Abstract
Athermal nucleation of microcracks and thermal nucleation of cavities during creep deformation are reviewed with an emphasis on effects of solute segregation to grain boundaries and cavity surfaces. The magnitude and the duration of stress concentration at a triple grain junction or at a grain boundary inclusion are estimated for transient Coble creep and steady state power-law creep conditions. Stable configurations of wedge-type microcracks are predicted by a Griffith-like crack model. The rate for thermal nucleation of cavities is obtained by the Fokker-Planck equation for vacancy clusters. Cracks and cavities are interdependent, and cavity nucleation occurs continuously throughout the three creep stages. The local stress concentration enhances microcrack and cavity nucleation. The cavity nucleation rate is generally increased as a result of solute segregation to the surfaces and interfaces and/or gas precipitation into cavity volume. This enhanced nucleation is more effective in a system with mobile solutes than with immobile solutes. Immobile solute or trace elements may affect the nucleation rate also by changing the grain boundary diffusivity. Experimental techniques for quantitative analyses of cavity nucleation processes are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
I. Servi and N.J. Grant:Trans. AIME, 1951, vol. 191, pp. 909–16, 917–22.
J.N. Greenwood, D.R. Miller, and J.W. Suiter:Acta Met., 1954, vol. 2, pp. 250–58.
R. W. Balluffi and L. L. Seigle:Acta Met., 1955, vol. 3, pp. 170–77.
E.S. Machlin:Trans. AIME, 1956, vol. 206, pp. 106–11.
R. D. Gifkins:Acta Met., 1956, vol. 4, pp. 98–99.
A.J. Perry:J. Mater. Sci., 1974, vol. 9, pp. 1016–39.
W. D. Nix, K.S. Yu, and J. S. Wang:Metall. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14A, p. 563.
R. Raj:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, pp. 995–1006.
G.W. Greenwood:Phil. Trans., 1978, vol. A288, pp. 213–27.
B.J. Cane:Metal Sci. J., 1978, vol. 12, pp. 102–08.
D. M. R. Taplin and A. L. W. Collins:Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1978, vol. 8, pp. 235–68.
S.H. Goods and L. M. Brown:Acta Met., 1979, vol. 27, pp. 1–15.
L. E. Svensson and G. L. Dunlop:Can. Metall. Quart., 1979, vol. 18, pp. 39–47.
H. Trinkaus and H. Ullmaier:Phil. Mag., 1979, vol. 39, pp. 563–80.
A.S. Argon, L.W. Chen, and C.W. Lau: inCreep, Fatigue, and Environmental Interadions, R. M. N. Pelloux and N. Stoloff, eds., Spec. Publ., TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1980, pp. 46–85.
R. Raj and S. Baik:Metal Sci. J., 1980, vol. 14, pp. 385–94.
A. G. Evans, J. R. Rice, and J. P. Hirth:J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 1980, vol. 63, pp. 368–75.
W. Beere: inCavities and Cracks in Creep andFatigue, J. Gittus, ed., Appl. Sci. Publ., London, 1981, pp. 1–27.
K. Shiozawa and J.R. Weertman:Scripta Met., 1981, vol. 15, pp. 1241–44.
R. Raj:Metall. Trans. A, 1975, vol. 6A, pp. 1499–1509.
R. Raj and M.F. Ashby:Metall. Trans., 1971, vol. 2, pp. 1113–27.
C.W. Lau and A. S. Argon: inFracture, D. M.R. Taplin, ed., University of Waterloo Press, Waterloo, Canada, 1977, vol. 2, pp. 595–601.
C. W. Lau: Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1981.
T.J. Chuang, K.I. Kagawa, J.R. Rice, and L.B. Sills:Acta Met., 1979, vol. 27, pp. 265–84.
A. Needleman and J.R. Rice:Acta Met., 1980, vol. 28, pp. 1315–32.
W. D. Nix and B. Ilschner: Proc. of Fifth Int. Conf. onThe Strength of Metals and Alloys, Aachen, West Germany, August 27-31, 1979, Pergamon Press, P. Haasen, V. Gerold, and G. Kostorz, eds., 1980, vol. 3, pp. 1503–30.
R.C. Koehler and R. Raj:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, pp. 1551–58.
T. Mori, M. Okabe, and T. Mura:Acta Met., 1980, vol. 28, pp. 319–25.
E. Smith and J. T. Barnby:Met. Sci. J., 1967, vol. 1, pp. 1–4.
T. Watanabe:Metall. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14A, p. 531.
T. Saegusa and J.R. Weertman:Scripta Met., 1978, vol. 12, pp. 187–91.
B.F. Dyson, M.S. Loveday, and M.J. Rodgers:Proc. R.Soc, 1976, vol. 349A, pp. 245–59.
C.J. McMahon and V. Vitek:Acta Met., 1979, vol. 27, pp. 507–13.
M. Kikuchi, K. Shiozawa, and J.R. Weertman:Acta Met., 1981, vol. 29, pp. 1747–58.
R.G. Fleck, D.M.R. Taplin, and C.J. Beevers:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, pp. 415–24.
R. N. Stevens and R. Dutton:Mater. Sci. and Eng., 1971, vol. 8, pp. 220–34.
R. W. Lardner: inMathematical Theory of Dislocations and Fracture, University of Toronto Press, 1974, pp. 215–42.
A.G. Evans:Acta Met., 1980, vol. 28, pp. 1155–63.
