References to section 1
T. D. Lee andC. N. Yang:Phys. Rev.,104, 254 (1956).
A. Salam:Nuovo Cimento,5, 299 (1957).
L. D. Landau:Žurn. Ėksp. Teor. Fiz.,32, 405 (1957).
T. D. Lee andC. N. Yang:Phys. Rev.,105, 1671 (1957).
For a recent review seeS. Ferrara:Supersymmetric theories of fundamental interactions, inThe New Aspects of Subnuclear Physics, Proceedings of the «Ettore Majorana» International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice, 1978, in press. See also CERN. TH-2514 (1978).
J. C. Pati andA. Salam:Phys. Rev. D,8, 1240 (1973).
A. Salam andJ. Strathdee:Nucl. Phys., B 76, 477 (1974);Phys. Rev. D,11, 1521 (1975).
SeeM. Gell-Mann andY. Ne'eman:The Eightfold Way (New York, N. Y., 1964).
Colour was introduced byO. W. Greenberg in 1964 (see ref. [2.14] ).
See, for example,H. D. Politzer:Phys. Rep.,14 C, 129 (1974).
S. Weinberg:Phys. Rev. Lett.,19, 1264 (1967);A. Salam: inElementary Particle Theory, Nobel Symposium 8, edited byN. Svartholm (Stockholm, 1968), p. 367;S. L. Glashow:Nucl. Phys.,22, 579 (1961);A. Salam andJ. C. Ward:Phys. Lett.,13, 168 (1964);S. L. Glashow, J. Iliopoulos andL. Maiani:Phys. Rev. D,2, 1285 (1970).
References to section 2
See, for example,Particle Data Group:Phys. Lett.,75 B, 1 (1978).
SU(3) was first introduced byGell-Mann andNe'eman. For a thorough discussion, seeM. Gell-Mann andY. Ne'eman:The Eightfold Way (New York, N. Y., 1964).
F. Gürsey andL. A. Radicati:Phys. Rev. Lett.,13, 173 (1964);A. Pais:Phys. Rev. Lett.,13, 175 (1964).
Quarks as the hadronic constituents have first been postulated byG. Zweig: inSymmetries in Elementary Particle Physics, Proceedings of the «Ettore Majorana» International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice, 1964 (New York, N. Y., 1965), p. 192.
For an up-to-date review, seeG. Preparata: inNew Phenomena in Subnuclear Physics, Proceedings of the «Ettore Majorana» International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice, 1975 (New York, N.Y., 1977), p. 193.
The GAQM has developed from the «naive» quark model first introduced byG. Morpurgo:Physics,2, 95 (1965);R. H. Dalitz:XIII International Conference on High-Energy Physics, Berkeley, 1966 (Berkeley, Cal., 1967), p. 215.
For a review of the experimental evidence see, for example,G. Goldhaber:Proceedings of the 1977 EPS Conference on Particle Physics (Budapest, 1978), p. 491.
J. J. Aubert, U. Becker, J. P. Biggs, J. Burger, M. Chen, G. Everhart P. Goldhagen, J. Leong, T. McCorriston, T. G. Rhoades, M. Rohde, S. C. C. Ting, S. L. Wu andY. Y. Lee:Phys. Rev. Lett.,33, 1404 (1974);J.-E. Augustin, A. M. Boyarski, M. Breidenbach, F. Bulos, J. T. Dakin, G. J. Feldman, G. E. Fischer, D. Fryberger, G. Hanson, B. Jean-Marie, R. R. Larsen, V. Lüth, H. L. Lynch, D. Lyon, C. C. Morehouse, J. M. Paterson, M. L. Perl, B. Richter, P. Rapidis, R. F. Schwitters, W. M. Tanenbaum, F. Vannucci, G. S. Abrams, D. Briggs, W. Chinowsky, C. E. Friedberg, G. Goldhaber, R. J. Hollebeek, J. A. Kadyk, B. Lulu, F. Pierre, G. H. Trilling, J. S. Whitaker, J. Wiss andJ. E. Zipse:Phys. Rev. Lett.,33, 1406 (1974).
The following are the early references onSU(4):D. Amati, H. Bacry, J. Nuyts andJ. Prentki:Nuovo Cimento,34, 1732 (1964);J. D. Bjorken andS. L. Glashow:Phys. Lett.,11, 255 (1964);Y. Hara:Phys. Rev., B134, 701 (1964);L. B. Okun':Phys. Lett.,12, 250 (1964);Z. Maki andY. Ohnuki:Prog. Theor. Phys.,32, 144 (1964);V. Teplitz andP. Tarjanne:Phys. Rev. Lett.,11, 477 (1963).
