References
D.E. Groom, N.V. Mokhov, and S.I. Striganov, “Muon stopping- power and range tables,” Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, to be published (2000).
“Stopping Powers and Ranges for Protons and Alpha Particles,” ICRU Report No. 49 (1993); Tables and graphs of these data are available at http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/.
W.H. Barkas, W. Birnbaum, and F.M. Smith, Phys. Rev.101, 778 (1956).
B. Rossi,High Energy Particles, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1952.
U. Fano, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci.13, 1 (1963).
J. D. Jackson, Phys. Rev.D59, 017301 (1999).
S.M. Seltzer and M.J. Berger, Int. J. of Applied Rad.33, 1189 (1982).
“Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons,” ICRU Report No. 37 (1984).
http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tabl.html.
J.D. Jackson,Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd edition, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998).
R.M. Sternheimer, Phys. Rev.88, 851 (1952).
A. Crispin and G.N. Fowler, Rev. Mod. Phys.42, 290 (1970).
R.M. Sternheimer and R.F. Peierls, Phys. Rev. B3, 3681 (1971).
R.M. Sternheimer, S.M. Seltzer, and M.J. Berger, “The Density Effect for the Ionization Loss of Charged Particles in Various Substances,” Atomic Data & Nucl. Data Tables30, 261 (1984). An error resulting from an incorrect chemical formula for lanthanum oxysulfide is corrected in a footnote in Ref. 22. Chemical composition for the tabulated materials is given in Ref. 7.
W.H. Barkas and M.J. Berger,Tables of Energy Losses and Ranges of Heavy Charged Particles, NASA-SP-3013 (1964).
M. Agnelloet al., Phys. Rev. Lett.74, 371 (1995).
H.H. Andersen and J.F. Ziegler,Hydrogen: Stopping Powers and Ranges in All Elements. Vol. 3 ofThe Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter (Pergamon Press 1977).
J. Lindhard, Kgl. Danske Videnskab. Selskab, Mat.-Fys. Medd.28, No. 8 (1954).
J. Lindhard, M. Scharff, and H.E. Schiøtt, Kgl. Danske Videnskab. Selskab, Mat.-Fys. Medd.33, No. 14 (1963).
J.F. Ziegler, J.F. Biersac, and U. Littmark,The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids, Pergamon Press 1985.
L.D. Landau, J. Exp. Phys. (USSR) 8, 201 (1944); See, for instance, K.A. Ispirian, A.T. Margarian, and A.M. Zverev, Nucl. Instrum. Methods117, 125 (1974).
S.M. Seltzer and M.J. Berger, Int. J. of Applied Rad.35, 665 (1984). This paper corrects and extends the results of Ref. 7.
W.R. Nelson, H. Hirayama, and D.W.O. Rogers, “The EGS4 Code System,” SLAC-265, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (Dec. 1985).
K. Hikasaet al.,Review of Particle Properties, Phys. Rev.D46 (1992) S1.
For unit-charge projectiles, see E.A. Uehling, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci.4, 315 (1954). For highly charged projectiles, see J.A. Doggett and L.V. Spencer, Phys. Rev.103, 1597 (1956). A Lorentz transformation is needed to convert these center-of-mass data to knock-on energy spectra.
N.F. Mott and H.S.W. Massey,The Theory of Atomic Collisions, Oxford Press, London, 1965.
L.V. Spencer “Energy Dissipation by Fast Electrons,” Nat'l Bureau of Standards Monograph No. 1 (1959).
“Average Energy Required to Produce an Ion Pair,” ICRU Report No. 31 (1979).
N. Hadleyet al., “List of Poisoning Times for Materials,” Lawrence Berkeley Lab Report TPC-LBL-79-8 (1981).
H.A. Bethe, Phys. Rev.89, 1256 (1953). A thorough review of multiple scattering is given by W.T. Scott, Rev. Mod. Phys.35, 231 (1963). However, the data of Shenet al., (Phys. Rev.D20, 1584 (1979)) show that Bethe's simpler method of including atomic electron effects agrees better with experiment that does Scott's treatment. For a thorough discussion of simple formulae for single scatters and methods of compounding these into multiple-scattering formulae, see W.T. Scott, Rev. Mod. Phys.35, 231 (1963). For detailed summaries of formulae for computing single scatters, see J.W. Motz, H. Olsen, and H.W. Koch, Rev. Mod. Phys.36, 881 (1964).
V.L. Highland, Nucl. Instrum. Methods129, 497 (1975), and Nucl. Instrum. Methods161, 171 (1979).
G.R. Lynch and O.I Dahl, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B58, 6 (1991).
M. Wonget al., Med. Phys.17, 163 (1990).
Y.S. Tsai, Rev. Mod. Phys.46, 815 (1974).
