Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Weak interactions in nuclei

  • Published:
La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento (1971-1977)

6. - Conclusions

We would like to close these brief notes on the role played by symmetries in weak nuclear processes with the following conclusions:

a) The precise measurements on beta-decay of mirror nuclei have failed up to now to clear up the problem of the existence of second-class currents, due to nuclear complications. Some of the experimentally determined asym metries are however so large that they can be accounted for only by very peculiar nuclear effects, if second-class currents are absent.

b) Parity-violating effects have been found unambiguously in nuclei and are sometimes rather impressive, like the 1.66 % angular asymmetry in γ-decay of polarized180Hfm. Angular correlations and circular polarizations seem in fact larger by two orders of magnitude than those predicted theoretically. This discrepancy, if it is not due to very large uncertainties in nuclear calculations, could be attributed to parity violation of electromagnetic interactions or to the existence of neutral currents.

c) No clear evidence has been found up to now forT-reversal noninva-riance in nuclei, with an upper limit of 3·10−3 on theT-violating amplitude.

d) Lepton conservation appears to hold in nuclei and one can exclude lepton-violating contributions to the weak amplitude of more than a few percent. This limit is much more precise than that obtainable in elementary-particle physics.

Many improved and very precise experiments are in progress and their results will certainly yield fundamental answers in the field of weak interactions. Only more detailed nuclear calculations will however allow one to exploit completely the potentiality of these experiments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. See, for instance, theProceedings of the Symposium on Nucleons and Weak Interactions (Zagreb, 1971).

  2. S. Weinberg:Phys. Rev.,112, 1375 (1958).

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. N. Cabibbo:Phys. Lett.,12, 137 (1964).

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. R. J. Blin-Stoyle andM. Rosina:Nucl. Phys.,70, 321 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  5. D. H. Wilkinson:Phys. Lett.,31 B, 447 (1970), also for previous references.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. D. H. Wilkinson andD. E. Alburger:Phys. Rev. Lett.,24, 1134 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. D. E. Alburger andD. H. Wilkinson:Phys. Lett.,32 B, 190 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. D. E. Alburger:Phys. Rev. C,6, 1167 (1972), also for previous references.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. R. J. Blin-Stoyle, J. A. Evans andA. M. Khan:Phys. Lett.,36 B, 202 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. D. H. Wilkinson andD. E. Alburger:Phys. Rev. Lett.,26, 1127 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. H. J. Lipkin:Phys. Rev. Lett.,27, 432 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. L. Wolfenstein andE. M. Henley:Phys. Lett.,36 B, 28 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. K. Kubodera, J. Delorme andM. Rho:The second-class current problem in nuclear β-decay, DPh-T/73-18, submitted for pubblication inNucl. Phys.; also for previous references.

  14. C. W. Kim andT. Fulton:Phys. Rev. C,4, 390 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. M. A. B. Beg andJ. Bernstein:Phys. Rev. D,5, 714 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Blomqvist:Phys. Lett.,35 B, 375 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Laverne andG. Do Nay:Nucl. Phys.,177 A, 665 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. D. H. Wilkinson:Phys. Rev. Lett.,27, 1018 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. D. H. Wilkinson:Nucl. Phys.,179 A, 289 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. D. H. Wilkinson:Few particle problems in nuclear interactions, inProceedings of Los Angeles Conference (Amsterdam, 1972).

  21. B. R. Holstein andS. B. Treiman:Phys. Rev. C,3, 192 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Igorashi:Progr. Theor. Phys.,48, 1237 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. T. W. Donnelly andJ. D. Walecka:Phys. Lett.,41 B, 275 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. See alsoP. L. Pritchett andN. G. Deshpande:Induced second-class current effects in hyperon beta-decay, preprint.

  25. Particle Data Group:Rev. Mod. Phys. Suppl.,45, 51 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  26. A. Pais:Ann. of Phys.,63, 361 (1971), also for previous references.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. S. M. Brown:Tests of second-class currents in Δ(1236)production by neutrinos (Oct. 1972) (preprint).

  28. P. Herzeg:Phys. Rev. D,6, 1934 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. K. Kubodera andM. Rho:Time-reversal violation via second-class current?, presented to theV International Conference on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure (Uppsala, 1973).

  30. N. Cabibbo:Phys. Rev. Lett.,10, 531 (1963).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. E. M. Henley:Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci.,19, 367 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. R. J. Blin-Stoyle:Proceedings of the Topical Conference on Weak Interactions (Geneva, 1969), p. 495.

  33. B. H. J. McKellar:P and T violation in nuclear physics, inProceedings of the III International Conference on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure (New York, N. Y., 1970), p. 683.