S. W. Herb, D. C. Hom, L. M. Lederman, J. C. Sens, H. D. Snyder, J. K. Yoh, J. A. Appel, B. C. Brown, C. N. Brown, W. R. Innes, K. Ueno, T. Yamanouchi, A. S. Ito, H. Jöstlein, D. M. Kaplan andR. D. Kephart:Phys. Rev. Lett.,39, 252 (1977).
J. K. Bienlein, E. Hörber, M. Leissner, B. Niczyporuk, C. Rippich, M. Schmitz, H. Vogel, U. Glawe, F. H. Heimlich, P. Lezoch, U. Strohbusch, P. Bock, G. Heinzelmann, B. Pietrzyk, G. Blanar, W. Blum, H. Dietl, E. Lorenz andR. Richter:Phys. Lett.,78 B, 360 (1978);C. W. Darden, H. Hasemann, A. Krolzig, W. Schmidt-Parzefall, H. Schröder, H. D. Schulz, F. Selonke, E. Steinmann, R. Wurth, W. Hofmann, A. Markees, D. Wegener, H. Albrecht, K. R. Schubert, P. Böckmann andL. Jönsson:Phys. Lett.,78 B, 364 (1978).
L. Maiani, G. Parisi andR. Petronzio:Nucl. Phys., B136, 115 (1978).
This has been confirmed by the study of deep inelastic phenomena, pioneered at SLAC.
Colour was invented byO. W. Greenberg:Phys. Rev. Lett.,13, 598 (1964), and later developed into QCD byH. Fritzsch, M. Gell-Mann andH. Leutwyler:Phys. Lett.,47B, 365 (1973).
For a review of asymptotic freedom, seeH. D. Politzer:Phys. Rep.,14 C, 129 (1974), and references therein.
See, for instance,T. Appelquist andJ. Carazzone:Phys. Rev. D,11, 2856 (1975);T. Appelquist, J. Carazzone, H. Kluberg-Stern andM. Roth:Phys. Rev. Lett.,36, 768 (1976). See alsoW. Marciano andH. Pagels:Phys. Rep.,36, 137 (1978).
References to Section 3
C. Y. Prescott, W. B. Atwood, R. L. A. Cottrell, H. DeStaebler, E. L. Garwin, A. Gonidec, R. H. Miller, L. S. Rochester, T. Sato, D. J. Sherden, C. K. Sinclair, S. Stein, R. E. Taylor, J. E. Clendenin, V. W. Hughes, N. Sasao, K. P. Schüler, M. G. Borghini, K. Lübelsmeyer andW. Jentschke:Phys. Lett.,77 B, 347 (1978).
This term has been coined byA. Salam at theXIX International Conference on High-Energy Physics (Tokyo, 1978), p. 933.
S. L. Adler:Phys. Rev.,177, 2426 (1969);J. S. Bell andR. Jackiw:Nuovo Cimento,60 A, 47 (1969).
The first proposal came fromJ. Schwinger. It was not a gauge group but a global symmetry groupSO(3), proposed to unify weak and e.m. forces. This unification was without neutral weak currents (J. Schwinger:Ann. of Phys.,2, 407 (1957)).
The first gauge theory, unifying weak and electromagnetic interactions, is due toSalam andWard. The group proposed wasSU(2) (A. Salam andJ. C. Ward:Nuovo Cimento,11, 568 (1959)).
S. L. Glashow proposed the same groupSU(2) and suggested giving a mass to the intermediate weak boson W, claiming renormalizability (S. L. Glashow:Nucl. Phys.,10, 103 (1959)).
The renormalizability was shown not to be there byM. Veltman (M. Veltman:Nucl. Phys.,21 B, 288 (1970)).
The proposal for the groupSU(2)L×U(1)L+R came fromS. L. Glashow:Nucl. Phys.,22, 579 (1961), and fromA. Salam andJ. C. Ward:Phys. Lett.,13, 168 (1964); the electroweak angle was introduced in these references; however, the ratio of neutral to charged currents could be anything.
A. Salam: inElemenatry Particle Theory, Nobel Symposium 8, edited byN. Svartholm (Stockholm, 1968), p. 367.
S. Weinberg:Phys. Rev. Lett.,19, 1264 (1967).
F. J. Hasert, S. Kabe, W. Krenz, J. Von Krogh, D. Lanske, J. Morfin, K. Schultze, H. Weerts, G. H. Bertrand-Coremans, J. Sacton, W. Van Doninck, P. Vilain, U. Camerini, D. C. Cundy, R. Baldi, I. Danilchenko, W. F. Fry, D. Haidt, S. Natali, P. Musset, B. Osculati, R. Palmer, J. B. M. Pattison, D. H. Perkins, A. Pullia, A. Rousset, W. Venus, H. Wachsmuth, V. Brisson, B. Degrange, M. Haguenauer, L. Kluberg, U. Nguyen-Khac, P. Petiau, E. Belotti, S. Bonetti, D. Cavalli, C. Conta, E. Fiorini, M. Rollier, B. Aubert, D. Blum, L. M. Chounet, P. Heusse, A. Lagarrigue, A. M. Lutz, A. Orkin-Lecourtois, J. P. Vialle, F. W. Bullock, M. J. Esten, T. W. Jones, J. McKenzie, A. G. Michette, G. Myatt andW. G. Scott:Phys. Lett.,46 B, 138 (1973).
