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Steroid glycoalkaloids and related compounds as potato quality factors

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Abstract

The steroid glycoalkaloids are triterpenoid derivatives which are found in all tissues of the potato plant including the tubers. The compounds are largely localized in the peel of tubers, but tissue beneath the peel rapidly accumulates the steroid glycoalkaloids to levels equal to or greater than those in the peel as a result of injury or environmental stress. The accumulation is restricted to the outer 1–2 mm of injured or stressed tuber.

Potatoes containing over 0.02% steroid glycoalkaloids are considered toxic to man, and at this concentration they would impart a distinctly bitter flavor. The accumulation of steroid glycoalkaloids is suppressed and the accumulation of sesquiterpenoids is elicited in tubers infected by various pathogens and nonpathogens including the late blight pathogen,Phytophthora infestans. Arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acids, two polyunsaturated fatty acids isolated fromP. infestans, are potent inhibitors of steroid glycoalkaloid accumulation. Both acids elicit the localized accumulation of sesquiterpenoids including rishitin, lubimin, phytuberin, phytuberol and solavetivone. Rishitin and lubimin generally comprise 85–90% of the total sesquiterpenoids which accumulate. The steroid glycoalkaloids and sesquiterpenoids appear to have a role in disease resistance to some fungal pathogens. Both groups of compounds are synthesized via the acetate-mevalonate pathway. Arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids appear to inhibit steroid glycoalkaloid accumulation at the level of the conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate to squalene and they activate the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids. The reduction of steroid glycoalkaloids in potato foliage and tubers for health and flavor considerations should be considered relative to the ability of tubers and foliage to accumulate sesquiterpenoids in response to infection and its influence on disease and insect resistance.

Resumen

Los glicoalcaloides esteroideos son derivados triterpenoides que se encuentran en todos los tejidos de la planta de papa, incluyendo los tubérculos. Los compuestos están sobre todo ubicados en la cáscara de los tubérculos, pero el tejido debajo de la cáscara acumula rápidamente los glicoalcaloides esteroideos, llegando éstos a niveles iguales o superiores a los de la cáscara como resultado de algun lesion o estrés ambiental. La acumulación se limita a un espesor de 1–2 mm en la parte exterior del tubérculo lesionado o que haya sufrido el estrés.

La papa que contiene más de 0,02% de glicoalcaloides esteroideos, es considerada tóxica para el ser humano. Cuando se encuentran en esta concentración, la papa hace sentir un sabor netamente amargo. Se suprime la acumulación de glicoalcaloides esteroideos y se produce la acumulación de sesquiterpenoides en los tubérculos infectados de diferentes patógenos y no patógenos, incluyendo el patógeno del tizón tardio,Phytophthora infestons. El ácido araquidónico y el ácido eicosapentaenoico, dos ácidos grasos poliinsaturados que han sido aislados deP. infestans, son inhibidores potentes de la acumulación de alcaloides esteroideos. Los dos ácidos producen la acumulación localizada de sesquiterpenoides, incluyendo risitina, lubimina, fituberina, fituberol y solavetivona. Generalmente, la risitina y la lubimina constituyen 85%–90% del total de sesquiterpenoides que se acumulan. Los glicoalcaloides esteroideos y los sesquiterpenoides parecen jugar un papel en la resistencia a enfermedades causadas por algunos patógenos fungosos. Ambos grupos de compuestos se sintetizan por vía de mevalonato de acetato. Los ácidos araquidónico y eicosapentaenoico parecen inhibir la acumulación de glicoalcaloides esteroides al nivel de la conversión del pirofosfato de farnesil en escualeno y activan la biosíntesis de los sesquiter-penoides. La reducción de los glicoalcaloides esteroideos en el follaje y los tubérculos de la papa, desde un punto de vista de salubridad y sabor, debería ser considerada en relación con la capacidad de los tubérculos y del follaje para acumular sesquiterpenoides en respuesta a infecciones y en relación con su influencia sobre la resistencia a enfermedades e insectos.

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    Joseph Kuc

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Journal paper number 82-11-220 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Kentucky 40546.

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Kuc, J. Steroid glycoalkaloids and related compounds as potato quality factors. American Potato Journal 61, 123–139 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02854034

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