  34. E. Feshbach andD. Tadic:Phys. Rep. C,6, 123 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Gari:Phys. Rep. C,6, 317 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. E. M. Henley:Symmetry violations, invited paper to theV International Conference on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure (Uppsala, 1973).

  37. L. Shülke:Nucl. Phys.,40 B, 386 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. B. H. J. McKellar:Phys. Lett.,26 B, 107 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. B. H. J. McKellar andP. Pick:Phys. Rev. D,7, 260 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. See, for instance,E. Fishbach, D. Tadic andK. Trobert:Phys. Rev.,186, 1688 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. E. M. Henley:Phys. Rev. Lett.,27, 342 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  42. R. J. Blin-Stoyle:Phys. Rev.,118, 1605 (1960).

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. R. Lacaze:Nucl. Phys.,4 B, 657 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. H. J. Pirner andD. O. Riska:Phys. Lett.,44 B, 151 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. D. Pignon:Phys. Lett.,35 B, 163 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. D. Bailin, A. Love, D. V. Nanopoulus andG. G. Ross:Purely hadronic weak interactions in unified field theories of weak and electromagnetic interactions, preprint.

  47. B. H. J. McKellar:Phys. Rev. Lett.,20, 1542 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. N. Vinh-Mau:Parity violation in nuclei—short-range correlations, inProceedings of the Symposium on Nucleons and Weak Interactions (Zagreb, 1971).

  49. N. Vinh-Mau:Non conservation de la parité dans le noyaux, GIFT 20/72, preprint.

  50. See, for instance,M. Simonius:Phys. Lett.,41 B, 415 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. M. Kuroda andY. Yamaguchi:Progr. Theor. Phys.,49, 2160 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. C. Bouchiat: paper presented to theTrieste Topical Conference on Weak Interactions, Trieste, June 1973.

  53. C. A. Piketty:Parity violations in atoms in SU 3 gauge model, preprint.

  54. E. L. Sprenkel-Segel, R. L. Segel andR. H. Siemssen:Proceedings of the III International Conference on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure (New York, N. Y., 1970), p. 763.

  55. F. Ajzenberg-Selove:Nucl. Phys.,166 A, 1 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. H. Hätting, K. Hünchen, P. Roth andH. Wäffler:Phys. Rev. Lett.,25, 941 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  57. H. Wäffler: inProceedings of the Symposium on Nucleons and Weak Interactions (Zagreb, 1971), and private communication.

  58. M. Filk, M. Gari andJ. O. Zabolitzky:Phys. Lett.,38 B, 189 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. M. Gari andA. H. Huffmann:α-γ reaction test of parity nonconservation in nuclear physics, preprint.

  60. E. Bellotti, E. Fiorini andP. Negri:Lett. Nuovo Cimento,9, 251 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  61. V. M. Lobashov, V. A. Nazarenko, L. F. Saenko, L. M. Smotriskii andO. I. Kharkevitch:Phys. Lett.,25 B, 104 (1967), also for previous references,

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. See, for instance,J. C. Vanderleeden andF. Boehm:Phys. Rev. C,2, 748 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. V. M. Lobashov, N. A. Lozovoy, V. A. Nazarenko, L. M. Smotriskii andO. I. Kharkevitch:Phys. Lett.,30 B, 39 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. K. S. Krane, C. E. Olsen, J. R. Sites andW. A. Steyert:Phys. Rev. C,4, 1906 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. V. M. Lobashov, A. E. Egorov, D. M. Kamiker, V. A. Nazarenko, L. F. Saenko, L. M. Smotriskii, O. I. Kharkevitch andV. A. Knyz’kov:JETP Lett.,11, 76 (1970), and the more precise result reported byV. M. Lobashov: inProceedings of the III International Conference on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure (New York, N. Y., 1970), p. 713.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Result byV. M. Lobashov et al., reported byO. S. Danilov:Phys. Lett.,35 B, 579 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. V. M. Lobashov, D. M. Kaminker, G. I. Kharkevitch, V. A. Kniazkov, N. A. Lozovoy, V. A. Nazarenko, L. F. Sayenko, L. M. Smotrinskii andA. I. Yegorov:Nucl. Phys.,197 A, 241 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. A. D’Yasevich andV. G. Antonenko:Sov. Journ. Nucl. Phys.,10, 278 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  69. A. Moline, J. Morris, P. Dyer andC. A. Barnes: reported in [35].

  70. V. M. Lobashov, N. A. Bozovoy, V. A. Nazarenko, L. M. Smotrinskii, G. I. Kharckevitch andV. A. Knyaz’kov:Sov. Journ. Nucl. Phys.,15, 632 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  71. F. Boehm andU. Hauser:Nucl. Phys.,14, 615 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  72. E. Kankeleit:Congrès International de Physique Nucléaire, Vol.2 (Paris, 1964), p. 1206.

