Skip to main content
Log in

Vegetation surveys in the circumboreal coniferous forests: A review

  • Published:
Folia Geobotanica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As an introduction to the special issue “Vegetation of Circumboreal Coniferous Forests”, a brief history is provided of the development and present state of floristic vegetation surveys of the boreal and mountain coniferous forests of Europe, northern Asia and North America. The focus is on forests assigned to the phytosociological classVaccinio-Piceetea and closely related vegetation types.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achuff P.L. &LaRoi G.H. (1977):Picea-Abies forests in the highlands of northern Alberta.Vegetatio 33: 127–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anenkhonov O.A. &Chytrý M. (1998): Syntaxonomy of vegetation of the Svyatoi Nos Peninsula, Lake Baikal. 2. Forests and krummholz in comparison with other regions of northern Buryatia.Folia Geobot. 33: 31–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelstam P.K. (1998): Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes.J. Veg. Sci. 9: 593–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annas R.M. (1974):Ecosystems of the Fort Nelson area of north-eastern British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansseau C. &Grandtner M.M. (1988): Énumération des groupements végétaux de trois secteurs forestiers des Cantons de l’Est, Québec. 2. Groupements forestiers.Doc. Phytosoc. (Camerino) N.S. 11: 1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archibold O.W. (1995):Ecology of world vegetation. Chapman & Hall, London etc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becking R. (1954):Site indicators and forest types of the Douglas fir region of western Washington and Oregon. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Washington, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckingham J.D. &Archibald J.H. (1996):Field guide to ecosites of northern Alberta. Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckingham J.D., Nielsen D.G. &Futoransky V.A. (1996):Field guide to ecosites of the mid-boreal ecoregion of Saskatchewan. Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg C., Dengler J. &Abdank A. (2001):Die Pflanzengesellschaften Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns und ihre Gefährdung. Weissdorn-Verlag, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birse E.L. (1982): The main types of woodland in North Scotland.Phytocoenologia 10: 9–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohn U. &Neuhäusl R. (eds.) (2000):Karte der natürlichen Vegetation Europas. Map of the natural vegetation of Europe. Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borhidi A. (1971): Die Zönologie der Fichtenwälder der Ost-und Südkarpaten.Acta Bot. Hung. 17: 287–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Blanquet J., Sissingh G. &Vlieger J. (1939):Prodromus der Pflanzengesellschaften. Fasz. 6. Klasse der Vaccinio-Piceetea(Nadelholz- und Vaccinienheiden-Verbände der eurosibirischnordamerikanischen Region). Mari-Lavit, Montpellier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooke R.C., Peterson E.B. &Krajina V.J. (1970): The subalpine mountain hemlock zone. Subalpine vegetation in southwestern British Columbia, its climatic characteristics, soils, ecosystems and environmental relationships.Ecol. W. N. Amer. 2/2: 147–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buell M.F. &Niering W.A. (1957): Fir-spruce-birch forest in northern Minnesota.Ecology 38: 602–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cajander A.K. (1903):Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Vegetation der Alluvionen des nördlichen Eurasiens. I. Die Alluvionen des unteren Lena-Thales. Helsingfors.