D. H. Perkins:Proceedings of the Conference on Weak Interactions, Argonne, 1965 (Argonne National Laboratory Report), Annex 1, p. 273.
L. M. Sehgal:Status of neutral currents in neutrino interactions, Aachen preprint PITHA-102 (1978).
M. Holder, J. Knobloch, J. May, H. P. Paar, P. Palazzi, F. Ranjard, D. Schlatter, J. Steinberger, H. Suter, H. Wahl, S. Whitaker, E. G. H. Williams, F. Eisele, C. Geweniger, K. Kleinknecht, G. Spahn, H.-J. Willutzki, W. Dorth, F. Dydak, V. Hepp, K. Tittel, J. Wotschack, A. Berthelot, P. Bloch, B. Devaux, M. Grimm, J. Maillard, B. Peyaud, J. Rander, A. Savoy-Navarro, R. Turlay andF. L. Navarria (CDHS Collaboration):Phys. Lett.,71 B, 222 (1977).
R. H. Cahn andF. J. Gilman:Phys. Rev. D,17, 1213 (1978).
L. M. Barkov andM. S. Zolotoryov:Žurn. Ėksp. Teor. Fiz. Pis'ma,27, 379 (1978).
L. M. Barkov: reported at theXIX International Conference on High-Energy Physics, Tokyo, 1978.
P. E. G. Baird, M. W. S. M. Brimicombe, R. G. Hunt, G. J. Roberts, P. G. H. Sandars andD. N. Stacey:Phys. Rev. Lett.,39, 798 (1977).
P. E. Baird: reported at theRiga Conference (USSR), 1978; and reported byL. M. Barkov at theXIX International Conference on High-Energy Physics, Tokyo, 1978.
L. L. Lewis, J. H. Hollister, D. C. Soreide, E. G. Lindahl andE. N. Fortson:Phys. Rev. Lett.,39, 795 (1977).
N. Fortson:Proceedings of the «Neutrino-78» International Conference on Neutrino Physics (Lafayette, Ind., 1978), p. 417.
N. Fortson: private communication.
C. Bouchiat:Phys. Lett.,48 B, 111 (1974).
E. Commins et al.: private communication.
Spontaneous breakdown of a symmetry: the Goldstone boson:H.-P. Dürr, W. Heisenberg, H. Mitter, S. Schlieder andK. Yamazaki:Zeits. Natur.,14 a, 441 (1959);J. Goldstone:Nuovo Cimento,19, 154 (1961);Y. Nambu andG. Jona-Lasinio:Phys. Rev.,122, 345 (1961);124, 246 (1961);A. Salam andJ. C. Ward:Nuovo Cimento,19, 165 (1961);J. Goldstone, A. Salam andS. Weinberg:Phys. Rev.,127, 965 (1962).General form of the Goldstone theorem:D. Kastler, D. Robinson andJ. Swieca:Comm. Math. Phys.,3, 151 (1966).
The Yang-Mills gauge fields:C. N. Yang andR. Mills:Phys. Rev.,96, 191 (1954);R. Utiyama:Phys. Rev.,101, 1597 (1956);A. Salam andJ. C. Ward:Nuovo Cimento,11, 568 (1959);S. L. Glashow andM. Gell-Mann:Ann. of Phys.,15, 437 (1961).
The Higgs phenomenon: spontaneous breakdown of a gauge symmetry:F. Englert andR. Brout:Phys. Rev. Lett.,13, 321 (1964);P. Higgs:Phys. Lett.,12, 132 (1964);G. Guralnik, C. Hagen andT. Kibble:Phys. Rev. Lett.,13, 585 (1964);P. Higgs:Phys. Rev.,145, 1156 (1966);T. Kibble:Phys. Rev.,155, 1554 (1967).
The simplest Higgs mechanism:S. Weinberg:Phys. Rev. Lett.,19, 1264 (1967);A. Salam: inElementary Particle Theory, Nobel Symposium 8, edited byN. Svartholm (Stockholm, 1968), p. 367.
