Abstract
Static precipitation and recrystallization following hot compression of austenite and the interactions between the two processes have been studied in a set of aluminum-killed HSLA steels containing 0.1 pct carbon, [0.016 - 0.026] pct nitrogen and 0.1 or 0.2 pct vanadium. Two steels containing both vanadium (0.1 and 0.2 pct) and niobium (0.03 pct) were included for purposes of comparison. The compression and the static tests were all carried out isothermally at temperatures between 800 and 900 °C. The course of recrystallization was followed by measurements of the rate of softening and by optical metallography of specimens quenched from the test temperature after different times. Precipitation was studied by measurements of the rate of hardening, by transmission electron microscopy of thin foils, carbon and aluminum extraction replicas, and by X-ray dispersion and energy-loss spectroscopy from individual precipitates.
The temperature of the nose of theC-curve for precipitation in vanadium steels is much lower than that in niobium steels, as is the temperature, TR, below which no recrystallization occurs in short times. Precipitation occurs both at austenite grain boundaries and in the grains (matrix precipitation). The former starts early and the precipitates grow rapidly to an approximately constant size; the matrix precipitates grow more slowly and are responsible for the observed hardening of the austenite. The relevance of various models proposed for the retardation and arrest of recrystallization of austenite are discussed.
In the steels containing vanadium and niobium the precipitates contain both heavy elements: (V,Nb) (C,N). The Nb/V ratio in the matrix precipitates is different than in the parent austenite. The grain-boundary precipitates, however, contain the same Nb/V ratio as the parent austenite. The rate of hardening exhibits a reverseC-curve behavior, being more rapid than in the corresponding vanadium steels at higher temperatures and about the same at lower temperatures.
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Formerly Research Associate at MIT
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Crooks, M.J., Garratt-Reed, A.J., Sande, J.B.V. et al. Precipitation and Recrystallization in Some Vanadium and Vanadium-Niobium Microalloyed Steels. Metall Trans A 12, 1999–2013 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02644169
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02644169