  • Cajander A.K. (1909): Über Waldtypen.Acta Forest. Fenn. 1: 1–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cajander A.K. (1949): Forest types and their significance.Acta Forest. Fenn. 56/5: 1–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carleton T.J. &Maycock P.F. (1980): Vegetation of the boreal forests south of James Bay: non-centered component analysis of the vascular flora.Ecology 61: 1199–1212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chytrý M., Exner A., Hrivnák R., Ujházy K., Valachovič M. &Willner W. (2002): Context-dependence of diagnostic species: A case study of the Central European spruce forests.Folia Geobot. 37: 403–417 (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coldea G. (1991): Prodrome des associations végétales des Carpates du sud-est (Carpates roumaines).Doc. Phytosoc. (Camerino) N.S. 13: 317–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damman A.W.H. (1964): Some forest types of central Newfoundland and their relation to environmental factors.Forest Sci. Monogr. 8: 1–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Arrigo R.D., Jacoby G.C. &Fung I.Y. (1987): Boreal forests and atmosphere-biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide.Nature 329: 321–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daubenmire R. (1952): Forest vegetation of northern Idaho and adjacent Washington, and its bearing on concepts of vegetation classification.Ecol. Monogr. 22: 301–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies C.E. &Moss D. (2002):EUNIS habitat classification. 2001 work programme. Final Report. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Huntingdon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devillers P. &Devillers-Terschuren J. (1996):A classification of Palaearctic habitats. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dierßen K. (1996):Vegetation Nordeuropas. E. Ulmer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberg H. (1996):Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen. Ed. 5. Ulmer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberg H. &Klötzli F. (1972): Waldgesellschaften und Waldstandorte der Schweiz.Mitt. Schweiz. Anst. Forstl. Versuchswesen 48: 589–930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott-Fisk D. (2000): The taiga and boreal forest. In:Barbour M.G. &Billings W.D. (eds.),North American terrestrial vegetation, Ed. 2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 41–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelmark O. &Hytterborn H. (1999): Coniferous forests.Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 84: 55–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ermakov N., Cherosov M. &Gogoleva P. (2002): Classification of ultracontinental boreal forests in central Yakutia.Folia Geobot. 37: 419–440 (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ermakov N., Dring J. &Rodwell J. (2000): Classification of continental hemiboreal forests of North Asia.Braun-Blanquetia 28: 1–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esseen P.A., Ehnström B., Ericson L. &Sjöberg K. (1992): Boreal forests — the focal habitats of Fennoscandia. In:Hansson L. (ed.),Ecological principles of nature conservation, Applications in temperate and boreal environments, Elsevier, London, pp. 252–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Exner A., Willner W. &Grabherr G. (2002):Picea abies andAbies alba forests of the Austrian Alps: Numerical classification and ordination.Folia Geobot. 37: 383–402 (this volume).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin J.F. &Dyrness C.T. (1988):Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin J.F. &Halpern C.B. (2000): Pacific Northwest forests. In:Barbour M.G. &Billings W.D. (eds.),North American terrestrial vegetation, Ed. 2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 123–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fremstad E. (1997):Vegetasjonstyper i Norge (Vegetation types in Norway). Norsk institutt for naturforskning, Trondheim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaudreault L. (1979): La végétation et les sols des collines Tanginan, Abitibi-Ouest, Québec.Études Ecol. 1: 1–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gensac P. (1970): Les pessières de Tarentaise comparées aux autres pessières alpestres.Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich 43: 104–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandtner M.M. (1994): L’état de nos connaissances en écologie forestière et de leur utilisation. In:Comptes rendus du colloque: La recherche sur le dépérissement: un premier pas vers le monitoring des forêts, 23 au 26 mars 1992, Ministère des forêts du Québec et Conseil de la recherche forestière du Québec, Québec, pp. 499–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandtner M.M. &Lutzoni F. (1991): References on the vegetation of Quebec.Excerpta Bot., Sect. B, Sociol. 29: 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gribova T.I., Isachenko S.A. &Lavrenko E.M. (eds.) (1980):Rastitelnost’ evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Vegetation of the European part of the USSR). Nauka, Leningrad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grishin S.Yu. (1995): The boreal forests of north-eastern Eurasia.Vegetatio 121: 11–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber M. (1978):La végétation des Pyrénées ariégeoises et catalanes occidentales. Thesis, Univ. Aix-Marseille, Marseille.