutre.

Les mécanismes moléculaires de la tolérance au Mn demeurent obscurs. Le seuil de tolérance varie d’une espèce à l’autre et semble être sous le contrôle de plus d’un gène.

Des données additionnelles sont requises concernant les facteurs influençant la distribution, l’accumulation de ce métal et la perméabilité membranaire dans diverses parties des plantes chez différentes espèces. Une meilleure connaissance des bases génétiques de la tolérance au Mn est nécessaire pour améliorer l’adaptation des plantes à l’acidité des sols, à la présence d’eau stagnante ainsi qu’à des conditions adverses des sols.

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  1. Madhumita Joardar Mukhopadhyay (Professor)

    Present address: c/o Professor D. Pallota, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Laval University, G1K 7P4, Québec, Canada

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  2. c/o Professor D. Pallota, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Laval University, G1K 7P4, Québec, Canada

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Joardar Mukhopadhyay, M., Sharma, A. Manganese in cell metabolism of higher plants. Bot. Rev 57, 117–149 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858767

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