R. Bullough:Phil. Mag., 1964, vol. 9, pp. 917–25.
G. Gandhi and R. Raj:Metall. Trans. A, 1981, vol. 12A, pp. 515–20.
T. Ya Benieva and I.G. Polotskii:Fiz. Met. Metall., 1961, vol. 12, pp. 584–94.
M.F. Ashby:Surface Sci., 1972, vol. 31, pp. 498–542.
J.P. Hirth and J.R. Rice:Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, pp. 1501–11.
M.P. Seah:Acta Met., 1980, vol. 28, pp. 955–62.
C.L. White: Proc. of the First Int. Conf. onAluminum-Lithium Alloys, T.H. Sanders, Jr. and E. A. Starke, Jr., eds., AIME Spec. Publ., TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1980, pp. 141–70.
D.D. Mason:Phil. Mag., 1979, vol. 39, pp. 455–68.
E. D. Hondros and P. J. Henderson:Metall. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14A, p. 521.
K. Binder and D. Shauffer:Adv. in Phys., 1976, vol. 25, pp. 343–96.
R. Becker and W. Doring:Ann. Phys., 1935, vol. 24, pp. 719–52.
R. Raj and M.F. Ashby:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, pp. 653–66.
H. Trinkaus and H. Ullmair:J. Nucl. Mater., 1979, vols. 85 and 86, pp. 823–27.
J.B. Zeldovich:J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 1942, vol. 12, p. 525.
K.C. Russell:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, pp. 1615–30.
M.C. Inman, D. McLean, and H.R. Tipler:Proc. R. Soc, 1963, vol. A273, pp. 538–57.
C.L. White, J.H. Schneibel, and R.A. Padgett:Metall. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14A, p. 595.
H. Reiss:J. Chem. Phys., 1950, vol. 18, pp. 840–48.
B.T.M. Loh:Acta Met., 1972, vol. 20, pp. 1305–11.
D. Stauffer:J. Aerosol Sci., 1976, vol. 7, pp. 319–33.
K. Kremer:J. Aerosol Sci., 1978, vol. 9, pp. 243–46.
H. Trinkaus:Phys. Rev. B, in press.
T. J. Chuang and J.R. Rice:Acta Met., 1973, vol. 21, pp. 1625–28.
G.N. Pharr and W.D. Nix:Acta Met., 1979, vol. 27, pp. 1615–31.
L. Martinez and W. D. Nix:Metall. Trans. A, 1982, vol. 13A, pp. 427–37.
J.O. Stiegler, K. Farrell, B.T.M. Loh, and H.E. McCoy:Trans. ASM, 1967, vol. 60, pp. 494–503.
I. W. Chen and A. S. Argon:Acta Met., 1981, vol. 29, pp. 1321–33.
D. S. Wilkinson and V. Vitek:Cavities and Cracks in Creep and Fatigue, John Gittus, ed., Appl. Sci. Publ., London, 1981, pp. 243–58.
D.A. Miller and R. Pilkington:Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, pp. 177–80.
C. L. White and R. A. Padgett:Acta Met., in press.
D. J. Gooch:Mat. Sci. Eng., 1977, vol. 27, pp. 57–68.
D.S. Wilkinson, N. Thyagarajan, K.A. Abiko, and D.P. Pope:Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11 A, pp. 1827–36.
I-Wei Chen and M. H. Yoo: unpublished research, 1983.
A.L. Wazzan:J. App. Phys., 1965, vol. 36, pp. 3596–99.
K. Sadananda and P. Shahinian:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, pp. 439–49.
R. F. Decker and C. T. Sims:The Metallurgy of Nickel-Base Alloys, Wiley, New York, NY, 1972, p. 64.
J.H. Schneibel, C.L. White, and R.A. Padgett: Proc. of Sixth Int. Conf. onThe Strength of Metals and Alloys, Melbourne, Australia, August 15-20, 1982, R.C. Gifkins, ed., Pergamon Press, 1982, vol. 2, pp. 649–54.
A. A. Sagues, H. Schroeder, W. Kesternick, and H. Ullmaier:J. Nucl. Matls., 1978, vol. 78, pp. 289–98.
R. W. Swindeman, K. Farrell, and M. H. Yoo:Res. Mech. Letters, 1981, vol. 1, pp. 67–71.
R. Page, J.R. Weertman, and M. Roth:Acta Met., 1982, vol. 30, pp. 1357–66.
M. H. Yoo, J. C. Ogle, B. S. Borie, E. H. Lee, and R. W. Hendricks:Acta Met., 1982, vol. 30, pp. 1733–42.
M. H. Yoo, J. C. Ogle, J. H. Schneibel, and R. W. Swindeman: Proc. of the 6th Int. Conf. onThe Strength of Metals and Alloys, Melbourne, Australia, August 16-20, 1982, G.F. Gifkins, ed., Pergamon Press, 1982, vol. 2, pp. 677–82.
J.E. Harris:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1965, vol. 233, pp. 1509–16.
J.H. Schneibel, R.L. Coble, and R.M. Cannon:Acta Met., 1981, vol. 29, pp. 1285–90.
J.R. Rice and T.J. Chuang:J. Amer. Cer. Soc, 1981, vol. 64, pp. 46–53.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This paper is based on a presentation made at the symposium “The Role of Trace Elements and Interfaces in Creep Failure” held at the annual meeting of The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Dallas, Texas, February 14-18, 1982, under the sponsorship of The Mechanical Metallurgy Committee of TMS-AIME.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yoo, M.H., Trinkaus, H. Crack and cavity nucleation at interfaces during creep. Metall Trans A 14, 547–561 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02643772
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02643772