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday W.E.D. (1937): A forest classification for Canada.Canad. Forest Serv. Bull. 89: 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hämet-Ahti L. (1965): Notes on the vegetation zones of western Canada, with special reference to the forests of Wells Gray Park, British Columbia.Ann. Bot. Fenn. 2: 274–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hämet-Ahti L. (1987): Mountain birch and mountain birch woodland in NW-Europe.Phytocoenologia 15: 449–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann F.-K. &Jahn G. (1967):Waldgesellschaften des mitteleuropäischen Gebirgsraumes nördlich der Alpen. G. Fischer, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilbig W. (1995):The vegetation of Mongolia. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoefs M., Cowan I.M. &Krajina V.J. (1975): Phytosociological analysis and synthesis of Sheep Mountain, southwest Yukon Territory, Canada.Syesis 8, Suppl. 1: 125–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horvat I., Glavač V. &Ellenberg H. (1974):Vegetation Südosteuropas. G. Fischer, Jena & Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husová M. &Andresová J. (1992): DasCladonio rangiferinae-Pinetum sylvestris des Landschafts-schutzgebietes Křivoklátsko (Mittelböhmen) und seine Stellung im phytozönologischen System.Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 27: 357–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husová M., Jirásek J. &Moravec J. (2002):Přehled vegetace České republiky. Svazek 3. Jehličnaté lesy (Vegetation survey of the Czech Republic. Volume 3. Coniferous forests). Academia, Praha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilvessalo Y. (1929): Notes on some forest (site) types in North America.Acta Forest. Fenn. 34: 1–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahn G. (1977): Die Fichtenwald-Gesellschaften in Europa. In:Schmidt-Vogt H., Jahn G., Kral F. &Vogellehner D. (eds.),Die Fichte 1, P. Parey, Hamburg, pp. 468–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahn G. (1985): Chorological phenomena in spruce and beech communities.Vegetatio 59: 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssens C.R. (1967): A floristic study of forests and bog vegetation, northwestern Minnesota.Ecology 48: 751–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jinno N. &Suzuki H. (1973): A revised system of the subalpine coniferous forests of Japan.Hikobia 6: 229–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jirásek J. (1996): Společenstva přirozených smrčin České republiky (Natural spruce forest communities in the Czech Republic).Preslia 67(1995): 225–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalela A. (1961): Waldvegetationszonen Finnlands und ihre klimatische Paralleltypen.Arch. Soc. Vanamo 16, Suppl.: 65–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellomäki S. (2000): Forests of the boreal region: gaps in knowledge and research needs.Forest Ecol. Managem. 132: 63–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kielland-Lund J. (1967): Zur Systematik der Kiefernwälder Fennoscandiens.Mitt. Florist.-Soziol. Arbeitsgem. N. F. 11/12: 127–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kielland-Lund J. (1973): A classification of Scandinavian forest vegetation for mapping purposes.IBP i Norden 11: 173–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kielland-Lund J. (1981): Die Waldgesellschaften SO-Norwegens.Phytocoenologia 9: 53–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinka K., Krestov P.V. &Chourmouzis C. (2002): Classification and ecology of the mid-seralPicea mariana forests of British Columbia.Appl. Veg. Sci. 5: 227–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp R. (1957): Über die Gliederung der Vegetation von Nordamerika.Geobot. Mitt. 4: 1–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp R. (1965):Die Vegetation von Nord- und Mittelamerika und der Hawaii-Inseln. G. Fischer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojima S. (1991): Classification and ecological characterization of coniferous forests phytogeocoenoses of Hokkaido, Japan.Vegetatio 96: 25–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kong W.-S. &Watts D. (1993):The plant geography of Korea with an emphasis on the alpine zones. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korotkov K.O. (1991):Lesa Valdaya (Valdai forests). Nauka, Moskva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korotkov K. (1992): Entwicklung des waldpflanzensoziologischen Ansatzes im Bereich der ehemaligen UdSSR.Ber. Reinhold-Tüxen-Ges. 4: 173–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korotkov K. (1995): Caucasus dark coniferous forest phytosociology.Doc. Phytosoc. (Camerino), N.S. 15: 273–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korotkov K. &Ermakov N. (1999): Waldpflanzensoziologie im Bereich der ehemaligen UdSSR: Geschichte, aktueller Stand und Prognose.Phytocoenosis 11: 103–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korotkov K.O., Morozova O.V. &Belonovskaja E.A. (1991):The USSR vegetation syntaxa prodromus. G.E. Vilchek, Moscow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krestov P.V. &Nakamura Y. (2002): Phytosociological study of thePicea jezoensis forests of the Far East.Folia Geobot. 37: 441–473 (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krylov P.N. (1898):Taiga s estestvenno-istoricheskoi tochki zreniya (Taiga from the point of view of nature history). Tomsk.