    Google Scholar 

  73. J. C. Vanderleeden, F. Boehm andE. D. Lipson:Phys. Rev. C,4, 2218 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. J. L. Alberi, R. Wilson andI. G. Shröder:Phys. Rev. Lett.,29, 518 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Yu. O. Abov, P. A. Krupchitsky andY. A. Oratovsky:Sov. Journ. Nucl. Phys.,1, 341 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  76. J. Eichler andP. Heine:Zeits. Phys.,227, 352 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Yu. O. Abov, P. A. Krupchitsky, M. J. Bulgakov, O. N. Yermakov andI. L. Karpiklin:Phys. Lett.,27 B, 16 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. M. Forte andO. S. Saavedra: Euratom Report 3053e (1966).

  79. E. Warming, F. Stecher-Rassmussen, W. Ratymski andJ. Kopecky:Phys. Lett.,25 B, 200 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. E. Warming:Phys. Lett.,29 B, 564 (1969).

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. K. S. Krane, L. E. Olesen, J. R. Sites andW. A. Steyert:Phys. Rev. C,4, 1942 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. E. D. Lipson, F. Boehm andJ. C. Vanderleeden:Phys. Lett.,35 B, 307 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. E. D. Lipson, F. Boehm andJ. C. Vanderleeden:Phys. Rev. C,5, 932 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. W. P. Pratt, R. I. Schermer, J. R. Sites andW. A. Steyer:Phys. Rev. C,2, 1499 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. F. Boehm andE. Kankeleit:Nucl. Phys.,109 A, 457 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. P. Bock andB. Jenschke:Nucl. Phys.,160 A, 550 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. V. M. Lobashov, V. A. Nazarenko, L. F. Saenko andG. I. Kharkevitch:Sov. Phys. JETP,3, 274 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  88. J. C. Vanderleeden andF. Boehm:Phys. Lett.,30 B, 467 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. H. Paul, M. McKeown andO. Scharff-Goldhaber:Phys. Rev.,158, 1112 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. P. Bock, B. Jenschke andH. Schopper:Phys. Lett.,22, 316 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. B. Jenschke andP. Bock:Phys. Lett.,31 B, 65 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. E. Kuphal, M. Daum andE. Kankeleit: preprint (1971).

  93. H. Blumberg, K. H. Speidel, H. Schlenz, R. L. Rasera andE. Bodenstedt:Phys. Lett.,22, 328 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. H. P. Povel: Diplomarbeit, Karlsruhe University (1968).

  95. E. Kuphal:Zeits. Phys.,253, 314 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. K. S. Krane, G. E. Olesen andW. A. Steyert:Phys. Rev. C,5, 1663 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. D. W. Cruse andW. D. Hamilton:Nucl. Phys.,125, 241 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  98. P. de Saintignon, J. J. Lucas, J. B. Viano, M. Chambre andP. Depommier:Nucl. Phys.,160 A, 53 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  99. E. Bodenstedt, L. Ley, H. O. Schlenz andU. Wehmann:Phys. Lett.,29 B, 165 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. E. Bodenstedt, L. Ley, H. O. Schlenz andU. Wehmann:Nucl. Phys.,137 A, 33 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. P. Bock andH. Shopper:Phys. Lett.,16, 284 (1965).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. E. Kuphal, M. Daum andE. Kankeleit:Proceedings of the III International Conference on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure (New York, N. Y., 1970), p. 770.

  103. J. J. van Roijen, P. Pronk, S. U. Ottevangers andJ. Block:Physica,37, 32 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. V. M. Lobashov, D. M. Kaminker, G. I. Kharkevitch, V. A. Kniadzkov, N. A. Lozovoy, V. A. Nazarenko, L. F. Sayenko, L. M. Smotrinskii andA. I. Yegorov:Sov. Journ. Nucl. Phys.,13, 313 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  105. B. Jenshke: Dissertation, Karlsruhe University (1972).

  106. P. de Saintignon andM. Chabre:Phys. Lett.,33 B, 463 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. K. O. Baker andW. D. Hamilton:Phys. Lett.,31 B, 557 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. F. Dydak, H. D. Polaschegg, P. Riehls andP. Weinzierl:Phys. Lett.,37 B, 375 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. E. M. Henley, A. H. Huffmann andD. U. Yu:Phys. Rev. D,7, 943 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. Aachen Bruxelles CERNEcole Polytechnique Milan Orsay London Collaboration:Phys. Lett.,46 B, 121 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  111. U. M. Wambach, M. Gari andH. Kümmel:Circular polarization in γ-rays in 18F,a test for weak-interaction theory, preprint.

