Abstract
In this paper a review on current research on 3DCM is presented, and an alternative approach by integrating the concepts and techniques of object-oriented method and Computer Aided Design (CAD) is suggested. Through the approach urban spatial entities as objects are extracted, which are represented with primary 3D elements (node, edge, face and body) and their combinations. In the light of the concept of object, the method supports the multiple representation of Level of Details (LOD). More importantly, topological relationships between objects are described so that 3D topological operations can be implemented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zlatanova S, Gruber M (1999) 3D urban GIS on the web: data structure and visualization. http://www. geo. tudelft. nl/frs/staff. html
Raper J (2000) Multidimensional geographic information science. London: Taylor & Francis.
Harvey M J, Shaw S L (2001) GIS for transportation: principles and application. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cambray B, Delpy T, Zeitouni K (1995) A survey on 3D data models in architecture and civil engineering. Fifth Europe IA International Conference, Lyon, France.
Molenaar M (1990) A formal data structure for 3D vector maps. EGIS'90, Amsterdam.
Pigot S (1995) A topological model for a 3D spatial information system: [Ph. D dissertation]. Tasmania: University of Tasmania.
Zlatanova S (2000) 3D GIS for urban development: [Ph. D dissertation]. Amsterdam: ITC.
Zlatanova S (2000) On 3D topological relationships. 11th Int. Workshop on Database and Expert System Applications, Greenwich, London.
Haala N, Brenner C, Anders K H (1998) 3D urban GIS from laser altimeter and 2D map data. http://www.vterrain.org/Culture/BldCity/
Brenner C (2000) Towards full automatic generation of city models. ISPRS, Amsterdam.
Gruber M (1998) Managing large 3D urban database, http://citeseer.nj.nec.com
Chen J, Sun M, Zhou Q (2000) Expression and visualization of Cloverleaf junction in 3-D city model.Geo Informatica, 4(4): 375–386
Shaw S L (1993) GIS for urban travel demand analysis: requirements and alternatives.Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 17:15–29
Spear B D, Laksmanan T R (1998) The role of GIS in transportation planning analysis.Geographical Systems, 5:45–58
Mahoney P P (1991) GIS and utilities. In: Maguire D J, et al. (eds)GIS: Principles and Applications II, London: Longman. 101–104
Ishida T (1999) Digital city Kyoto: towards a social information infrastructure.Proceedings of Int. Workshop on Cooperative Information Agents. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Zlatanova S, Bandrova T (1998) User requirements for the third dimensionality. E-mail Seminar of Cartography 1998: Maps of the Future, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Molenaar M (1992) A topology for 3D vector maps.ITC Journal, 1: 25–33
Cambray B (1993) Three-dimensional (3D) modelling in a geographical database. 11th International Conference on CAC (AUTOCARTO11), Minneapolis, USA.
Pfund M (2001) Topologic data structure for a 3D GIS. ISPRS, Bangkok, Thailand.
Guo W (1998) 3D topological spatial data model based on space partition: [Ph. D dissertation]. Wuhan: Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping.
Egenhofer M J (1995) Topological relations in 3D. Technical Report, University of Maine, USA.
Egenhofer M J (1994) Deriving the composition of binary topological relations.Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 5(2): 133–149
Egenhofer M J, Franzosa R D (1991) Point-set topolz ogical spatial relations.Int. Journal of GIS, 5 (2): 161–174
Lindstrom P, Koller D, Ribarsky K W, et al. (1996) Real-time, continuous level of detail rendering of height fields. SIGGRAPH'96, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Li R (1994) Data structure and application issues in 3D GIS.Geomatica, 48(3): 209–224
Molenaar M (1998) An introduction to theory of spatial objects modelling. London: Taylor & Francis.
Wang X, Gruen A (1998) A 3D city model data structure and its implementation in a relational database. Int. Conference of Spatial Information Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Balovnev O, Breunig M, Cremers A B, et al. (1999) GeoToolKit: opening the access to object-oriented geo-data stores. In:Interoperating Geographic Information Systems. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Gruen A, Wang X (1999) Generation and management of hybrid 3D city models. ISD' 99 Integrated Spatial Databases—“Digital Images and GIS”, Portland, USA.
Balovnev O, Breunig M, Cremers A B (1997) From GeoStore to GeoToolKit: the second step. In:Proceedings of the 5th Int. Symposium on Spatial Databases. Berlin: Springer.
Bric V, Pilouk M, Tempfli K (1994) Towards 3DGIS: Experimenting with a vector data structure. ISPRS, Commission IV, Athens, USA.
Verbree E, Van Maren G, Germs G, et al. (1999) Interaction in virtual world views—linking 3D GIS with VR. Int.Journal of GIS, 13(4): 385–396
Gruen A, Wang X H (1999) Urban data management with a hybrid 3-D GIS. 21st Urban Data Management Symposium, Venice, Italy.
Pilouk M (1996) Integrated modelling for 3D GIS: [Ph. D dissertation]. Amsterdam: ITC.
Rikkers R, Molenaar M, Stuiver J (1993) A query oriented implementation of a 3D topologic data structure. EGIS'93, Genoa, Italy.
Shiffer M J (1992) Towards a collaborative planning system.Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 19: 709–722
Sun M, Ma A, Chen J (2002) Reviews on three-dimensional city model research. Journal of Remote Sensing, 6(2):155–160 (in Chinese)
Tempfli K (1998) 3D topographic mapping for urban GIS.ITC Journal. 7:181–190
Tempfli K, Pilouk M (1994) Vector data models for 3D GIS. Third Int. Colloquium of LIESMARS on Integration, Automation and Intelligence in Photogrammetry, RS and GIS, Wuhan, China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Qiming, Z., Wenjiang, Z. A preliminary review on three-dimensional city model. Geospat. Inf. Sc. 7, 79–88 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02826641
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02826641