  • Küchler A.W. (1964):The potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. American Geographical Society, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kujala V. (1945): Waldvegetationsuntersuchungen in Kanada, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Anbaumöglichkeiten kanadischer Holzarten auf natürlichen Waldböden in Finnland.Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A, IV, Biol. 7: 1–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kujala V. (1961): Über die Waldtypen der südlichen Hälfte Finnlands.Arch. Soc. Vanamo 16, Suppl.: 14–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kujala V. (1979): Suomen metsätyypit (Forest types in Finland).Commun. Inst. Forest. Fenniae 92/8: 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuusipalo J. (1985): An ecological study of upland forest site classification in southern Finland.Acta Forest. Fenn. 192: 1–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahti T. &Väisänen R.A. (1987): Ecological gradients of boreal forests in South Finland: an ordination test of Cajander’s forest site type theory.Vegetatio 68: 145–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaRoi G.H. (1967): Ecological studies in the boreal spruce-fir forests of the North American taiga. I: Analysis of the vascular flora.Ecol. Monogr. 37: 229–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaRoi G.H. &Stringer M.H.L. (1976): Ecological studies in the boreal spruce-fir forests of the North American taiga. II: Analysis of the bryophyte flora.Canad. J. Bot. 54: 619–643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen J.A. (1980):The boreal ecosystem. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen J.A. (1982):Ecology of northern lowland bogs and conifer forests. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavrenko E.M. &Sochava V.B. (eds.) (1956):Rastitel’nyi pokrov SSSR. Poyasnitel’nyi tekst k “Geobotanicheskoi karte SSSR’ (Plant cover of the USSR. Explanatory text for the “Geobotanical map of the USSR’). Izdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva, Leningrad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Looman J. (1987): The vegetation of the Canadian prairie provinces. IV. The woody vegetation, Part 4. Coniferous forests.Phytocoenologia 15: 289–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loucks O.L. (1959–1960): A forest classification for the Maritime Provinces.Prov. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci. 25: 86–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matuszkiewicz J.M. (2001):Zespoły leśne Polski (Forest communities of Poland). Wydawnictwo naukowe PWN, Warszawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matuszkiewicz W. (1962): Zur Systematik der natürlichen Kiefernwälder des mittel- und osteuropäischen Flachlandes.Mitt. Florist.-Soziol. Arbeitsgem. N.F. 9: 145–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matuszkiewicz W., Matuszkiewicz A. &Matuszkiewicz J.M. (1995): Zur Syntaxonomie der Waldgesellschaften im Nationalpark Oulanka, Nordost-Finnland.Aquilo, Ser. Bot. 35: 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maycock P.F. &Curtis J.T. (1960): The phytosociology of boreal conifer-hardwood forest of the Great Lakes region.Ecol. Monogr. 30: 1–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayder H. (1974):Wälder des Ostalpenraumes. G. Fischer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer H. (1984):Wälder Europas. G. Fischer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • McVean D.N. &Ratcliffe D.A. (1962):Plant communities of the Scottish Highlands. HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalko J., Magic D., Berta J., Rybníček K. &Rybníčková E. (1987):Geobotanical map of C.S.S.R. Slovak Socialist Republic. Text part. Veda, Bratislava.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyawaki A. (ed.) (1981–1989):Vegetation of Japan 1–10. Shibundo, Tokyo. (In Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller-Dombois D. (1964): The forest habitat types in southeastern Manitoba and their appliction to forest management.Canad. J. Bot. 42: 1417–1444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura Y., Grandtner M.M. &Villeneuve N. (1994): Boreal and oroboreal confierous forests of eastern North America and Japan. In:Miyawaki A., Iwatsuki K. &Grandtner M.M. (eds.),Vegetation in eastern North America, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp. 121–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuhäuslová Z., Blažková D., Grulich V., Husová M., Chytrý M., Jeník J., Jirásek J., Kolbek J., Kropáč Z., Ložek V., Moravec J., Prach K., Rybníček K., Rybníčková E. &Sádlo J. (1998):Mapa potenciální přirozené vegetace České republiky. Textová část. Map of potential natural vegetation of the Czech Republic. Explanatory text. Academia, Praha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Numata M., Miyawaki A. &Itow D. (1972): Natural and semi-natural vegetation in Japan.Blumea 20: 436–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberdorfer E. (1957): Süddeutsche Pflanzengesellschaften.Pflanzensoziologie 10: 1–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oksanen J. &Ahti T. (1982): Lichen-rich pine forest vegetation in Finland.Ann. Bot. Fenn. 19: 275–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlóci L. &Stanek W. (1979): Vegetation survey of the Alaska Highway, Yukon Territory: types and gradients.Vegetatio 41: 1–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passarge H. (1971): Zur soziologischen Gliederung mitteleuropäischer Fichtenwälder.Feddes Repert. 