Proof that spontaneous breaking of a gauge symmety does not destroy renormalization:G. 't Hooft:Nucl. Phys., B33, 176 (1971);G. 't Hooft andM. Veltman:Nucl. Phys., B44, 189 (1972);B. Lee andJ. Zinn-Justin:Phys. Rev. D,5, 3121, 3137, 3155 (1972). For a detailed review see, for example,S. Abers andB. W. Lee:Phys. Rep. 9 C, 1 (1973).
A. Zichichi:Suppl. Nuovo Cimento,3, 894 (1965);Proc. Roy. Soc., A285, 175 (1965).
In 1972, when the existence of neutral weak currents was in the balance, some authors (G. Georgi andS. L. Glashov:Phys. Rev. Lett.,28, 1494 (1972);J. Prentki andB. Zumino:Nucl. Phys., B47, 99 (1972)) had abandoned the hypothesis of neutral currents via the introduction of «e»-like and «μ»-like right-handed currents of new leptons. These models gave up (μ, e) universality and predicted a low value for the mass of the W±.
C. Baltay: reported at theXIX International Conference on High-Energy Physics, Tokyo, 1978.
References to section 4
N. Cabibbo:Phys. Rev. Lett.,10, 531 (1963).
For a review, seeA. Zichichi:Suppl. Nuovo Cimento,3, 894 (1965);Proc. Roy. Soc., A285, 175 (1965).
Y. Hara:Phys. Rev.,134, B 701 (1964);S. Glashow, J. Iliopoulos andL. Maiani:Phys. Rev. D,2, 1285 (1970).
F. J. Hasert, S. Kabe, W. Krenz, J. von Krogh, D. Lanske, J. Morfin, K. Schultze, H. Weerts, G. H. Bertrand-Coremans, J. Sacton, W. van Doninck, P. Vilain, U. Camerini, D. C. Cundy, R. Baldi, I. Danilchenko, W. F. Fry, D. Haidt, S. Natali, P. Musset, B. Osculati, R. Palmer, J. B. M. Pattison, D. H. Perkins, A. Pullia, A. Rousset, W. Venus, H. Wachsmuth, V. Brisson, B. Degrange, M. Haguenauer, L. Kluberg, U. Nguyen-Khac, P. Petiau, E. Belotti, S. Bonetti, D. Cavalli, C. Conta, E. Fiorini, M. Rollier, B. Aubert, D. Blum, L. M. Chounet, P. Heusse, A. Lagarrigue, A. M. Lutz, A. Orkin-Lecourtois, J. P. Vialle, F. W. Bullock, M. J. Esten, T. W. Jones, J. McKenzie, A. G. Michette, G. Myatt andW. G. Scott:Phys. Lett.,46 B, 138 (1973).
According to a theoretical prediction ofG. Preparata, the mass of the top quark is expected to be atm t≅21 GeV.
This possibility was first suggested byM. Kobayashi andT. Maskawa:Prog. Theor. Phys.,49, 652 (1973).
L. Wolfenstein:Phys. Rev. Lett.,13, 562 (1964).
References to section 5
S. Coleman:All symmetries of the S-matrix, inHadrons and Their Interactions, Proceedings of the «Ettore Majorana» International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice, 1967 (New York, N. Y., 1968), p. 393.
J. Wess andB. Zumino:Nucl. Phys., B70, 39 (1974);Yu. A. Gol'fand andE. P. Likhtman:JETP Lett.,13, 513 (1971).
A. Salam andJ. Strathdee:Nucl. Phys., B76, 477 (1974);S. Ferrara, J. Wess andB. Zumino:Phys. Lett.,51 B, 239 (1974).
S. Ferrara, D. Z. Freedman andP. van Nieuwenhuizen:Phys. Rev. D,13, 3214 (1976);S. Deser andB. Zumino:Phys. Lett.,62 B, 335 (1976).
S. Ferrara:Supersymmetric theories of fundamental interactions, inThe New Aspects of Subnuclear Physics, Proceedings of the «Ettore Majorana» International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice, 1978, in press.
P. Fayet:Phys. Lett.,70 B, 461 (1977);G. Farrar andP. Fayet:Phys. Lett.,76 B, 575 (1978).
G. Farrar:Phenomenological implications on supersymmetries, inThe New Aspects of Subnuclear Physics, Proceedings of the «Ettore Majorana» International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice, 1978, in press.
Reference to section 6
See, for example,M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond andR. Slansky:Rev. Mod. Phys.,50, 721 (1978).
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Plenary Lecture given at the Closing Session of the IV General Conference of the European Physical Society, «Trends in Physics», York, England, September 25–29, 1978.
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Zichichi, A. New developments in elementary-particle physics. Riv. Nuovo Cim. 2, 1–65 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02724420
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02724420