  112. D. H. Wilkinson:Phys. Rev.,109, 1603 (1958).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. B. R. Holstein:Phys. Rev. C,5, 1529 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. S. P. Rosen:Phys. Rev. D,5, 760 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. B. G. Erozolimskii, L. I. Bundorenko, Y. A. Moskovoi, B. A. Obinyakov andV. I. Zakharova:Sov. Journ. Nucl. Phys.,11, 583 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  116. F. P. Calaprice, E. D. Commins, H. M. Gibbs, G. L. Wick andD. H. Hobson:Phys. Rev.,184, 1117 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. D. C. Girvin:Test of time-reversal invariance in 19Nebeta-decay, preprint LBL-731 (1972).

  118. B. L. Schrock, R. P. Haddock, J. A. Helland, M. J. Longo, S. S. Wilson, K. K. Young, D. Chang andV. Perez-Mendez:Phys. Rev. Lett.,26, 1659 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. D. F. Bartlett, C. E. Friedberg, P. E. Goldhagen andK. Goulianos:Phys. Rev. Lett.,27, 881 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. P. E. Goldhagen:A measurement of the angular distribution of n+p→d+γas a test of time-reversal invariance, Princeton University preprint.

  121. V. Von Winnesperg, G. Kiernel, B. W. Allardice, W. M. Mason andN. W. Tanner:Phys. Lett.,33 B, 291 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. M. I. Bulgakov, G. V. Danilan, A. D. Gulko, I. L. Marpikhin, P. A. Krupchitsky, V. V. Novotsky, Yu. A. Otovsky, V. S. Pavlov, E. I. Tarkovsky andS. S. Trostin:Phys. Lett.,42 B, 351 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. G. Von Holtey, G. Knop, H. Stein, J. Stümfig andH. Wahlen:Phys. Lett.,40 B, 589 (1972), also for previous references.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. See alsoC. Joseph:Detailed balance in pion photoproduction in the first resonance region, invited paper to theV International Conference on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure, Uppsala, June 1973.

  125. J. C. Comiso, D. J. Blasberg, R. P. Haddock, B. M. K. Nefkens, P. Truoel andL. J. Verhey:Differential cross-sections of the reaction π−p→nγaround the Δ(1238)resonance, presented to theV International Conference on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure, Uppsala, June 1973.

  126. R. Miller, W. B. Dress, J. K. Blaird andN. F. Ramsey:Phys. Rev.,170, 1200 (1968), also for previous references.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. R. Miller, W. B. Dress, J. K. Blaird andN. F. Ramsey: report to theXIV International Conference on High-Energy Physics (Vienna, 1968), p. 281.

  128. J. K. Baird, P. D. Miller, W. B. Dress andN. F. Ramsey:Phys. Rev.,179, 1285 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. V. W. Cohen, R. Nathans, H. B. Silsbee, E. Lipworth andN. F. Ramsey:Phys. Rev.,177, 1942 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. D. J. Broadhurst:Phys. Rev. D,5, 1228 (1972), also for previous references.

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. T. D. Lee:Spontaneous T-violation, invited paper to theTrieste Symposium on Weak Interactions, Trieste, June 1973.

  132. E. Fiorini:Riv. Nuovo Cimento,2, 1 (1972).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  133. L. Kisslinger:Phys. Rev. Lett.,26, 998 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. M. D. Shuster andM. Rho:Phys. Lett.,42 B, 45 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. H. Primakoff andS. P. Rosen:Phys. Rev. D,5, 1784 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. D. A. Bryman, M. Blecher, K. Gotow andR. J. Powers:Phys. Rev. Lett.,28, 1469 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. T. Kirsten, W. Gentner andG. A. Shaeffer:Zeits. Phys.,202, 373 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  138. T. Kirsten, G. A. Shaeffer, E. Norton andR. W. Stonner:Phys. Rev. Lett.,20, 1300 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. R. K. Bardin, P. J. Gollon, J. B. Ullmann andC. S. Wu:Nucl. Phys.,158 A, 397 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  140. E. Fiorini, A. Pullia, G. Bertolini, F. Cappellani andG. Restelli:Nuovo Cimento,13, 747 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. H. Primakoff andS. P. Rosen:Phys. Rev.,184, 1925 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. B. Pontecorvo:Phys. Lett.,26, 630 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  143. D. Smith, C. Picciotto andD. Bryman:Lepton number violation in double beta-decay, to be published inNucl. Phys., B, also for previous references.

  144. V. A. Khodel:Phys. Lett.,32 B, 580 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  145. A. N. Huffmann:Phys. Rev. C,2, 743 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto di Fisica dell’Università, Milano

    E. Fiorini

  2. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Italy

    E. Fiorini

Authors
  1. E. Fiorini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fiorini, E. Weak interactions in nuclei. Riv. Nuovo Cim. 4, 401–444 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02747524

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02747524

Search

Navigation