81(1970): 577–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passarge H. &Hofmann G. (1968): Pflanzengesellschaften des nordostdeutschen Flachlandes II.Pflanzensoziologie 16: 1–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passarge H. &Passarge G. (1972): Beobachtung über Wald- und Gebüschgesellschaften im Raum Leningrad.Feddes Repert. 82(1971): 629–657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawłowski B., Sokołowski M. &Wallisch K. (1928): Zespoły roślin w Tatrach. Cześc VII. Zespoły roślinne i flora doliny Morskiego Oka (Plant communities of the Tatra Mountains. Part VII. Plant communities and flora of the Morskie Oko valley).Rozpr. Akad. Umiejetn., Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. 67: 171–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payette S. (1992): Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest. In:Shugart H., Leemans R. &Bonan G.B. (eds.),A systems analysis of the global boreal forest, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 144–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peet R.K. (1981): Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: composition and dynamics.Vegetatio 45: 3–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peet R.K. (2000): Forests and meadows of the Rocky Mountains. In:Barbour M.G. &Billings W.D. (eds.),North American terrestrial vegetation, Ed. 2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 75–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peinado M., Aguirre J.L. &de la Cruz M. (1998): A phytosociological survey of the boreal forest (Vaccinio-Piceetea) in North America.Pl. Ecol. 137: 151–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peinado M., Aguirre J.L. &Delgadillo J. (1997): Vegetation formations and associations of the zonobiomes along the North American Pacific Coast: From Northern California to Alaska.Pl. Ecol. 129: 29–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister R.D. &Arno S.F. (1980): Classifying forest habitat types based on potential climax vegetation.Forest Sci. 26: 52–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pobedinskii A.V. (1965):Sosnovye lesa Srednei Sibiri i Zabaikal’ya (Pine forests of Central Siberia and the Transbaikal area). Nauka, Moskva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pojar J., Klinka K. &Meidingers D.V. (1987): Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia.Forest Ecol. Managem. 22: 119–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prieditis N. (1999):Picea abies- andFraxinus excelsior-dominated wetland forest communities in Latvia.Pl. Ecol. 144: 49–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purchase J.E. &LaRoi G.H. (1983):Pinus banksiana forests of the Fort Vermilion area, northern Alberta.Canad. J. Bot. 61: 804–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie J.C. (1956): The vegetation of northern Manitoba. I. Studies in the southern spruce forest zone.Canad. J. Bot. 34: 523–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivas-Martínez S., Báscones J.C., Díaz T.E., Fernández-González F. &Loidi J. (1991): Vegetación del Pirineo occidental y Navarra.Itinera Geobot. 5: 5–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivas-Martínez S., Sánchez-Mata D. &Costa M. (1999): North American boreal and western temperate forest vegetation (Syntaxonomical synopsis of the potential natural plant communities of North America, II).Itinera Geobot. 12: 5–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodwell J.S. (1991):British plant communities 1. Woodlands and scrub. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodwell J.S., Pignatti S., Mucina L. &Schaminée J.H.J. (1995): European Vegetation Survey: update on progress.J. Veg. Sci. 6: 759–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe J.S. (1956):Vegetation of the southern boreal forest in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Ph.D. thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe J.S. (1972):Forest regions of Canada. Dept. Env., Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rysin L.P. (1975):Sosnovye lesa Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Pine forests of the European part of the USSR). Nauka, Moskva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert R., Jäger E.J. &Mahn E.-G. (1979): Vergleichende geobotanische Untersuchungen in der Baschkirischen ASSR. 1. Teil: Wälder.Hercynia N.F. 16: 206–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seibert P. (1992): Klasse:Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. inBr.-Bl. et al. 39. In:Oberdorfer E. (ed.),Süddeutsche Pflanzengesellschaften 4, Wälder und Gebüsche, Ed. 2, Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, pp. 53–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smagin V.N., Il’inskaya S.A., Nazimova D.I., Novosel’tseva I.F. &Cherednikova Yu.S. (1980):Tipy lesov gor Yuzhnoi Sibiri (Forest types of South Siberian mountains). Nauka, Novosibirsk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sochava V.B. (1980):Geograficheskie aspekty sibirskoi taigi (Geographic aspects of Siberian taiga). Nauka, Novosibirsk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song J.-S. (1991): Phytosociology of subalpine coniferous forests in Korea I. Syntaxonomical interpretation.Ecol. Res. (Tokyo) 6: 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song J.-S. (1992): A comparative phytosociological study of the subalpine coniferous forests in northeastern Asia.Vegetatio 98: 175–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spribille T. (1999): Forest vegetation in the northern Salish Mountains of northwestern Montana, U.S.A.Phytocoenologia 29: 503–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spribille T. (2002): The mountain forests of British Columbia and the American Northwest: Floristic patterns and syntaxonomy.Folia Geobot. 