Abstract
Refractory metals have found wide-spread use in structural, electronic, chemical, and nuclear applications because they display unique physical and mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures. Modern purification, processing, and alloying techniques have made a wide variety of refractory metals available in standard mill product form. Smaller quantities of non-typical alloys can also be made. As a whole, nearly one million tonnes of refractory metals are produced each year worldwide.
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References
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