H. Davies, H.A. Bethe, and L.C. Maximon, Phys. Rev.93, 788 (1954).
O.I. Dahl, private communication.
L.D. Landau and I.J. Pomeranchuk, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR92, 535 (1953);92, 735 (1953). These papers are available in English in L. Landau,The Collected Papers of L.D. Landau, Pergamon Press, 1965; A.B. Migdal, Phys. Rev.103, 1811 (1956).
S. Klein, Rev. Mod. Phys.71, 1501 (1999).
M. L. Ter-Mikaelian, SSSR94, 1033 (1954); M. L. Ter-Mikaelian,High Energy Electromagnetic Processes in Condensed Media (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1972).
P. Anthonyet al., Phys. Rev. Lett.76, 3550 (1996).
H. W. Koch and J. W. Motz, Rev. Mod. Phys.31, 920 (1959).
M.J. Berger and S.M. Seltzer, “Tables of Energy Losses and Ranges of Electrons and Positrons,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration Report NASA-SP-3012 (Washington DC 1964).
J. W. Motz, H. A. Olsen, and H. W. Koch, Rev. Mod. Phys.41, 581 (1969).
P. Anthonyet al., Phys. Rev. Lett.75, 1949 (1995).
Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics, ed. by T. Ferbel (Addision-Wesley, Menlo Park CA 1987).
U. Amaldi, Phys. Scripta23, 409 (1981).
E. Longo and I. Sestili, Nucl. Instrum. Methods128, 283 (1975).
G. Grindhammeret al., inProceedings of the Workshop on Calorimetry for the Supercollider, Tuscaloosa, AL, March 13–17, 1989, edited by R. Donaldson and M.G.D. Gilchriese (World Scientific, Teaneck, NJ, 1989), p. 151.
W.R. Nelson, T.M. Jenkins, R.C. McCall, and J.K. Cobb, Phys. Rev.149, 201 (1966).
G. Bathowet al., Nucl. Phys.B20, 592 (1970).
H.A. Bethe and W. Heitler,Proc. Roy. Soc. A146, 83 (1934); H.A. Bethe,Proc. Cambridge Phil Soc. 30, 542 (1934).
A.A. Petrukhin and V.V. Shestakov, Can. J. Phys.46,S3777 (1968).
V.M. Galitskii and S.R. Kel'ner, Sov. Phys. JETP25, 948 (1967).
S.R. Kel'ner and Yu.D. Kotov, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.7, 237 (1968).
R.P. Kokoulin and A.A. Petrukhin, inProceedings of the International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Hobart, Australia, August 16–25, 1971, Vol. 4, p. 2436.
A.I. Nikishov, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.27, 677 (1978).
Y.M. Andreevet al., Phys. Atom. Nucl.57, 2066 (1994).
L.B. Bezrukov and E.V. Bugaev, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.33, 635 (1981).
N.V. Mokhov and J.D. Cossairt, Nucl. Instrum. MethodsA244, 349 (1986); N.V. Mokhov, Soviet J. Particles and Nuclei18(5), 408-426 (1987); N.V. Mokhov, “The MARS Code System User's Guide, Version 13(95),” Fermilab-FN-628, (April 1995).
P.H. Barrett, L.M. Bollinger, G. Cocconi, Y. Eisenberg, and K. Greisen, Rev. Mod. Phys.24, 133 (1952).
W. Lohmann, R. Kopp, and R. Voss, “Energy Loss of Muons in the Energy Range 1-10000 GeV,” CERN Report 85-03 (1985).
A. Van Ginneken, Nucl. Instrum. MethodsA251, 21 (1986).
U. Beckeret al., Nucl. Instrum. MethodsA253, 15 (1986).
J.J. Eastman and S.C. Loken, inProceedings of the Workshop on Experiments, Detectors, and Experimental Areas for the Supercollider, Berkeley, CA, July 7–17, 1987, edited by R. Donaldson and M.G.D. Gilchriese (World Scientific, Singapore, 1988), p. 542.
Methods of Experimental Physics, L.C.L. Yuan and C.-S. Wu, editors, Academic Press, 1961, Vol. 5A, p. 163.
W.W.M. Allison and P.R.S. Wright, “The Physics of Charged Particle Identification:dE/dx, Cerenkov Radiation, and Transition Radiation,” p. 371 inExperimental Techniques in High Energy Physics, T. Ferbel, editor, (Addison-Wesley 1987).
E.R. Hayes, R.A. Schlüter, and A. Tamosaitis, “Index and Dispersion of Some Cerenkov Counter Gases,” ANL-6916 (1964).
T. Ypsilantis, “Particle Identification at Hadron Colliders”, CERN-EP/89-150 (1989), or ECFA 89-124,2 661 (1989).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Groom, D.E., Klein, S.R. Passage of particles through matter. Eur. Phys. J. C 15, 163–173 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02683419
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02683419