37: 475–508 (this volume).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stachurska-Swakoń A. &Spribille T. (2002): Forest communities of the northern Whitefish Range, Rocky Mountains, Montana, U.S.A.Folia Geobot. 37: 509–540 (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong W.L. (2002): Lodgepole pine/Labrador tea type communities of western Canada.Canad. J. Bot. 80: 151–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sukachev V.N. &Dylis N.V. (1964):Fundamentals of forest biogeocoenology. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh & London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki T. (1964):Übersicht auf die alpinen und subalpinen Pflanzengesellschaften im inneren Kurobe-Gebiet. Synt. Sci. Res. Org. Toyama Univ., Toyama.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan J.M.A. &Dix R.L. (1966): The phytosociological structure of upland forest at Candle Lake, Saskatchewan.J. Ecol. 54: 13–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szafer W., Pawłowski B. &Kulczyński S. (1923): Die Pflanzenassoziationen des Tatra-Gebirges I. Teil: Die Pflanzenassoziationen des Chochołowska-Tales.Bull. Int. Acad. Polon. Sci., Cl. Sci. Math., Sér. B, Sci. Nat., Suppl.: 1–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbot S.S. (1982):Vegetation of the Heart Lake area, southern District of Mackenzie. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Alberta, Edmonton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatewaki M. (1944): Phytosociological study on the forests ofPicea glehnii Masters.Res. Bull. Coll. Exp. Forests Coll. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 13/2: 1–181. (In Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thannheiser D., Treter U. &Venzke J.-F. (1994): Bibliographie zur Vegetationsgeographie und Vegetationsökologie der borealen Landschaftszone.Essener Geogr. Arb. 25: 125–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonteri T., Hotanen J.P. &Kuusipalo J. (1990): The Finnish forest site type approach — ordination and classification studies of mesic forest sites in southern Finland.Vegetatio 87: 85–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuhkanen S. (1984): A circumboreal system of climatic-phytogeographical regions.Acta Bot. Fenn. 127: 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Cleve K., Chapin F.S., IIIFlanagan P.W., Viereck L.A. &Dyrness C.T. (1986):Forest ecosystems in the Alaskan taiga. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Groenewoud H. (1960):An analysis of white spruce communities in relation to certain environmental factors. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viereck L.A., Dyrness C.T., Batten A.R. &Wenzlick K.J. (1992):The Alaska vegetation classification. U.S. Forest Service Gen. Techn. Rep. PNW-GTR-286, Portland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wali M.K. &Krajina V.J. (1973): Vegetation-environment relationships of some sub-boreal spruce ecosystems in British Columbia.Vegetatio 26: 237–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker M.D., Daniëls F.J.A. & van der Maarel E. (eds.) (1994): Circumpolar arctic vegetation.J. Veg. Sci. 5: 757–920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallnöfer S. (1993):Vaccinio-Piceetea. In:Mucina L., Grabherr G. &Ellmauer T. (eds.),Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs 3, Wälder und Gebüsche, G. Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, pp. 283–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter H. (1974):Die Vegetation Osteuropas, Nord- und Zentralasiens. G. Fischer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang C.-W. (1961):The forests of China. Harvard Univ., Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellner C.A. (1989): Classification of habitat types in the western United States. In:Ferguson D.E., Morgan P. &Johnson F.D. (eds.),Proceedings — Land classifications based on vegetation: application for resource management, Moscow, ID Nov. 17–19, 1987, USDA For. Serv. Intermountain Research Sta., Gen. Techn. Rep. INT-257, Ogden, pp. 7–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker R.H. (ed.) (1978):Classification of plant communities. W. Junk, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlgemuth T., Schütz M., Keller W. &Wildi O. (1999): Errechnete Ökogramme für Schweizer Wälder.Bot. Helv. 109: 169–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zlatník A. (1959):Přehled slovenských lesů podle skupin lesních typů (A survey of Slovak forests by groups of forest types). Lesnická fakulta Vysoké školy zemědělské, Brno.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoladeski C.A., Wickware G.M., Delorme R.J., Sims R.A. &Corns I.G.W. (1995):Forest ecosystem classification for Manitoba. Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zukrigl K. (1973): Montane und subalpine Waldgesellschaften am Alpenostrand.Mitt. Forstl. Bundes-Versuchsanst. 101: 1–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zupančič M. (1999):Smrekovi gozdovi Slovenije (Spruce forests of Slovenia). Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Ljubljana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zupančič M. (2000): Some syntaxonomic problems of the classVaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. inBr.-Bl. et al. 1939.Acta Bot. Croat. 59: 83–100.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Toby Spribille.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Spribille, T., Chytrý, M. Vegetation surveys in the circumboreal coniferous forests: A review. Folia Geobot 37, 365–382 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803253

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803253

Keywords

Navigation